Cultural Anthropology By Nanda 11Th Edition By Serena Nanda- Test bank A+

Description

1. The critical elements of any economic system are:

a.	Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
b.	Production, distribution, and consumption.
c.	Currency, capital, and exchange.
d.	Government, exchange, and consumption.
e.	Agriculture, trade, and taxation.

ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: 125 OBJ: 1

MSC: Pickup

1. In economics, economizing behavior is:

a.	Behavior designed to save money for a household.
b.	Choosing to buy a generic rather than a name brand product.
c.	Attempting to increase profits by investing savings.
d.	Only present in capitalist market economies.
e.	Making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit.

ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: 126 OBJ: 1

MSC: Pickup

1. Economics is defined as:

a.	The study of financial fluctuations within a particular society.
b.	The study of the ways in which the choices people make combine to determine how their society uses resources for production and distribution.
c.	The study of the interaction between culture, politics, and finances.
d.	The study of how the financial market influences a society’s financial and cultural elements.
e.	The study of activities that affect distribution, exchange, and consumption.

ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: 126 OBJ: 1

MSC: Pickup

1. In Western cultures dominated by capitalism, extremely high emphasis is placed on:

a.	Status.
b.	Family and kinship connections.
c.	Wealth and material prosperity.
d.	Reciprocal relations of gift giving.
e.	Behaving appropriately for one’s social position.

ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 127 OBJ: 1

MSC: Pickup

1. As social complexity and population increase, the differences between economic systems is mostly measured as a difference in:

a.	Access to productive resources.
b.	Management of distribution systems.
c.	Quantity of consumption of goods and services.
d.	Fitness and leisure activities available to the population.
e.	Political organizations.

ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: 127 OBJ: 1

MSC: New

1. Material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or information is known as the:

a.	Economic system.
b.	Consumption resources.
c.	Distributive resources.
d.	Productive resources.
e.	Economizing behavior.

ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: 127 OBJ: 1

MSC: New

1. In foraging (hunting and gathering) societies, land:

a.	Is generally owned by individuals who are generous about letting others use it.
b.	Is customarily used by certain groups, but others are not denied access to it.
c.	Is owned by the corporate group and not the individual.
d.	Is owned by chiefs or headmen, who have the right to sell it if desired.
e.	Is privately and exclusively owned by men.

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 128 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. Where resources are scarce and large areas are needed to support the population, territorial boundaries are:

a.	Strictly defended and the cause of high amounts of conflict.
b.	Loosely marked, but strictly defended by military coalitions.
c.	Usually not defended.
d.	Strictly marked, but loosely defended during certain seasons.
e.	Marked and privately owned by influential members of the community.

ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: 128 OBJ: 2

MSC: New

1. How do contemporary pastoralists primarily obtain access to land for grazing?

a.	Through contracts with landowners as they pass through areas.
b.	Through legal documents that allow them permanent use rights.
c.	Through labor exchange with agriculturalists as they pass through the areas.
d.	Through warfare and acquisition of property as they migrate through areas.
e.	Through inheritance of private property.

ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 129 OBJ: 2

MSC: New

1. Which of the following is most essential in pastoralist societies?

a.	Rights of ownership of land.
b.	Rights of access to land.
c.	The ability to sell land.
d.	The ability to acquire land through inheritance.
e.	The ability to transfer rights of land ownership as part of a marriage contract.

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 128 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. Land in horticultural societies is:

a.	Owned by individuals.
b.	Owned by chiefs or headmen.
c.	Owned by men but worked by women.
d.	Communally owned by kin groups.
e.	Not owned by anyone.

ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: 129 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. Among the Lacandon Maya, an extensive cultivating society:

a.	Individuals have the right to buy and sell any land use.
b.	Individuals retain right to land they have cleared even if they leave it fallow.
c.	Individuals and families must petition the chief yearly for an allotment of land.
d.	Individuals may not buy and sell land but heads of families may do so.
e.	Individuals may only gain access to land through inheritance.

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 129 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. Among extensive cultivators, one of the key factors that determines whether land will be considered exclusive and defended is:

a.	Contact with Western cultures (societies that have Western contact defend, others do not).
b.	The types of crops planted (lands where tree crops are planted are defended but root crops are not).
c.	The presence of irrigation works (lands with such works are defended, others are not).
d.	The presence of warrior societies (cultures with warrior societies defend lands, others do not).
e.	The relationship of land and population (societies with high population density defend lands, others do not).

ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: 129 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. In agricultural societies, the principal form of resources is:

a.	Capital.
b.	Trade.
c.	Labor.
d.	Livestock.
e.	Status.

ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 129 OBJ: 2

MSC: New

1. The idea of private ownership of land tends to develop in societies where:

a.	Material and labor investment in land becomes substantial.
b.	Land is freely available to all.
c.	Population is declining.
d.	Technology is not widespread.
e.	Men hunt and women gather.

ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: 130 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. Peasants generally:

a.	Own the land that they farm.
b.	Support a wealthy, landowning class.
c.	Have higher standards of living than horticulturalists.
d.	Become landowners if they work hard enough.
e.	Survive only by doing part time factory work for wages.

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 130 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. The right of an individual or family to use a piece of land and pass that land to descendants, but not to sell or trade the land is called:

a.	Private property.
b.	Rights of lien.
c.	Patrimonial rights.
d.	Usufruct right.
e.	Rights of inheritance.

ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: 130 OBJ: 2

MSC: New

1. One critical economic difference between a firm and a household is:

a.	Firms look for profit in their cash transactions, households rarely do.
b.	Firms have no obligations to the communities in which they are found; households have many.
c.	Firms may grow with relative ease, but the structure of households limits their growth.
d.	Firms may expand their size through hiring new members but the membership of a household is fixed.
e.	Firms usually behave in a manner that is economically rational, households rarely do.

ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: 31-132 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. A high degree of specialization of labor:

a.	Is characteristic of all human societies.
b.	Occurs more among horticulturalists than pastoralists.
c.	Is unrelated to the food-getting strategy of a group.
d.	Exists only in industrialized societies.
e.	Tends to correlate with high population and agricultural intensification.

ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: 132 OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

1. Marcel Mauss, and many other anthropologists, theorized that an important function of gift giving is to:

a.	Hold societies together.
b.	Expand the technological base of a society.
c.	Build up the economic resources of some families at the expense of other families.
d.	Provide an outlet for the innate human desire to give and receive gifts.
e.	Build up the power of the state.

ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: 133 OBJ: 3

MSC: Pickup

1. Generalized reciprocity is the dominant form of exchange in:

a.	Foraging societies.
b.	Pastoral societies.
c.	Chiefdoms.
d.	Peasant agricultural societies.
e.	State societies.

ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 133 OBJ: 3

MSC: Pickup

1. In a system of balanced reciprocity, giving a gift to someone:

a.	Carries no obligations for either the giver or the receiver.
b.	Starts a pattern in which the giver will continue to present gifts and the recipient will show gratitude.
c.	Requires that the recipient return a more-or-less equivalent gift at a later date.
d.	Demands a counter-gift if the recipient is the same gender as the giver.
e.	Is only permitted if the giver is an adult and the recipient a child.

ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: 133 OBJ: 3

MSC: Pickup

1. For the Trobriand Islanders, the central part of the Kula trade is:

a.	The opportunity to prove their manhood by taking long sea voyages.
b.	Trading for types of food that are unavailable on their home island.
c.	Trading for bracelets and armbands.
d.	The opportunity to meet potential mates.
e.	The after-parties that accompany all trading.

ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 136 OBJ: 4

MSC: Pickup

1. Balanced reciprocity is most typical of what kinds of trading relationships?

a.	Industrialized peoples with market economies.
b.	Non-industrialized peoples without market economies.
c.	Non-industrialized peoples with market economies.
d.	Foraging societies with no formal economies.
e.	Exchange between household economies and firms.

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 135 OBJ: 3

MSC: New

1. Kluckhohn showed when the Navajo traded with outsiders:

a.	They were extremely careful to be honest and fair.
b.	They engaged in silent trade, placing the goods they wanted to trade in the open and accepting whatever their trading partners gave.
c.	They were particularly interested in jewelry and less interested in money.
d.	It was considered morally acceptable to deceive.
e.	They generally got taken.

ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: 137 OBJ: 3

MSC: Pickup