ESSENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY 4TH EDITION By HAVILAND -Test Bank a+

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. All of the following are associated with citie s and states except:​ a. ​organized central governments b. ​monumental structures c. ​warfare d. ​equality ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 124 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

2. Modern cities are uniquely defined by a high level of:​ a. ​socialization b. ​exchange c. ​interdependence d. ​independence ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 125 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

3. In a modern city, virtually every institution depends on:​ a. ​religious organizations b. ​highways c. ​public utilities d. ​secondary schools ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 125 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

4. This city is one of the oldest continually inhabited urban areas worldwide:​ a. ​Aleppo, Syria b. ​Paris, France c. ​Jericho, Jordan d. ​Ankara, Turkey ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 124 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

5. The following are elements of a civilization as defined by anthropologists except:​ a. ​large numbers of people living in cities b. ​refinement and progress c. ​social stratification d. ​governing by ruling elite ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

6. The root word civitas of civilization means:​ a. ​trade and exchange b. ​refinement and manners c. ​top hierarchy of a city d. ​urban area of dwelling ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

7. ​The world’s first cities developed in: a. ​China b. ​Jordan c. ​Egypt d. ​Mesopotamia ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

8. The world’s first civilization in Mesopotamia developed:​ a. ​between 1,000 and 2,000 years ago b. ​between 4,500 and 6,000 years ago c. ​between 7,500 and 10,000 years ago d. ​between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

9. The most obvious characteristic of civilization is:​ a. ​new technology b. ​food storage c. ​population d. ​private property ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

10. Çatalhöyük is:​ a. ​an urban area in the Fertile Crescent where agriculture first developed b. ​an urban center that developed from a very small farming community c. ​the first urban center ever developed, and it subsisted solely on trade d. ​a highly populated town that never developed characteristics of urban centers ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

11. The center and most important area of Tikal was:​ a. ​the Solar Plaza b. ​the Temple of the Moon c. ​the Street of the Dead d. ​the Great Plaza ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 128 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

12. The early city of Mohenjo-Daro, at its peak, had a population of:​ a. ​10,000 b. ​50,000 c. ​20,000 d. ​7,000 ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 127 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

13. The early city of Teotihuacan was designed according to:​ a. ​a standard Spanish grid pattern b. ​visions and prophecies c. ​regional topography d. ​the solar calendar ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 127 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

14. The city of Tikal was:​ a. ​occupied for less than 100 years b. ​also a center of domestication for rice and wheat c. ​the center of an extensive regional trade route linking Africa to Asia d. ​one of the largest lowland Maya cities ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 128 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

15. Archaeologists estimate that, at its height, the population of Teotihuacan reached:​ a. ​175,000 b. ​250,000 c. ​75,000 d. ​100,000 ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 128 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

16. Why did Teotihuacan include residents with foreign affiliation?​ a. ​to use as slaves b. ​to rely on for military protection c. ​to consult in spiritual matters d. ​to expand the trade network ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 128 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

17. In what modern country is Tikal located?​ a. ​Guatemala b. ​Costa Rica c. ​Panama d. ​Turkey ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 128 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

18. Following the excavations in the 1960s, archaeologists at Tikal began to focus on:​ a. ​dwelling sites around the larger buildings b. ​the temple complex and major buildings c. ​monumental architecture at the site d. ​slave quarters and workers’ dwellings on the outskirts ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 128 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

19. What kind of data was collected from the study of nonmonumental structures at Tikal?​ a. ​state political interests b. ​trade and exchange routes c. ​site size and population d. ​religious affiliation ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 128 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

20. How did the Maya maximize land available for subsistence?​ a. ​They practiced hydroponic farming without soil. b. ​They had gardens inside their homes for subsistence. c. ​They used artificially raised fields in flooded areas. d. ​They created land by diverting rivers into areas away from Tikal. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 130 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

21. The Maya kept records of political and economic history through the use of:​ a. ​glyphs b. ​abaci c. ​syllabaries d. ​pictograms ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 129 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

22. The Maya developed each of the following modifications to address food production needs except:​ a. ​low-lying areas converted into reservoirs to hold water for irrigation of fields b. ​raised fields constructed to take advantage of periodic flooding in the area c. ​fruit production carried out near housing zones to make use of human wastes as fertilizer d. ​underground pits dug so that farming could occur during the dry season by taking advantage of damp soils ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 130 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

23. The Bronze Age was marked by:​ a. ​the earliest human migrations b. ​the development of seafaring trade c. ​the rapid decrease of specialized labor d. ​increasingly specialized tool production ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

24. In the ancient Babylonian city of Lagash, all of the following were documented specialized laborers except:​ a. ​barbers b. ​babysitters c. ​potters d. ​cabinetmakers ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

25. Bronze is made from:​ a. ​copper and tin b. ​iron and lead c. ​lead and copper d. ​tin and gold ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

26. Bronze was associated with early cities in every area except:​ a. ​Asia b. ​Europe c. ​Africa d. ​Mesoamerica ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

27. All of the following are basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to the advent of urban areas except:​ a. ​agricultural innovation b. ​social stratification c. ​uncentralized government d. ​diversification of labor ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

28. Recent doomsday predictions regarding the end of the world were based on modern readings of:​ a. ​Maya ceremonial calendars b. ​Lagash hieroglyphics c. ​architecture and astronomy at Tikal d. ​ancient written Chinese scrolls ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 130 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

29. For ceremonial objects, the Aztecs and Maya used:​ a. ​emeralds, rubies, and gold b. ​copper, silver, and gold c. ​silver, gold, and lapis lazuli d. ​silver, gold, and bronze ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

30. The advent of bronze metallurgy primarily created advances in:​ a. ​social structure and architecture b. ​warfare and farming c. ​religious practice d. ​hunting and diversification of labor ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

31. For the Aztecs and Maya, obsidian was:​ a. ​extracted from deep mining pits b. ​easy to work with c. ​readily available d. ​a symbol of wealth ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

32. Egyptian kings sent trading expeditions to Lebanon primarily for:​ a. ​wine and funerary oils b. ​lapis lazuli c. ​ivory and cattle d. ​gold and copper ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

33. The initial motive for the development of writing in Mesopotamia was for:​ a. ​writing letters b. ​recordkeeping c. ​religious documentation d. ​storytelling ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

34. Which of the following represents the earliest kind of recordkeeping?​ a. ​bark paper b. ​cloth paper c. ​tokens d. ​clay tablets ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

35. What was the primary purpose of Maya record keeping?​ a. ​to keep records and lists for tax purposes b. ​to keep lists of land titles and ownership c. ​to keep records on the great accomplishments of the rulers d. ​to keep records for food storage and storehouses ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 133 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

36. In 2003, in the Henan Province of China, archaeologists discovered evidence of writing in the form of:​ a. ​signs carved into tortoise shells b. ​knotted strings c. ​clay tablets d. ​bark etchings ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

37. In Uruk, about 5,100 years ago, the reed stylus was used to make:​ a. ​monosyllabic markings b. ​monosyllabic letters c. ​polysyllabic markings d. ​polysyllabic letters ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

38. King Hammurabi’s reign was especially accomplished in the areas of:​ a. ​development of legal system and religious institutions b. ​organization of government and legal system c. ​administration of legal system and trade organizations d. ​social organization and political administration ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 133 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

39. The Code of Hammurabi includes detail and procedure regarding all of the following except:​ a. ​medical malpractice procedure b. ​educational law c. ​family rights d. ​trade and commerce ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 133 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

40. Which of the following had the most advanced political system of its time?​ a. ​Aztec b. ​Inca c. ​Maya d. ​Toltec ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 134 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

41. A coding system of colored strings with knots was used by what civilization as a form of unconventional writing?​ a. ​Mesopotamian b. ​Egyptian c. ​Maya d. ​Inca ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 134 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

42. In the Inca Empire, information was moved by:​ a. ​public records made up of a conventional writing system b. ​imperial administrators whose job was to deliver messages c. ​a system of professional relay runners d. ​announcers on horseback ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 134 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

43. The first emperor of which civilization was buried with 7,000 life-size terra-cotta figures?​ a. ​Indonesia b. ​Mesopotamia c. ​Japan d. ​China ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 135 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

44. All of the following are common ways that archaeologists can discern the presence of social stratification except:​ a. ​grave goods b. ​laws and documents c. ​skeletal stress d. ​gender ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 135 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

45. In the Middle East, many national borders were haphazardly drawn to satisfy the imperialistic interests of Britain, France, and Soviet Russia including each of the following except:​ a. ​Iran b. ​Turkey c. ​Georgia d. ​Armenia ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 136 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

46. The old capital of Armenia, called Ani, is located today in:​ a. ​Iran b. ​Turkey c. ​Romania d. ​Greece ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 136 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

47. The value of archaeological recovery and analysis in areas such as the Middle East contributes all of the following except:​ a. ​it reveals the symbolic impact of major sites over time b. ​it helps disentangle facts and fictions regarding these sites c. ​it provides information on how these sites were occupied and used d. ​it helps modern-day peoples decide which site is more important ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 136 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

48. Why was Ani an important occupation site during its population heyday?​ a. ​It was located at the intersection point of Christian and Islamic populations.. b. ​It was the primary trading port for spices headed to Europe. c. ​It was an important Islamic religious site that unified the Byzantine Empire. d. ​It was the first capital of the Persian Empire. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 136 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

49. The settlement and city architecture of Ani was distinct for all of the following reasons except:​ a. ​It was built with major monumental architecture along the borders of the urban area instead of solely in the downtown center. b. ​The city is geographically located in a triangular promontory within the Caucasus Mountain range. c. ​Because of the diverse range of materials used to construct the monuments, the city is extremely colorful. d. ​The city is surrounded by fortifications all along the neighboring mountain ranges, leaving it ringed in fortresses. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 136-137 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

50. The ancient city of Ani was threatened and attacked numerous times. The only thing that forestalled the total destruction of the city after these attacks was its importance as a:​ a. ​trade center b. ​religious hub c. ​political center d. ​warrior training facility ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 137 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

51. Ani was famous for what trade product?​ a. ​silk b. ​spice c. ​tea d. ​incense ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 137 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

52. What caused the ancient site of Ani to fall into disrepair and be closed off to archaeologists from 1921 to 2002?​ a. ​New national borders drawn between Turkey and Armenia by the Soviet Union left the site divided by two different countries. b. ​Massive earthquakes and landslides caused the instability of the area for several decades. c. ​The Soviet Union and Britain divided Ani between them and would not allow archaeologists to work in either part. d. ​The city of Ani was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1921 and no one was allowed to excavate until the rightful owners were found. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 137 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

53. The hydraulic theory argues that civilizations emerged following the development of farming in which geographic areas?​ a. ​savannah areas b. ​river valleys c. ​fertile hillsides d. ​heavily wooded areas ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 138 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

54. What is the primary problem with the hydraulic theory?​ a. ​It does not explain every cultural case. b. ​Irrigation was not essential to the earliest civilizations. c. ​Some civilizations developed without farming. d. ​It is skewed to Western case studies. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 138-139 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

55. The hydraulic theory is an example of what kind of approach?​ a. ​action b. ​ecological c. ​political d. ​symbolic ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 139 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

56. Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies?​ a. ​political theory b. ​circumscription theory c. ​hydraulic theory d. ​action theory ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 139 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

57. Today, archaeologists are working with the U.S. military to:​ a. ​show soldiers how to best excavate sites that are located in war zones b. ​train soldiers to become archaeologists after deployment as part of job placement c. ​smuggle artifacts out of war-torn areas so that they can preserve sites that are protected by the United Nations d. ​train soldiers to protect archaeological sites against looting and value world heritage ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 139 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

58. The primary difference between hydraulic and action theories of state development is that:​ a. ​action theory does not acknowledge the needs of food production b. ​hydraulic theory does not take into account the effects of individuals and focuses rather exclusively on environment c. ​hydraulic theory does not take into account the role of humans in environmental modification d. ​action theory does not address the importance of water ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 139 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

59. Ani represents the ultimate cultural achievement and is a national historic heritage site for:​ a. ​Greece b. ​Turkey c. ​Armenia d. ​Russia ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 138 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

60. The centralized effort to control the irrigation process during the Neolithic period resulted in all of the following except:​ a. ​beginnings of plant domestication b. ​elite social class c. ​development of civilization d. ​emergence of first centralized government ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 138 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

61. All of the following were significant challenges to early state societies except:​ a. ​waste disposal b. ​infectious disease c. ​warfare d. ​social egalitarianism ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

62. Why is Tay-Sachs allele frequency significantly higher among Ashkenazi Jews?​ a. ​a belief system (religion) that prevents use of any medications and treatment b. ​extensive involvement in trading networks in diseased areas c. ​historical crowding in urban areas in western Europe and exposure to tuberculosis d. ​historical crowding in urban ghettos over centuries and high exposure to tuberculosis ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

63. Because of the emergence of devastating infectious diseases in Europe, the urban population there was not self-sustaining until which century?​ a. ​18th b. ​19th c. ​20th d. ​21st ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

64. In the Biocultural Connection section, how do Ramenofsky and Galloway explain the disappearance of Native American populations between the explorations of Hernando de Soto and the later arrival of French explorers along the Mississippi?​ a. ​They argue that Hernando de Soto’s runaway pigs carried diseases that infected the local fauna and food source for the Native American of that region. b. ​They argue that Hernando de Soto’s army carried diseases that spread to the Native Americans of that region. c. ​They argue that the Native Americans were nomadic and moved to another region by the time the French explorers arrived. d. ​They argue that Native Americans never lived in that region and the sites they found were ceremonial centers visited infrequently. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 141 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

65. What was the primary goal for Hernando de Soto’s expedition through the southern part of North America?​ a. ​to find gold b. ​to establish an empire c. ​to create a trade network with Europe d. ​to enslave Indians as laborers ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 141 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

66. De Soto is believed to have transmitted disease rampantly through the indigenous groups he encountered. What do scientists believe to be the primary agent of contagion?​ a. ​the men themselves b. ​the explorers’ dogs c. ​the explorers’ pigs d. ​the explorers’ horses ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 141 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

67. Pigs can transmit all of the following diseases except:​ a. ​trichinosis b. ​anthrax c. ​tuberculosis d. ​smallpox ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 141 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

68. After de Soto’s journey through their territory, the Caddo population declined, likely due to disease, an estimated:​ a. ​50 percent b. ​68 percent c. ​84 percent d. ​96 percent ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 141 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

69. Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans are called:​ a. ​zoonoses b. ​pertoses c. ​viroles d. ​hypoplasias ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 141 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

70. Some northern Europeans have a mutation at the gene on chromosome 7, which makes them resistant to some types of epidemic disease. However, the side effect found in people who are homozygous is:​ a. ​cystic fibrosis b. ​muscular sclerosis c. ​rheumatoid arthritis d. ​color-blindness ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

71. Explanations and theories of state development most likely:​ a. ​have multiple causes b. ​will never be identified c. ​are useless to understand historical events d. ​are due to geographical factors ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

72. What is unique about Cairo’s “City of the Dead”?​ a. ​It has monumental architecture that rivals all other states. b. ​It is located among the pyramids in the historical area. c. ​It is a cemetery in which people currently live because of poverty. d. ​It is a nickname for Cairo because there is so much trafficking in history there. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 142 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

73. Warfare in early civilizations:​ a. ​is well documented in the archaeological record b. ​was frequent but rarely involved total physical destruction of buildings c. ​was not common, but occurred in areas that were commercially important d. ​is easy to study as it always leaves physical evidence ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 142 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

74. Today, poor individuals are those most likely to become infected with:​ a. ​tuberculosis b. ​rabies c. ​influenza d. ​cancer ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

75. The frequency of the Tay-Sachs allele increased because of selective pressure caused by:​ a. ​affluence b. ​tuberculosis c. ​enamel hypoplasia d. ​edema ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

76. Urban interdependence creates a basis for stability. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 125 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

77. Aleppo, Syria, is marked as a UNESCO Heritage Site because it has the earliest known agricultural fields.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 124 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

78. Social media has changed the nature of global interdependence today. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 125 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

79. Çatalhöyük was an early city in China.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

80. Çatalhöyük has no evidence of public architecture.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 126-127 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

81. Ancient people incorporated their worldview into the cities they built.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 127 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

82. In the first few years of the Tikal Project, archaeologists investigated only small dwellings and house structures. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 128 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

83. Tikal was probably located on a major overland trade route.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 129 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

84. The Maya calendar was used to address agricultural concerns. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 130 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

85. The Maya constructed water reservoirs.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 130 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

86. Culture responds almost exclusively to internal factors for change.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

87. The Bronze Age occurred primarily in Europe and the Americas.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

88. The advent of writing is well documented and clearly understood.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

89. ​Herodotus reports that the Great Pyramid took 10,000 men 20 years to build.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

90. King Hammurabi is best known for developing an improved writing system in Babylon.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 133 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

91. The Inca Empire had no known form of conventional writing.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 134 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

92. Traders and those involved in mercantile pursuits were accorded high status in all civilizations.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 135 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

93. In stratified societies, the dominant classes usually lived longer than the lower classes.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 135 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

94. Ani is an ancient city that was located initially in the country of Turkey.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 136 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

95. Ani was an important city on the Silk Road, a trade network that extended from Asia to Europe.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 136 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

96. Ani was once a privileged city in the Mongol Empire.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 137 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

97. The action theory of state development was meant to address some of the deficiencies inherent in the hydraulic theory.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 139 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

98. Clearly, the environment played the major role in the development of all state societies and urban areas.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 139 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

99. During the time of the development of early state societies, northern Europeans developed a tendency for sickle-cell anemia.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

100. Individuals homozygous for Tay-Sachs alleles are healthier than heterozygotes.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

101. Societies in which large numbers of people live in cities that are organized into states are referred to as a ______________.​ ANSWER: civilization​ REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

102. The primary street in Teotihuacan was called the Street of the _______________.​ ANSWER: ​Dead REFERENCES: 127 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

103. Maya written records are called _______________.​ ANSWER: ​glyphs REFERENCES: 129 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

104. In cities such as Mohenjo-Daro and Teotihuacan, the downtown urban area was laid out in the form of a __________.​ ANSWER: ​grid REFERENCES: 127 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

105. Changes in farming methods at the time of early civilizations were classified as_______________.​ ANSWER: ​agricultural innovation REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

106. In Eurasia and Africa, the production of tools made by this metal marked the age of _______________.​ ANSWER: ​Bronze REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

107. A glass formed by volcanic activity is called _______________.​ ANSWER: obsidian​ REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

108. Archaeologists found that ancient Tikal extended far beyond the original area surveyed after four years of __________.​ ANSWER: ​mapping REFERENCES: 129 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

109. Nutritional problems during the years of decline at Tikal were evident in anthropologists’ studies of __________ material.​ ANSWER: ​skeletal REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

110. Bronze is an alloy made from tin and __________.​ ANSWER: ​copper REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

111. Lists of artisans and tradespeople paid from crop surpluses are stored in the temple’s granaries in the old Babylonian city of__________.​ ANSWER: ​Lagash REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

112. Egyptian kings were known as _______________.​ ANSWER: ​pharaohs REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

113. Writing was initially developed primarily for __________.​ ANSWER: ​record keeping REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

114. Hammurabi was a Babylonian king who lived between 3,700 and 3,950 years ago in _______________.​ ANSWER: ​Mesopotamia (Iraq) REFERENCES: 133 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

115. The emergence of social classes is called _________________________.​ ANSWER: ​social stratification REFERENCES: 134 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

116. Material items found in burials are called ________________.​ ANSWER: ​grave goods REFERENCES: 135 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

117. The Inca used a series of knotted strings called __________ to keep records of events and transactions.​ ANSWER: ​khipu (or quipu) REFERENCES: 134 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

118. The ancient Armenian city of __________ was a significant crossroads of the Silk Roads.​ ANSWER: ​Ani REFERENCES: 136 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

119. ​The Silk Roads extended from Eurasia to central __________. ANSWER: ​Europe REFERENCES: 137 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

120. Ani was once an important city because it was situated at the divide between Islam in the east and south and __________ in the west.​ ANSWER: ​Christianity REFERENCES: 136 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

121. ​The state theory of development which argues that civilization emerged as a result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems is the_________ ANSWER: hydraulic theory​ REFERENCES: 138 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

122. The theory of state development focused on the importance of leadership is called _______________.​ ANSWER: ​action REFERENCES: 139 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

123. The development of a mutation on chromosome 7 among northern Europeans provided them with some resistance to _______________.​ ANSWER: ​disease (cholera, typhoid, etc.) REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

124. The high incidence of a degenerative disease among Ashkenazi Jews is due to__________________________.​ ANSWER: Tay-Sachs allele​ REFERENCES: 140 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

125. Disease and destruction were brought to the indigenous groups of the southern part of what is now the United States, by the explorer __________. ANSWER: ​Hernando de Soto REFERENCES: 141 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

126. What are the four basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to life in the first urban centers?​ ANSWER: ​The four basic changes are agricultural innovation, diversification of labor, central government, and social stratification. REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

127. How can interdependence create vulnerability?​ ANSWER: ​If one service stops functioning, other services can deteriorate. REFERENCES: 125 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

128. Trace the spread of early civilization in Eurasia from Mesopotamia to China in chronological order by listing geographical areas.​ ANSWER: ​Mesopotamia, Egypt’s Nile Valley, Indus Valley, China REFERENCES: 126 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

129. How is Çatalhöyük unlike the early cities?​ ANSWER: Although it had a dense population, there was little evidence of a division of labor, a centralized authority, or intensive agriculture characteristic of early cities.​ REFERENCES: 126-127 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

130. Describe the early Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan.​ ANSWER: ​Patterned on the solar calendar, the Street of the Dead ran on a north-south axis, bordered by the Sun and Moon pyramids, surrounded by thousands of apartments and a grid of narrow streets. REFERENCES: 127-128 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

131. ​​What role did the calendar play for the ancient Maya? ANSWER: ​It was used to recall significant political and mythological events, predict favorable agricultural times, and likely also as a means of compelling the deities to act. REFERENCES: 130 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

132. What is the Bronze Age?​ ANSWER: ​It is a period in the Old World marked by the production of tools and ornaments of bronze; it began about 5,000 years ago in China, the Mediterranean, and South Asia, and about 500 years earlier in southwest Asia. REFERENCES: 131 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

133. What was the role of the centralized government in early cities?​ ANSWER: ​It oversaw the various specialties on which the early cities depended, ensured the city was safe from its enemies, levied taxes and appointed tax collectors, and oversaw the legal system and storage of food. It also guaranteed the safety of ordinary people. REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

134. What is the role of writing in the administration of a centralized political authority?​ ANSWER: Writing allows officials to disseminate information and store, systematize, and deploy memory for political, religious, and economic purposes. It allows for the keeping of records regarding things such as food surplus, tribute records, and other business receipts.​ REFERENCES: 132 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

135. Describe the Code of Hammurabi.​ ANSWER: ​This was a set of laws known for its detail and standardization; it prescribed legal procedure, penalties, and laws regarding property rights, loans and debts, family rights, and rates to be charged in various trades. REFERENCES: 133 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

136. How do archaeologists determine social status within early civilizations?​ ANSWER: ​They assign social status based on documents, dwelling sizes, location of dwelling, age at death, and grave goods/burials. REFERENCES: 135 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

137. Why is the ancient city of Ani such an important cultural heritage site?​ ANSWER: ​It was at the crossroads of two different religious centers (Christianity and Islam), had unique monumental architecture, was once a center of commerce on the Silk Roads, and has suffered historical devastations repeatedly as different empires, including modern ones, have wished to occupy it for economic and symbolic advantage. REFERENCES: 136-137 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

138. Explain the hydraulic theory.​ ANSWER: ​This theory explains that civilization’s emergence is the result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems. REFERENCES: 138-139 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

139. What were the effects of warfare on early civilizations?​ ANSWER: ​It resulted in crowding in cities, the need for cities to be fortified, the scarcity of resources, and the development of art forms. It also led to diffusion in some cases. REFERENCES: 1140 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

140. What role did infectious diseases play in the European colonization of the Americas?​ ANSWER: Because the Native Americans had little or no resistance to a host of European diseases, infectious disease was a strong ally in European advance throughout the Americas.​ REFERENCES: 140-141 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

141. Warfare has been a common event in state societies. Discuss the role of warfare and whether this is an inevitable part of state societies.​ ANSWER: ​will vary OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

142. Define social stratification and explain its role in state society.​ ANSWER: ​will vary OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

143. Discuss some of the reasons that have caused states to collapse in the past and the kinds of challenges we face today in state societies. Compare and contrast the difficulties of the ancient versus modern state.​ ANSWER: will vary​ OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

144. Cities rely upon resources outside their immediate boundaries, sometimes becoming “environmental black holes.” Discuss the role of culture and trade in enabling people to live in environmental conditions that would normally preclude their ability to do so (for example, think about Las Vegas and the cultural patterns that allow people to live in this location). Are there certain environments where it is seemingly illogical for humans to live? What are some possible solutions to these problems? Or should people avoid these areas entirely?​ ANSWER: will vary​ OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

145. What was the Tikal Project? What did archaeologists learn from this work? How do these types of experiences change the way in which scientists approach excavation?​ ANSWER: ​will vary OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

Chapter_07_Modern_Human_Diversity_Race_and_Racism

1. Although we use the terms black, white, and race quite frequently:​ a. ​they are purely biological b. ​they are purely cultural c. ​they are totally fictive and do not exist d. ​they mean something different to every individual ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

2. All of the following are true about race except:​ a. ​Race exists as a social and political category that promotes inequality in some societies. b. ​Biological evidence demonstrates unequivocally that separate human races do not exist. c. ​Scientists disagree on the number of biological human races that exist. d. ​Gene flow throughout evolutionary history has maintained humans as a single species. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

3. How is human variation, such as skin color, distributed across the species?​ a. ​without variation across the species b. ​in a homogeneous fashion c. ​in a continuous fashion d. ​in a punctuated fashion ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

4. What racial incident was provoked by reporters covering Jeremy Lin’s success as a professional basketball player in the United States? a. ​They used a racial slur to refer to him. b. ​They refused to publish a photo of him. c. ​They would only speak to him in Chinese. d. ​They used him as an example of what is negative about Chinese. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 144 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

5. Human biological variation stems from all of the following except:​ a. ​natural selection b. ​random genetic drift c. ​geographic isolation d. ​cultural beliefs ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

6. In what period did European scholars first begin a systematic study of human variation?​ a. ​19th/20th centuries b. ​16th/17th centuries c. ​15th century d. ​18th/19th centuries ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

7. Blumenbach argued that degeneration of human types was caused by:​ a. ​interracial marriage b. ​striving to be different from one’s group of origin c. ​changes in skull types d. ​migrating from one’s place of origin ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

8. Which scientist measured skulls to attempt to demonstrate biological superiority of specific groups?​ a. ​Johann Blumenbach b. ​Ashley Montagu c. ​Carolus Linnaeus d. ​Samuel Morton ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

9. The 18th-century Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus originally divided humans into subspecies based on:​ a. ​immediate ancestry b. ​geographic location c. ​skin color d. ​hair texture ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

10. Johann Blumenbach formally proposed a notion of:​ a. ​race as a social myth b. ​human racial adaptation c. ​relative human equality d. ​a hierarchy of human types ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

11. For Blumenbach, the term Malay included:​ a. ​Europeans and Asians b. ​Pacific Islanders and Sicilians c. ​Indigenous Australians and Pacific Islanders d. ​Europeans and indigenous Australians ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

12. ​Who was Ota Benga? a. ​a Twa pygmy man b. ​a Australian aborigine c. ​an Arabian woman d. ​a Polynesian boy ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

13. Ota Benga was put on public display with a/an:​ a. ​orangutan b. ​gibbon c. ​gorilla d. ​chimpanzee ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

14. Why was Ota Benga brought to the United States?​ a. ​to be exhibited at the New York Cultural Museum b. ​to be exhibited at the Museum of Natural History c. ​to be housed in the Bronx Zoo d. ​to be exhibited at the 1904 World’s Fair ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

15. What happened to Ota Benga?​ a. ​He was sent back to Africa. b. ​He died in the Bronx Zoo of a heart attack. c. ​He was attacked by wild animals at the Bronx Zoo. d. ​He committed suicide. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

16. Which individual, as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, did the most to combat racism in the United States?​ a. ​Franz Boas b. ​Carolus Linnaeus c. ​Ashley Montagu d. ​Samuel Morton ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 147 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

17. Early American anthropologists Franz Boas and Ashley Montagu both suffered from what kind of prejudice in their European homelands?​ a. ​anti-Quakerism b. ​anti-Arabism c. ​anti-Africanism d. ​anti-Semitism ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 147 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

18. All of the following are true statements except:​ a. ​The majority of genetic variation exists within groups. b. ​No one group is genetically distinct for any particular trait. c. ​Differences between individual populations is greater than that between individuals. d. ​Racial categories tend to be devised in an arbitrary manner. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 147-148 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

19. The earliest settlers to the United States who came over from England brought an ideology of dehumanization with them from their historical treatment of the:​ a. ​Welsh b. ​French c. ​Irish d. ​Germans ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 146-147 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

20. The fingerprint pattern of “loops” is associated primarily with:​ a. ​sub-Saharan Africans b. ​central Europeans c. ​people of Mongolia d. ​Australian aborigines ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 147 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

21. Which of the following biological aspects is not routinely used to categorize people into racial groupings?​ a. ​fingerprints b. ​hair type c. ​skin color d. ​gender ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 147 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

22. Broadly defined “racial” groups differ from one another in what percent of their genes?​ a. ​5 b. ​11 c. ​1 d. ​7 ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 148 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

23. To understand why the racial approach to human variation has been so unproductive and damaging, we must first understand:​ a. ​how symbolic value is attached to race b. ​how race is associated with human hierarchy c. ​race in biological terms d. ​race in social terms ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

24. ​All of the following are true of the race concept except: a. ​Genetic difference between individuals are greater than those between groups. b. ​Races are genetically closed. c. ​No particular group has exclusive possession of any gene or genes. d. ​It is a completely arbitrary category. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 147-148 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

25. Which of the following scholars is associated with combating racism?​ a. ​Johann Blumenbach b. ​Samuel Morton c. ​Carolus Linnaeus d. ​Ashley Montagu ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 147 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

26. Because populations are genetically open:​ a. ​there are no barriers, cultural or biological, to human reproduction b. ​there is no such thing as biological variation c. ​there are few fixed racial groups d. ​there are no fixed racial groups ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 148 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

27. Through genetic analysis in the 1970s, an evolutionary biologist showed that there was a very low percentage of human variation existing among groups seen as racially separate. Who was this individual?​ a. ​Samuel Morton b. ​Ashley Montagu c. ​Franz Boas d. ​Richard Lewontin ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 148 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

28. You share mitochondrial DNA with all of the following except:​ a. ​your sister b. ​your mother c. ​your father d. ​your brother ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 148 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

29. The only kind of test that can reliably sort people biologically into your relatives and nonrelatives is a:​ a. ​paternity test b. ​mitochondrial DNA test c. ​molecular DNA test d. ​there is no such test ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 149 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

30. In the Original Study “Caveat Emptor: Genealogy for Sale,” Jonathan Marks argues that current DNA tests are not very reliable because:​ a. ​they include people to whom you are not fully related b. ​they always exclude maternal relatives after about twenty-five generations c. ​they isolate a small percentage of your relatives because we are an inbred species d. ​they only include relatives who descend from Europe and Africa ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 149 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: new

31. What do we call the practice in the United States of assigning race to the parent believed to pertain to a minority group (known also as the “one drop rule”)?​ a. ​ethnic derivation rule b. ​clinal distribution c. ​mitochondrial typing d. ​hypodescent rule ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

32. The category of “Ladino” is associated with:​ a. ​Australia b. ​sub-Saharan Africa c. ​eastern Europe d. ​central America ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

33. Genocide is:​ a. ​a systematic program of extermination of one group by another b. ​a systematic process of classifying individuals solely by gender c. ​a classification system used to isolate recessive genes d. ​a form of systemic classification that creates racism among different classes ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

34. The doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical features is:​ a. ​elitism b. ​racism c. ​ethnic cleansing d. ​genocide ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 152 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

35. The Nuremberg race laws of 1935 were associated with the deaths of approximately how many people?​ a. ​4 million b. ​8 million c. ​17 million d. ​11 million ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

36. According to the Nuremberg race laws and Nazi policy, all of the following groups were considered to be inferior except:​ a. ​homosexuals b. ​Aryans c. ​Jews d. ​Gypsies ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

37. Approximately what percentage of unique inborn characteristics can be attributed to any group of people based on biology alone?​ a. ​75 b. ​50 c. ​10 d. ​0 ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 152 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

38. All of the following are stages of genocide except:​ a. ​polarization b. ​dehumanization c. ​extermination d. ​exaltation ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

39. IQ tests typically measure:​ a. ​performance b. ​neuron activity c. ​innate intelligence d. ​human capacity ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 153 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

40. Intelligence characteristics are:​ a. ​inherited as a group of characteristics b. ​independently inherited c. ​inherited based on race d. ​inherited by alternate generations ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 153 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

41. Structural violence can best be described as:​ a. a systematic extermination of a group of people based solely on their race, gender, and religious affiliation b. ​physical and psychological harm caused by an exploitative, impersonal, and unjust social, political, and economic system c. ​a political system that classifies individuals in order to deny them access to resources and authority d. ​a doctrine of superiority that leads to the dehumanization of a group of people based on their cultural practices and physical race ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 152 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

42. In 2014, the American Psychological Association in concert with various researchers concluded all of the following about race and intelligence except:​ a. ​There is a bias in IQ testing based on social class. b. ​Collating racial data with intelligence data is doubly false. c. ​IQ is clearly biologically fixed and immutable. d. ​Historically, IQ has risen in various groups worldwide since the mid-1900s. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 153 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

43. Which of the following is the best example of a genetic polymorphism?​ a. ​ABO blood groups b. ​sickle-cell anemia c. ​trisomy-3 d. ​straight hair ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 153-154 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

44. ​Members of the genus Homo have primarily adapted through culture over the past: a. ​50,000 years b. ​1.5 million years c. ​2.5 million years d. ​7.7 million years ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 153 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

45. The distribution of a single, genetically based characteristic related to adaptation is called a:​ a. ​thrifty gene b. ​genetic arbitrator c. ​cline d. ​polymorphism ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 153 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

46. The epicanthic eye fold is:​ a. ​a secondary membrane that covers the cornea of the eye to protect it from dust b. ​a fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye that covers the true corner c. ​a skin fold that is found at the top of the eye causing a large wrinkle d. ​the skewing of the shape of the eye to make it more round and large ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 154 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

47. The Biocultural Connection in this chapter explores the prevalence of plastic surgery among those of East Asian descent as they seek to alter their phenotypic appearance. What type of phenotypic characteristic do they seek to change?​ a. ​epicanthic eye fold b. ​small feet c. ​shape of the nose d. ​polytypic cheekbones ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 154-155 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

48. What is the primary purpose of vitamin D in humans?​ ​ a. ​to develop acute eyesight b. ​to maintain the balance of calcium in the body c. ​to prevent the development of respiratory illnesses d. ​to enhance the production of collagen for hair ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 157 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

49. Melanin has the primary function of:​ a. ​coloring the skin to represent one’s race b. ​protecting the skin against solar radiation c. ​providing vital oils to skin exposed to sun d. ​helping skin regrow and develop ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 157 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

50. In northern latitudes people have less melanin to promote the manufacture of which vitamin?​ a. ​E b. ​D c. ​A d. ​C ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 157 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

51. Where do we find an adaptive advantage associated with dark skin?​ a. ​wooded areas b. ​high-altitude areas c. ​northern areas d. ​tropical areas ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 157 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

52. The earliest members of the genus Homo likely had:​ ​ a. ​blue eyes b. ​dark skin c. ​blood type A d. ​straight hair ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 157 OTHER: factual NOTES: New

53. Which of the following is highest in naturally occurring vitamin D?​ a. ​corn oil b. ​lettuce c. ​chicken d. ​cod liver oil ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 157 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

54. All of the following are true regarding human skin except:​ ​ a. ​Selection favored dark skin in human ancestry. b. ​Lightly pigmented skin is likely a recent development in human history. c. ​Lightly pigmented skin is more highly evolved than heavier pigmented skin. d. ​Darker skin better suits the condition of life in the tropics. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 157 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

55. Which of the following groups has the highest percentage of type A blood?​ ​ a. ​Mapuche Indians of Argentina b. ​Chippewa Indians of the United States c. ​Maya Indians of Mexico d. ​Saami (Laplanders) of Finland ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 156 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

56. ​Members of the genus Homo were almost exclusively creatures of the tropics until about: a. ​200,000 years ago b. ​1 million years ago c. ​800,000 years ago d. ​400,000 years ago ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 157-158 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

57. What natural element is vital to the body’s ability to make vitamin D?​ a. ​iron b. ​sunshine c. ​chlorinated water d. ​selenium ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 158 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

58. In times of scarcity, individuals with the thrifty genotype conserve:​ a. ​nitrogen and glucose b. ​glucose and fat c. ​fat and nitrogen d. ​glucose only ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

59. Which of the following is an enzyme found in the small intestine that enables the digestion of milk sugar?​ a. ​lactose b. ​lactase c. ​mestase d. ​lactame ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

60. Lactose intolerance is associated with what percentage of adults worldwide?​ a. ​25 b. ​85 c. ​60 d. ​75 ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

61. A high retention of lactase is found in populations with a long tradition of:​ a. ​herding b. ​fishing c. ​foraging d. ​hunting ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

62. What is the thrifty genotype?​ a. ​a genotype that is associated directly with dairying people b. ​a genotype that makes all people obese c. ​a genotype that allows people to work longer at food production tasks d. ​a genotype that permits the efficient storage of fat for times of food scarcity ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

63. Fava beans provide protection against:​ a. ​measles b. ​malaria c. ​mumps d. ​chicken pox ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

64. The dietary staple consumed in Mediterranean countries where malaria is common is:​ a. ​pinto bean b. ​fava bean c. ​milk d. ​prickly pear ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Modify

65. Today, scientists believe that the high rate of diabetes found within many American Indian groups is primarily due to:​ a. ​the thrifty gene b. ​diet and exercise c. ​genetic predisposition d. ​mitochondrial DNA ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

66. What percentage of the United States population is considered to get little exercise and be overweight?​ a. ​25 b. ​37 c. ​43 d. ​61 ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

67. Today, in the United States, there are skyrocketing rates of all of the following conditions due to lifestyle practices except:​ a. ​heart disease b. ​diabetes c. ​obesity d. ​albinism ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

68. All of the following are examples of cultural practices acting as an agent for biological selection except:​ a. ​people diagnosed with diabetes taking a medicine prescribed by physicians become as biologically fit as anyone else b. ​people of low financial status who are unable to purchase medication prescribed by physicians affecting biological fitness c. ​an inherited trait that affects biological fitness d. ​greater lactose tolerance in populations contributing significantly to diet ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 159 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

69. BPA (bisphenol-A) has recently been associated with higher rates of:​ a. ​obesity b. ​heart disease c. ​diabetes d. ​measles ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 154 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

70. Which individuals are at greatest risk from exposure to BPA chemical compounds in plastics?​ a. ​infants b. ​adolescents c. ​lactating mothers d. ​adult men ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 161 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

71. All of the following are linguistically linked in Arabic, denoting perceived cultural connections, except:​ a. ​fava beans b. ​peanuts c. ​soybeans d. ​almonds ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 160 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

72. Globally, the vast majority of adults cannot digest:​ a. ​peanuts b. ​milk c. ​fava beans d. ​sugars ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 160 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

73. President Obama illustrates the social nature of race and how social barriers change over time. His parents were:​ a. ​a Luo father from western Kenya and an Anglo-American mother from Kansas b. ​a Maasai father from Kenya and a Caucasian mother from Mississippi c. ​an Anglo-American father from Nebraska and an African American mother from New York d. ​a Twa father from Gambia and an Asian mother from Hawaii ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 148 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

74. In colonial Mexico, individuals were labeled by various versions of ancestry referred to as:​ a. ​castas b. ​clases c. ​lineas d. ​mulattos ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 151 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

75. Why did the United States adopt the policy of hypodescent?​ a. ​By conflating the cultural and biological, the United States used this policy historically to discriminate. b. ​This policy was primarily in place as a way to encourage families to produce more children across perceived racial lines. c. ​Primarily applied to limit economic transactions across racial groups, it, instead, served to create a caste system in the United States. d. ​Hypodescent was used during the epoch of slavery as a way to prevent social and reproductive interaction between the races. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

76. Race has no objective scientific merit.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

77. ​Race does not function as a social or political category that promotes inequality because there is no objective scientific merit for race.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 145 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

78. Race is a social myth that argues that humans form different subspecies groups based on phenotypic expressions.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

79. Ota Benga was an African man who worked at the Bronx Zoo to earn a living.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 146 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

80. Franz Boas believed that inferior races could progress.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 147 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

81. The only reproductive barrier that exists for humans is cultural.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 148 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

82. Testing genetic ancestry through mitochondrial DNA presents a small view of human relatedness and skips over the majority of biological ancestors.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 149 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

83. Because of gene flow, the human species is inbred.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 149 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

84. Human kinship systems are based on specific biological data.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 149 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

85. Racial categories used by the United States Census Bureau change with every census.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

86. The United States Census Bureau uses data based on self-identification.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Factual NOTES: Pickup

87. Although tragic, the Nazi holocaust is not unique in human history. ​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

88. Denial is a major stage of genocide.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 150 OTHER: Factual NOTES: New

89. There is a comparable degree of intelligence in all present-day human populations.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 153 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: New

90. An IQ test measures the genetic disposition or the level of intelligence an individual has since birth.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 153 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Modify

91. There is no general agreement as to what abilities or talents actually make up what we call intelligence.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 153 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

92. To date, very few innate behavioral characteristics can be attributed to any group of people based on biological grounds.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 152 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup

93. There is a genetic basis for certain abilities in different populations. For example, some populations are genetically endowed to play sports, others for specific professions like law enforcement or education.​ a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 152 OTHER: Conceptual NOTES: Pickup