Essentials Of Human Anatomy & Physiology -11th Edition by Elaine N. Marieb – Test Bank A+

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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e, (Marieb)

Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

5.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions

Using Figure 5.1, identify the following:

1) The proximal epiphysis is represented by ________.

1. A) Label H
2. B) Label C
3. C) Label A
4. D) Label B
5. E) Label F

Answer: D

Page Ref: 162

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

2) The area that causes the lengthwise growth of a long bone is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label F
2. B) Label D
3. C) Label A
4. D) Label E
5. E) Label C

Answer: D

Page Ref: 161, 162

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

3) The area that serves as a storage area for fat in adults is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label H
2. B) Label F
3. C) Label A
4. D) Label G
5. E) Label B

Answer: A

Page Ref: 161, 162

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

4) The diaphysis is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label D
2. B) Label C
3. C) Label G
4. D) Label A
5. E) Label H

Answer: B

Page Ref: 161, 162

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

5) The periosteum, a connective tissue covering on the diaphysis, is represented by ________.

1. A) Label C
2. B) Label A
3. C) Label G
4. D) Label B
5. E) Label F

Answer: E

Page Ref: 161, 162

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

6) The area that contains glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface which decreases friction is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label D
2. B) Label H
3. C) Label E
4. D) Label B
5. E) Label A

Answer: A

Page Ref: 161, 162

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

7) Blood cell formation is called ________.

1. A) ossification
2. B) hematopoiesis
3. C) homeostasis
4. D) metabolism

Answer: B

Page Ref: 159

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

8) What bones protect the spinal cord?

1. A) ribs
2. B) sternum
3. C) vertebrae
4. D) coxal bones

Answer: C

Page Ref: 159

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

9) Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ________ bones.

1. A) flat
2. B) long
3. C) short
4. D) irregular

Answer: C

Page Ref: 160

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

10) Small canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to the central canal are known as ________.

1. A) canaliculi
2. B) perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
3. C) central (Haversian) canals
4. D) perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

Answer: A

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

11) The process of bone formation is known as ________.

1. A) hematopoiesis
2. B) hemostasis
3. C) metabolism
4. D) ossification

Answer: D

Page Ref: 165

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

12) Bone-destroying cells known as osteoclasts are activated by the hormone ________.

1. A) calcitonin
2. B) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
3. C) insulin
4. D) growth hormone

Answer: B

Page Ref: 166

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

13) The first step in bone healing involves the formation of a blood-filled swelling known as a(n) ________.

1. A) epiphyseal line
2. B) bony callus
3. C) hematoma
4. D) fibrocartilage callus

Answer: C

Page Ref: 169

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

14) An incomplete bone break, known as a(n) ________ fracture, is commonly seen in children.

1. A) spiral
2. B) greenstick
3. C) impacted
4. D) comminuted

Answer: B

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

15) The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ________ skeleton.

1. A) appendicular
2. B) central
3. C) axial
4. D) main

Answer: C

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

16) The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is the ________.

1. A) occipital condyle
2. B) vertebral foramen
3. C) intervertebral foramen
4. D) foramen magnum

Answer: D

Page Ref: 172

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

17) The temporal bones are joined with the parietal bones at the ________ sutures.

1. A) coronal
2. B) sagittal
3. C) squamous
4. D) lambdoid

Answer: C

Page Ref: 171

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

18) The shin bone is called the ________.

1. A) tibia
2. B) fibula
3. C) femur
4. D) radius

Answer: A

Page Ref: 189

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

19) The head of the humerus fits into the ________ of the scapula.

1. A) acromion process
2. B) glenoid cavity
3. C) suprascapula notch
4. D) coracoid process

Answer: B

Page Ref: 182

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

20) Two or more bones meet at a location called a(n) ________.

1. A) fracture
2. B) hematoma
3. C) articulation (joint)
4. D) marrow cavity

Answer: C

Page Ref: 190

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

21) Immovable joints are functionally classified as ________.

1. A) diarthroses
2. B) synarthroses
3. C) amphiarthroses
4. D) symphyses

Answer: B

Page Ref: 190

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

Using Figure 5.2, identify the following:

22) The parietal bone is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label M
2. B) Label O
3. C) Label A
4. D) Label H
5. E) Label P

Answer: C

Page Ref: 171

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

23) The fibula is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label Q
2. B) Label X
3. C) Label R
4. D) Label T
5. E) Label W

Answer: B

Page Ref: 188, 189

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

24) The patella is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label E
2. B) Label G
3. C) Label I
4. D) Label U
5. E) Label A

Answer: C

Page Ref: 189

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

25) The manubrium and xiphoid process are markings on the bone indicated by ________.

1. A) Label O
2. B) Label N
3. C) Label A
4. D) Label K
5. E) Label B

Answer: A

Page Ref: 181

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

26) The radius bone is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label T
2. B) Label R
3. C) Label F
4. D) Label S
5. E) Label Q

Answer: E

Page Ref: 184, 185

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

27) The mandible is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label N
2. B) Label W
3. C) Label M
4. D) Label C
5. E) Label B

Answer: A

Page Ref: 174, 175

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

28) The carpals are indicated by ________.

1. A) Label N
2. B) Label X
3. C) Label J
4. D) Label I
5. E) Label T

Answer: E

Page Ref: 185

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

29) The greater tubercle and trochlea are bone markings situated on the bone marked by ________.

1. A) Label O
2. B) Label I
3. C) Label E
4. D) Label Y
5. E) Label A

Answer: C

Page Ref: 184

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

30) The ilium, pubis, and ischium fuse to form the bone marked by ________.

1. A) Label F
2. B) Label G
3. C) Label T
4. D) Label H
5. E) Label I

Answer: B

Page Ref: 186

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

5.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions

1) The most important minerals stored in bones are ________.

1. A) calcium and iron
2. B) sodium and phosphorus
3. C) sodium and potassium
4. D) calcium and phosphorus
5. E) calcium and potassium

Answer: D

Page Ref: 159

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

2)

The arrangement of bone tissue shown in Figure 5.3 consists of ________.

1. A) osteons (Haversian systems)
2. B) yellow marrow
3. C) trabeculae
4. D) neurons
5. E) red marrow

Answer: A

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

3) Where does hematopoiesis occur?

1. A) marrow cavity
2. B) epiphyseal plate
3. C) articular cartilage
4. D) periosteum
5. E) endosteum

Answer: A

Page Ref: 159

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

4) The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ________.

1. A) compact bones
2. B) irregular bones
3. C) flat bones
4. D) long bones
5. E) sesamoid bones

Answer: D

Page Ref: 160

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

5) What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?

1. A) yellow marrow
2. B) endosteum
3. C) spongy bone
4. D) periosteum
5. E) articular cartilage

Answer: E

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

6) In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to ________.

1. A) store adipose tissue
2. B) form blood cells
3. C) store calcium and phosphorus
4. D) promote lengthwise growth in long bones
5. E) decrease friction at joint surfaces

Answer: A

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

7) The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that ________.

1. A) bone is dead
2. B) bone length is no longer increasing
3. C) bone diameter is increasing
4. D) bone diameter is decreasing
5. E) bone length is increasing

Answer: E

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 3) Application

8) Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as ________.

1. A) a perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
2. B) the epiphysis
3. C) a canaliculus
4. D) a central (Haversian) canal
5. E) an osteon (Haversian system)

Answer: E

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

9) The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called ________.

1. A) osteocytes
2. B) chondrocytes
3. C) erythrocytes
4. D) osteoclasts
5. E) osteoblasts

Answer: D

Page Ref: 166

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

10) Which of the following is only found associated with a child’s bone?

1. A) diaphysis
2. B) marrow cavity
3. C) epiphyseal plate
4. D) periosteum
5. E) articular cartilage

Answer: C

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 3) Application

11) Which of these bone markings is a projection that serves as a site for muscle or ligament attachment?

1. A) meatus
2. B) fossa
3. C) foramen
4. D) fissure
5. E) tubercle

Answer: E

Page Ref: 164

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

12) Which of the following bones is considered part of the axial skeleton?

1. A) femur
2. B) sternum
3. C) radius
4. D) metatarsals
5. E) scapula

Answer: B

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 3) Application

13) The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (Haversian system) contains ________.

1. A) cartilage and lamellae
2. B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts
3. C) yellow marrow and perforating, or Sharpey’s, fibers
4. D) blood vessels and nerve fibers
5. E) red marrow

Answer: D

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

14) The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called ________.

1. A) lacunae
2. B) perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
3. C) central (Haversian) canals
4. D) trabeculae
5. E) lamellae

Answer: A

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

15) What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

1. A) elastic connective tissue
2. B) dense fibrous connective tissue
3. C) fibrocartilage
4. D) hyaline cartilage
5. E) loose fibrous connective tissue

Answer: D

Page Ref: 165

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

16) What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs?

1. A) osteocyte
2. B) erythrocyte
3. C) chondrocyte
4. D) osteoblast
5. E) osteoclast

Answer: D

Page Ref: 165

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

17) The factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are) ________.

1. A) sex hormones
2. B) growth hormone
3. C) stress of gravity and pull of muscles on the skeleton
4. D) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
5. E) calcium level of the blood

Answer: C

Page Ref: 166

Bloom’s: 3) Application

18) There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages?

1. bony callus formation 3. fibrocartilage callus formation
2. bone remodeling 4. hematoma formation
3. A) 4, 3, 2, 1
4. B) 4, 3, 1, 2
5. C) 1, 2, 3, 4
6. D) 1, 3, 4, 2
7. E) 1, 3, 2, 4

Answer: B

Page Ref: 169

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

19) Bone growth that occurs due to weight lifting at age 40 is most likely ________.

1. A) endochondrial growth
2. B) none since bones do not grow after adolescence
3. C) appositional growth
4. D) occurring at the epiphyseal lines
5. E) occurring at the epiphyseal plates

Answer: C

Page Ref: 166

Bloom’s: 3) Application

20) An open, or compound, fracture can be described as when ________.

1. A) the bone is crushed
2. B) the broken bone ends are forced into each other
3. C) the broken bone is exposed to the outside
4. D) the bone is broken into many fragments
5. E) adjacent bones fracture simultaneously

Answer: C

Page Ref: 169

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

21) A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a ________.

1. A) compound fracture
2. B) simple fracture
3. C) comminuted fracture
4. D) compression fracture
5. E) greenstick fracture

Answer: C

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

22) The physician knew her patient was most likely a child before she walked into the examination room because the X-ray revealed a(n) ________.

1. A) impacted fracture
2. B) compression fracture
3. C) comminuted fracture
4. D) greenstick fracture
5. E) open fracture

Answer: D

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 3) Application

23) A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a(n) ________.

1. A) impacted fracture
2. B) compression fracture
3. C) spiral fracture
4. D) depressed fracture
5. E) simple fracture

Answer: B

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

24) The axial skeleton contains ________.

1. skull
2. scapula
3. true and false ribs
4. vertebrae
5. phalanges
6. A) 1, 3, 4, 5
7. B) 1, 3, 4
8. C) 2, 5
9. D) 2, 3, 4, 5
10. E) 1, 2, 3, 5

Answer: B

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

25) The suture situated anteriorly between the parietal bones and occipital bone is the ________.

1. A) squamous suture
2. B) lambdoid suture
3. C) sagittal suture
4. D) coronal suture
5. E) both the squamous suture and the sagittal suture

Answer: B

Page Ref: 172

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

26) Identify the bones that do NOT house a paranasal sinus ________.

1. A) frontal bones
2. B) maxillary bones
3. C) ethmoid bones
4. D) sphenoid bones
5. E) zygomatic bones

Answer: E

Page Ref: 172-175

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

27) The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are ________.

1. A) alveolar margins
2. B) sinuses
3. C) palates
4. D) crista galli
5. E) fontanels

Answer: E

Page Ref: 176

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

28) Which of these bones is associated with the hand?

1. A) talus
2. B) calcaneus
3. C) metatarsals
4. D) tarsals
5. E) metacarpals

Answer: E

Page Ref: 185

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

29) The hyoid bone is unique because it ________.

1. A) is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone
2. B) is an irregular bone
3. C) belongs to both the axial and appendicular skeletons
4. D) has no specific function
5. E) largely consists of cartilage

Answer: A

Page Ref: 175

Bloom’s: 3) Application

30) What feature is uniquely associated with cervical vertebrae?

1. A) spinous processes
2. B) transverse processes
3. C) vertebral foramina
4. D) transverse foramina
5. E) pedicles

Answer: D

Page Ref: 180

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

31) How many true ribs do humans have?

1. A) three
2. B) five
3. C) seven
4. D) twelve
5. E) fifteen

Answer: C

Page Ref: 181, 182

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

32) The dens is a process projecting from the ________.

1. A) sacrum
2. B) coccyx
3. C) intervertebral discs
4. D) atlas
5. E) axis

Answer: E

Page Ref: 178

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

33) The atlas is the ________.

1. A) last lumbar vertebra
2. B) first thoracic vertebra
3. C) part of the sacrum
4. D) second cervical vertebra
5. E) first cervical vertebra

Answer: E

Page Ref: 178

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

34) Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior?

1. A) floating ribs, true ribs, false ribs
2. B) floating ribs, false ribs, true ribs
3. C) true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
4. D) true ribs, floating ribs, false ribs
5. E) false ribs, floating ribs, true ribs

Answer: C

Page Ref: 181, 182

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

35) The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the ________.

1. A) ischium, ilium, coccyx
2. B) pubis, ischium, ilium
3. C) manubrium, body, xiphoid process
4. D) jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint
5. E) true ribs, manubrium, xiphoid process

Answer: C

Page Ref: 181

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

36) Which two bones constitute the forearm?

1. A) radius and humerus
2. B) humerus and scapula
3. C) fibula and tibia
4. D) ulna and radius
5. E) femur and fibula

Answer: D

Page Ref: 185

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

37) The tailbone is the ________.

1. A) ischium
2. B) sacrum
3. C) pubis
4. D) coccyx
5. E) patella

Answer: D

Page Ref: 180

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

38) You examine an articulated skeleton in the laboratory and determine the skeleton to be a female since ________.

1. A) the angle of the female pubic arch is smaller than in a male
2. B) the distance between the female ischial spines is greater than in a male
3. C) the distance between the female ischial tuberosities is less than in a male
4. D) the female iliac bones are less flared than in a male
5. E) the female pelvis as a whole is deeper, and the bones are heavier and thicker than in a male

Answer: B

Page Ref: 186

Bloom’s: 3) Application

39)

The type of joint shown in Figure 5.4 is ________.

1. A) a suture
2. B) a fibrous joint
3. C) an amphiarthrotic joint
4. D) a cartilaginous joint
5. E) a synovial joint

Answer: E

Page Ref: 194

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

40) A structure found on the femur is the ________.

1. A) anterior crest
2. B) trochlea
3. C) lateral malleolus
4. D) intercondylar fossa
5. E) medial malleolus

Answer: D

Page Ref: 188-189

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

41) Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called ________.

1. A) amphiarthroses; synarthroses
2. B) synarthroses; amphiarthroses
3. C) diarthroses; amphiarthroses
4. D) amphiarthroses; diarthroses
5. E) diarthroses; synarthroses

Answer: A

Page Ref: 190

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

42) The wrist bones are actually ________.

1. A) tarsals
2. B) metacarpals
3. C) phalanges
4. D) metatarsals
5. E) carpals

Answer: E

Page Ref: 185

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

43) Which of these bones articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone?

1. A) femur
2. B) patella
3. C) fibula
4. D) sacrum
5. E) tibia

Answer: A

Page Ref: 188

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

44) Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the exception.

1. A) humerus
2. B) radius
3. C) scapula
4. D) fibula
5. E) clavicle

Answer: D

Page Ref: 182-184

Bloom’s: 3) Application

45) The elbow is classified as a(n) ________.

1. A) plane joint
2. B) hinge joint
3. C) pivot joint
4. D) saddle joint
5. E) condylar joint

Answer: B

Page Ref: 194

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

5.3 True/False Questions

1) Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 159

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

2) Articular cartilage covers the diaphysis of long bones.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

3) The arrangement of lamellae around central (Haversian) canals forms osteons (Haversian systems).

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

4) Hypercalcemia promotes the deposition of calcium to bones.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 166

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

5) A closed, or simple, fracture is one that penetrates through the skin’s surface.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 169

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

6) The last two pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they have no anterior attachments.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 182

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

7) Teeth are anchored in the maxillary bones and the mandible.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 173, 175

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

8) The spinal cord passes through the body of each vertebra.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 178

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

9) The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and absorb shock are composed of fibrocartilage.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 193

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

10) In anatomical position, the lateral lower leg bone is the fibula.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 189

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

11) There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 176-177

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

12) A newborn baby has an S-shaped spinal curvature known as a primary curvature.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 177

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

13) Diarthroses have a greater degree of mobility and flexibility than synarthroses.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 190-191

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

14) Joint inflammation is known as ankylosis.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 196

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

5.4 Matching Questions

Match the following:

1. A) greenstick fracture
2. B) depression fracture
3. C) impacted fracture
4. D) comminuted fracture
5. E) spiral fracture

1) Incomplete bone break

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

2) Broken bone portion is pushed inward

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

3) Ragged bone break resulting from twisting forces

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

4) Bone breaks into many fragments

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

5) Broken bone ends are forced into each other

Page Ref: 168

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 1) A 2) B 3) E 4) D 5) C

Match the following:

1. A) osteoclasts
2. B) epiphyseal plate
3. C) lamellae
4. D) osteoblasts
5. E) canaliculi

6) Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

Page Ref: 166

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

7) Layers or rings of calcification that are found in compact bone

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

8) Small channels that radiate through the matrix of compact bone

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

9) Cells that can build bony matrix

Page Ref: 165

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

10) Area where bone growth takes place in a long bone

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 6) A 7) C 8) E 9) D 10) B

Match the following:

1. A) ball-and-socket joint
2. B) pivot joint
3. C) plane joint
4. D) hinge joint
5. E) condylar joint

11) Wrist joint

Page Ref: 194

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

12) Shoulder joint

Page Ref: 196

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

13) Ankle joint

Page Ref: 194

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

14) Knuckle joints

Page Ref: 196

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

15) Joint between atlas and axis

Page Ref: 194

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) E 15) B

Match the following:

1. A) appendicular skeleton
2. B) axial skeleton

16) Tarsals

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

17) Femur

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

18) Phalanges

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

19) Ulna

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

20) Atlas

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

21) Sternum

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

22) Fibula

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

23) Coxal bone

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

24) True ribs

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

25) Parietal bones

Page Ref: 170

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 16) A 17) A 18) A 19) A 20) B 21) B 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) B

5.5 Essay Questions

1) Explain the five functions of the skeletal system.

Answer:

1. Support—the skeletal system forms the body’s internal structural framework. The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall.
2. Movement—the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.
3. Protection—bones, such as the skull, thorax, and pelvis, protect the enclosed soft body organs.
4. Storage—fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for minerals, the most important being calcium and phosphorus.
5. Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation occurs within the red marrow of certain bones.

Page Ref: 159

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

2) Differentiate between the functions of yellow marrow and red marrow.

Answer: Yellow or red marrow may be found in the medullary (marrow) cavity of a long bone, depending on the age of the individual. Yellow marrow is adipose tissue that stores energy. Red marrow functions in blood cell production, a process known as hematopoiesis.

Page Ref: 161

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

3) List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

Answer:

Step 1 is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or blood-filled swelling, forms when bone breaks and blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die.

Step 2 is fibrocartilage callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers. This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap.

Step 3 is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus).

Step 4 is bone remodeling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture site.

Page Ref: 169

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

4) Explain how the anatomy of compact bone differs from that of spongy bone.

Answer: Compact bone is composed of osteons (Haversian systems). Concentric rings of matrix, called lamellae, are situated around a central (Haversian) canal. The rings and central canal constitute an osteon, or Haversian system. Other canals, called canaliculi, spread outward from central canals to connect to lacunae which house osteocytes.

Spongy bone is open, airy, spiky and is composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone. Spongy bone lacks osteons and a network of canals.

Page Ref: 159, 161-162

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

5) Explain how bones are remodeled in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates bone-destroying cells called osteoclasts to break down the bone’s matrix and release the stored calcium into the blood. PTH determines when bone will be broken down in response to the level of calcium ions in the blood.

Page Ref: 166

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

6) List some of the features of a female pelvis that make it different from a male pelvis.

Answer: The female pelvis:

1. has a larger and more circular inlet.
2. is shallower than the male pelvis.
3. has lighter and thinner bones.
4. has a shorter and less curved sacrum.
5. has a more rounded pubic arch.
6. has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart.

Page Ref: 186

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

7) If 6-year-old Sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what might she expect as she grows older? What is an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this situation?

Answer: The epiphyseal plate is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone. Epiphyseal plates cause the lengthwise growth of long bone. Since this child is still growing and has not completed puberty, she may expect impaired growth in that one epiphyseal plate. Lucky for Sarah, there is an epiphyseal plate located at both the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The healthy distal plate can continue to grow.

Page Ref: 161, 165-166

Bloom’s: 3) Application

8) Maria observes a patient in her clinic with a spinal curvature abnormality. She notices the patient’s spine curves laterally from the midline. Determine the abnormality she observed and explain how she differentiated it from the other two types of spinal abnormalities.

Answer: Maria observed a patient with scoliosis in which the spinal strays laterally from the midline. Lordosis, or sway back, results in lumbar curvature exaggerated in the ventral (anterior) direction. Kyphosis produces a humped back due to a thoracic curvature exaggerated in the dorsal (posterior) direction.

Page Ref: 177-178

Bloom’s: 3) Application

9) Explain how atlas and axis are different from other vertebrae. Discuss the roles they play in the body.

Answer:

1. Unlike all other vertebra, atlas (C1) has no body. Axis (C2) has a large process called the dens.
2. The structural differences of these two vertebrae allow you to rotate your head from side to side to indicate “no.” The joint between these two vertebrae is a pivot joint.

Page Ref: 178, 180

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

10) Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide examples of each type of joint.

Answer:

1. Synarthroses are immovable joints. These joints are structurally classified as fibrous joints since the bones are united by fibrous tissue. Skull sutures are one example of a fibrous joint.
2. Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as cartilaginous joints since the bone ends are connected by cartilage. The pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints are two examples.
3. Diathroses are freely movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as synovial joints since the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. There are many examples of synovial joints, including the elbow, knee, and shoulder.

Page Ref: 190-191

Bloom’s: 4) Analysis

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e, (Marieb)

Chapter 7 The Nervous System

7.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions

Using Figure 7.1, identify the following:

1) The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are indicated by ________.

1. A) Label H
2. B) Label G
3. C) Label A
4. D) Label F
5. E) Label B

Answer: C

Page Ref: 253, 254

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

2) The metabolic center of the neuron is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label D
2. B) Label F
3. C) Label A
4. D) Label H
5. E) Label I

Answer: A

Page Ref: 253, 254

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

3) The axon terminals are indicated by ________.

1. A) Label I
2. B) Label G
3. C) Label B
4. D) Label A
5. E) Label C

Answer: E

Page Ref: 253, 254

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

4) The axon is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label B
2. B) Label F
3. C) Label H
4. D) Label I
5. E) Label A

Answer: A

Page Ref: 253, 254

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

5) The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by ________.

1. A) Label D
2. B) Label H
3. C) Label B
4. D) Label F
5. E) Label A

Answer: B

Page Ref: 253, 254

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

6) The nucleus of the neuron is indicated by ________.

1. A) Label E
2. B) Label I
3. C) Label A
4. D) Label B
5. E) Label F

Answer: A

Page Ref: 253, 254

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

7) The nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems: ________ nervous system and ________ nervous system.

1. A) central; peripheral
2. B) somatic; autonomic
3. C) parasympathetic; sympathetic
4. D) autonomic; sympathetic

Answer: A

Page Ref: 250-251

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

8) ________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.

1. A) Satellite
2. B) Ependymal
3. C) Schwann
4. D) Nerve

Answer: C

Page Ref: 253

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

9) Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.

1. A) myelin sheaths
2. B) neuroglia
3. C) oligodendrocytes
4. D) microglia

Answer: B

Page Ref: 252

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

10) The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

1. A) dendrite
2. B) cell body
3. C) synaptic cleft
4. D) axon

Answer: D

Page Ref: 253

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

11) The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

1. A) synaptic clefts
2. B) axon terminals
3. C) nodes of Ranvier
4. D) myelin sheaths

Answer: C

Page Ref: 255

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

12) Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ________.

1. A) Meissner’s corpuscles
2. B) proprioceptors
3. C) lamellar corpuscles
4. D) association neurons

Answer: B

Page Ref: 256

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

13) Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called ________, whereas in the PNS they are called ________.

1. A) tracts; nerves
2. B) gray matter; white matter
3. C) axons; dendrites
4. D) afferent neurons; efferent neurons

Answer: A

Page Ref: 256

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

14) The cell bodies of the ________ neurons are always located within the CNS.

1. A) proprioceptor
2. B) afferent
3. C) motor
4. D) sensory

Answer: C

Page Ref: 257

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

15) Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

1. A) sensory; motor
2. B) gray; white
3. C) motor; sensory
4. D) white; gray

Answer: D

Page Ref: 256

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

16) ________ connect sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and their cell bodies are typically located in the central nervous system.

1. A) Interneurons (association neurons)
2. B) Afferent
3. C) Efferent
4. D) Proprioceptors

Answer: A

Page Ref: 257

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

17) During repolarization, ________ ions are pumped out of the cell.

1. A) sodium
2. B) potassium
3. C) both sodium and potassium
4. D) calcium

Answer: A

Page Ref: 260

Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension

18) ________ reflexes include the secretion of saliva, changes in the size of our pupils, and digestion involve the activities of smooth muscles.

1. A) Somatic
2. B) Voluntary
3. C) Autonomic
4. D) Sympathetic

Answer: C

Page Ref: 261

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

19) The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

1. A) cerebellum
2. B) dicephalon (interbrain)
3. C) brain stem
4. D) cerebrum

Answer: B

Page Ref: 265, 269

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge

20) The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called ________.

1. A) cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke
2. B) Parkinson’s disease
3. C) Huntington’s disease
4. D) multiple sclerosis

Answer: A

Page Ref: 275

Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge