Fundamentals Of Anatomy And Physiology 9th Edition By Frederic-H. -Test Bank A+

Description

Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

1. A) body support
2. B) calcium homeostasis
3. C) protection of internal organs
4. D) blood cell production
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-1

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

2) Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

1. A) tendons
2. B) bones
3. C) ligaments
4. D) cartilage
5. E) other tissues that connect bones

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-1

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

3) Which of the following bones is classified as “irregular” in shape?

1. A) patella
2. B) frontal
3. C) vertebra
4. D) metatarsal
5. E) ulna

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

4) The tip of a long bone is called the

1. A) epiphysis.
2. B) diaphysis.
3. C) epiphyseal plate.
4. D) metaphysis.
5. E) lamella.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

5) The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

1. A) long
2. B) short
3. C) flat
4. D) irregular
5. E) sesamoid

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

6) A rib is an example of a ________ bone.

1. A) long
2. B) short
3. C) flat
4. D) sutural
5. E) sesamoid

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

7) Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones.

1. A) irregular
2. B) sesamoid
3. C) sutural
4. D) Wormian
5. E) tendon

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

8) Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

1. A) irregular
2. B) sesamoid
3. C) sutural
4. D) sagittal
5. E) tendon

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

9) ________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet.

1. A) Irregular
2. B) Sesamoid
3. C) Short
4. D) Long
5. E) Flat

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

10) The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

1. A) long
2. B) short
3. C) flat
4. D) irregular
5. E) sesamoid

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

11) The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

1. A) ramus.
2. B) trochanter.
3. C) tuberosity.
4. D) tubercle.
5. E) condyle.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

12) A hole through a bone is termed a

1. A) ramus.
2. B) foramen.
3. C) linea.
4. D) tubercle.
5. E) facet.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

13) The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

1. A) crest.
2. B) ridge.
3. C) head.
4. D) condyle.
5. E) trochlea.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

14) A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

1. A) fossa.
2. B) sulcus.
3. C) facet.
4. D) fissure.
5. E) line.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

15) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the ________.

1. A) diaphysis
2. B) epiphysis
3. C) osseophysis
4. D) metaphysis
5. E) medullary cavity

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

16) Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

1. A) stem cell
2. B) dissolves matrix
3. C) mature bone cell
4. D) secretes organic matrix

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

17) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.

1. A) 25
2. B) 10
3. C) 2
4. D) 15
5. E) 50

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

18) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

1. A) osteocytes.
2. B) osteoprogenitor cells.
3. C) osteoblasts.
4. D) osteoclasts.
5. E) chondrocytes.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

19) ________ are squamous stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

1. A) Osteoclasts
2. B) Osteocytes
3. C) Osteomedullary cells
4. D) Osteoprogenitor cells
5. E) Squamous osteons

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

20) Through the action of osteoclasts,

1. A) new bone is formed.
2. B) an organic framework is formed.
3. C) bony matrix is dissolved.
4. D) osteoid is calcified.
5. E) fractured bones regenerate.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

21) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

1. A) Volkmann’s canal.
2. B) lacuna.
3. C) trabecula.
4. D) Haversian canal.
5. E) Venetian canal.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

22) Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone?

1. A) calcium phosphate
2. B) collagen fibers
3. C) calcium carbonate
4. D) chondroitin sulfate
5. E) hydroxyapatite

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

23) ________ account(s) for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

1. A) Water
2. B) Calcium carbonate
3. C) Collagen fibers
4. D) Fluoride
5. E) Calcium phosphate

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

24) ________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

1. A) Osteocyte
2. B) Osteoclast
3. C) Osteoid
4. D) Osteoprogenitor
5. E) Chondroblast

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

25) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering.

1. A) collagen-fiber
2. B) protein-crystal
3. C) mineral-crystal
4. D) protein-protein
5. E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

26) The most abundant cell type in bone is

1. A) osteoclasts.
2. B) osteoblasts.
3. C) osteolytes.
4. D) osteoprogenitor cells.
5. E) osteocytes.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

27) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

1. A) blood cells.
2. B) osteocytes.
3. C) chondroblasts.
4. D) bone marrow.
5. E) capillaries.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

28) How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

1. A) The bone would be less flexible.
2. B) The bone would be stronger.
3. C) The bone would be more brittle.
4. D) The bone would be more flexible.
5. E) The bone would be less compressible.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

29) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

1. A) central canals.
2. B) lacunae.
3. C) canaliculi.
4. D) medullary cavities.
5. E) foramina.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

30) The central canal of an osteon contains

1. A) bone marrow.
2. B) osteocytes.
3. C) concentric lamellae.
4. D) blood vessels.
5. E) lacunae.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

31) The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

1. A) osteons.
2. B) trabeculae.
3. C) concentric lamellae.
4. D) interstitial lamellae.
5. E) lacunae.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

32) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.

1. A) spongy
2. B) osteon
3. C) compact
4. D) lamellar
5. E) irregular

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

33) The structural units of mature compact bone are called

1. A) lacunae.
2. B) osteocytes.
3. C) osteons.
4. D) canaliculi.
5. E) lamellae.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

34) Fat is stored within the

1. A) medullary cavity.
2. B) metaphysis.
3. C) spongy bone.
4. D) epiphysis.
5. E) diaphysis.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

35) Which of the following is a characteristic of bone?

1. A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.
2. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts.
3. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment.
4. D) The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium.
5. E) For strength, compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

36) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

1. A) radial.
2. B) anterior.
3. C) parallel.
4. D) proximal.
5. E) diagonal.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

37) The femur can withstand ________ times the body weight without breaking.

1. A) 3
2. B) 5 to 10
3. C) 8
4. D) 10 to 15
5. E) 30

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

38) ________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

1. A) Blue
2. B) Yellow
3. C) White
4. D) Gray
5. E) Red

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

39) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

1. A) endosteum.
2. B) periosteum.
3. C) epimysium.
4. D) perimysium.
5. E) perichondrium.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

40) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

1. A) Short
2. B) Irregular
3. C) Spongy
4. D) Compact
5. E) Long

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

41) The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are

1. A) circumferential lamellae.
2. B) osteoid plates.
3. C) trabeculae.
4. D) concentric lamellae.
5. E) epiphseal ridges.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

42) Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix?

1. A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite.
2. B) Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix.
3. C) Once deposited, calcium cannot be removed from bone.
4. D) Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix.
5. E) Calcium is the organic part of the matrix.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

43) The trabeculae of spongy bone

1. A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone.
2. B) are organized along stress lines.
3. C) are composed mostly of cartilage.
4. D) will collapse under stress.
5. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 6-1 Bone Tissue

Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:

44) Which structure is termed an osteon?

1. A) 1
2. B) 2
3. C) 3
4. D) 4
5. E) 5

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

45) Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone?

1. A) 1
2. B) 2
3. C) 3
4. D) 4
5. E) 5

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

46) The structure labeled “3” is the result of which process?

1. A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons
2. B) surface growth of bone
3. C) remodeling of compact bone
4. D) remodeling of spongy bone
5. E) osteoporosis

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

47) Identify the structures labeled “4.”

1. A) concentric lamellae
2. B) circumferential lamellae
3. C) interstitial lamellae
4. D) trabeculae
5. E) periosteum

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

48) Where would osteoclasts be most active?

1. A) 1
2. B) 2
3. C) 3
4. D) 4
5. E) 5

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

49) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

1. A) elastic cartilage
2. B) synovial cartilage
3. C) hyaline cartilage
4. D) fibrocartilage
5. E) osseous cartilage

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

50) The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as

1. A) hardening.
2. B) ossification.
3. C) calcification.
4. D) osteogenesis.
5. E) remodeling.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

51) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

1. A) roof of the skull
2. B) carpal bones
3. C) femur
4. D) clavicle
5. E) the roof of the skull and the clavicle

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

52) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

1. A) fibrous connective-tissue model.
2. B) cartilage model.
3. C) membranous model.
4. D) calcified model.
5. E) osteoblasts model.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

53) The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification.

1. Enlarged chondrocytes die.
2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone.
3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
4. Blood vessels invade the perichondrium.
5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a thin shell of bone.

The correct order for these events is

1. A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2
2. B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2
3. C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2
4. D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4
5. E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

54) Secondary ossification centers occur

1. A) in the diaphysis.
2. B) at the periosteum.
3. C) in the epiphyses.
4. D) in the metaphyses.
5. E) in dermal bones.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

55) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.

1. A) osteoclast
2. B) osteoprogenitor
3. C) mesenchymal
4. D) osteoblast
5. E) osteocyte

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

56) Which of the following statements about Marfan’s syndrome is false?

1. A) results in short, stubby fingers
2. B) results from a mutation
3. C) affects connective tissue genes
4. D) affects epiphyseal cartilages
5. E) may also cause cardiovascular problems

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

57) Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of

1. A) concentric lamellae.
2. B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis.
3. C) growth of trabeculae.
4. D) osteoblasts in the endosteum.
5. E) cartilage cells in the diaphyseal side of the metaphysis.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

58) Intramembranous ossification

1. A) produces flat bones as in the bones of the roof of the skull.
2. B) explains how a juvenile’s bone can grow in length.
3. C) occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone.
4. D) occurs inside a bag of cartilage.
5. E) occurs in all bones before birth.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

59) Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the

1. A) proximal epiphysis.
2. B) periosteum.
3. C) metaphysis.
4. D) distal epiphysis.
5. E) diaphysis.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

60) Bone tissue formation begins when osteoblasts secrete

1. A) collagen fibers.
2. B) mesenchyme.
3. C) silica.
4. D) hydroxyapatite.
5. E) calcium.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

61) Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old’s long bones. Which of the following statements is therefore true?

1. A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.
2. B) Administraton of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length.
3. C) Osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so length growth can continue until adulthood.
4. D) More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of growth plates.
5. E) Intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

62) During appositional growth

1. A) bones grow longer.
2. B) bones grow wider.
3. C) bone is replaced by cartilage.
4. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis.
5. E) osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

63) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

1. A) puberty begins.
2. B) interstitial bone growth begins.
3. C) appositional bone growth begins.
4. D) long bones have reached their adult length.
5. E) the bone becomes more brittle.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

64) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

1. A) grow longer.
2. B) grow wider.
3. C) become shorter.
4. D) become more porous and weaker.
5. E) become thicker.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

65) Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by

1. A) high levels of vitamin D.
2. B) too much calcium in the diet.
3. C) elevated levels of estrogen.
4. D) too little thyroxine.
5. E) an excess of growth hormone.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

66) When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates

1. A) get wider.
2. B) become narrower.
3. C) increase slowly.
4. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness.
5. E) are hardly affected.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

67) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification:

1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized.
2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue.
3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers.
4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate.

The correct order for these events is:

1. A) 4, 1, 2, 3
2. B) 2, 1, 3, 4
3. C) 4, 2, 1, 3
4. D) 2, 3, 1, 4

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification

Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):

68) Where does growth in length occur?

1. A) 1
2. B) 2
3. C) 3
4. D) 4
5. E) 5

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

69) What type of tissue occurs at #1?

1. A) elastic tissue
2. B) fibrocartilage
3. C) bone
4. D) hyaline cartilage
5. E) marrow tissue

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

70) What process is shown at #6?

1. A) primary ossification
2. B) secondary ossification
3. C) length growth
4. D) width growth
5. E) fracture repair

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

71) Identify the structure at #4.

1. A) intramembranous bone
2. B) spongy bone
3. C) hyaline cartilage
4. D) periosteum
5. E) mesenchyme

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

72) Identify the structure labeled “2.”

1. A) epiphysis
2. B) diaphysis
3. C) metaphysis
4. D) marrow cavity
5. E) trabeculae

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

73) In normal adult bones,

1. A) there is no turnover of minerals.
2. B) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year.
3. C) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed.
4. D) osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases.
5. E) exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

74) A lack of exercise could

1. A) cause bones to become thicker.
2. B) cause bones to store more calcium.
3. C) result in porous and weak bones.
4. D) cause bones to become longer.
5. E) cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

75) When stress is applied to a bone,

1. A) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.
2. B) osteoclast activity increases.
3. C) the bone becomes thin and brittle.
4. D) the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress.
5. E) it usually breaks.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

76) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in

1. A) osteoporosis.
2. B) osteopenia.
3. C) rickets.
4. D) giantism.
5. E) dwarfism.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

77) Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except

1. A) vitamin A.
2. B) vitamin E.
3. C) vitamin C.
4. D) the hormone thyroxine.
5. E) vitamin D.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

78) Where in the body does the production of precursors for the synthesis of calcitriol occur?

1. A) bone
2. B) kidneys
3. C) small intestine
4. D) liver
5. E) skin

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

79) The most abundant mineral in the human body is

1. A) sodium.
2. B) potassium.
3. C) phosphorus.
4. D) calcium.
5. E) hydrogen.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

80) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

1. A) calcitonin.
2. B) thyroid hormone.
3. C) parathyroid hormone.
4. D) growth hormone.
5. E) testosterone.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

81) The hormone calcitonin functions to

1. A) stimulate osteoclast activity.
2. B) decrease the rate of calcium excretion.
3. C) decrease the rate of calcium absorption.
4. D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood.
5. E) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

82) Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that it

1. A) stimulates osteoclast activity.
2. B) increases the rate of calcium absorption.
3. C) decreases the rate of calcium excretion.
4. D) raises the level of calcium ion in the blood.
5. E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

83) A child with rickets often has

1. A) oversized facial bones.
2. B) long fingers.
3. C) frequent bruises.
4. D) bowed legs.
5. E) inadequate muscle development.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

84) Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

1. A) potassium.
2. B) iron.
3. C) sulfate.
4. D) calcium.
5. E) sodium.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

85) Hundreds of years ago explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented?

1. A) Supplement the diet with more calcium from meat.
2. B) Increase levels of testosterone to stimulate bone repair.
3. C) Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C.
4. D) Drink more water to promote bone remodeling and repair.
5. E) Amputate fractured limbs to prevent the spread of scurvy.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

86) How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone?

1. A) Vitamin D provides a framework for calcium in the matrix.
2. B) Vitamin D is regulated by osteoclast activity.
3. C) Vitamin D is produced by osteoblasts during endochondral ossification.
4. D) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract so calcium is available for ossification and remodeling.
5. E) Vitamin D replaces calcium in the skeleton.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

87) The disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are

1. A) more resistant to compression.
2. B) stronger and heavier.
3. C) stronger and contain more spongy bone.
4. D) weaker and more flexible.
5. E) weaker and more brittle.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

88) After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

1. A) epiphyseal plate.
2. B) external callus.
3. C) dense tuberosity.
4. D) condyle.
5. E) fracture facet.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

89) A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.

1. A) compression
2. B) Pott
3. C) displaced
4. D) greenstick
5. E) Colles

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

90) While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?

1. A) hypertension
2. B) tachycardia
3. C) erythema
4. D) hematoma
5. E) cyanosis

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

91) Put the following steps of bone repair in correct sequence:

1. Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone.
2. A hematoma occurs.
3. An internal callus forms at the site of injury.
4. Osteoclasts remodel the bone at the site of repair.
5. A) 1, 2, 3, 4
6. B) 2, 1, 3, 4
7. C) 3, 1, 4, 2
8. D) 4, 2, 3, 1
9. E) 2, 3, 1, 4

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

92) Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following, except that it

1. A) is released in large amounts early in life.
2. B) increases the number of osteoclasts.
3. C) increases the activity of osteoclasts.
4. D) produces a severe osteoporosis.
5. E) is released by some cancer tumors.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

93) A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes is called

1. A) osteopenia.
2. B) osteoporosis.
3. C) osteomyelitis.
4. D) osteitis.
5. E) osteomalacia.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

94) The condition known as osteopenia

1. A) affects mostly women.
2. B) causes a gradual reduction in bone mass.
3. C) is caused by too much vitamin D in the diet.
4. D) is rarely seen as people age.
5. E) only affects the femur.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

95) If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become

1. A) denser.
2. B) thicker.
3. C) osteopenic.
4. D) stronger.
5. E) calcified.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

96) Why does osteoporosis affect more women than men?

1. A) Women typically do not get enough calcium in their diet.
2. B) Men do not remodel the skeleton as fast as women.
3. C) Pregnancy causes deossification of bones in women and will lead to osteoporosis.
4. D) Men exercise more than women and therefore have less osteoporosis.
5. E) Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause whereas men continue to produce male sex hormones throughout adulthood.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

97) Aging has what effect on the skeletal system?

1. A) progressive loss of processes and tuberosities
2. B) fusion of joints, especially syndesmoses
3. C) loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix
4. D) increase in the number of cranial foramina
5. E) increase in adipose tissue in epiphyses

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

98) If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition?

1. A) increases in blood levels of calcium
2. B) bone fragility
3. C) decreased bone density
4. D) increased osteoclast activity
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

99) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for her patient?

1. A) thyroid hormone
2. B) growth hormone
3. C) estrogen
4. D) parathyroid hormone
5. E) calcitonin

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

100) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for her patient?

1. A) vitamin C
2. B) vitamin D
3. C) calcium supplements
4. D) dairy products
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Short Answer Questions

101) The shaft of long bones is called the ________.

Answer: diaphysis

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

102) The narrow region between the head and shaft of a long bone is called the ________.

Answer: neck or metaphysis

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

103) A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley.

Answer: trochlea

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

104) A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a ________.

Answer: tuberosity

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

105) A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a ________.

Answer: sinus

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

106) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is termed a(n) ________.

Answer: head

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

107) A(n) ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.

Answer: foramen

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

108) The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones.

Answer: 206

Learning Outcome: 6-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

109) In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of ________.

Answer: hydroxyapatite

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

110) Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells.

Answer: osteoprogenitor

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

111) Cells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called ________.

Answer: osteoclasts

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

112) ________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer).

Answer: Articular cartilage

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

113) Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the ________.

Answer: osteoclasts

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

114) Cells that secrete collagen fibers are called ________.

Answer: osteoblasts

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

115) The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called ________.

Answer: osteoid

Learning Outcome: 6-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

116) Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as ________.

Answer: perforating canals

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

117) ________ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer).

Answer: Collagen

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

118) The matrix in spongy bone forms struts and arches called ________.

Answer: trabeculae

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

119) The superficial membrane of a bone is called the ________.

Answer: periosteum

Learning Outcome: 6-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

120) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone.

Answer: ossification

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

121) A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of ________.

Answer: heterotopic bone formation

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

122) The process of depositing calcium into a tissue is called ________.

Answer: calcification

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

123) What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification?

Answer: hyaline cartilage

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

124) The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called ________ .

Answer: remodeling

Learning Outcome: 6-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

125) ________ hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone matrix. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer).

Answer: Sex

Learning Outcome: 6-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

126) Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a(n) ________.

Answer: fracture

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

127) A(n) ________ or closed fracture does not break the skin.

Answer: simple

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

128) An open or ________ fracture projects through the skin.

Answer: compound

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

129) A(n) ________ fracture shatters the bone.

Answer: comminuted

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

130) A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a(n) ________ fracture.

Answer: transverse

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

131) In a(n) ________ fracture one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent.

Answer: greenstick

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

132) A(n) ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone.

Answer: spiral

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

133) A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a(n) ________ fracture.

Answer: Colles

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

134) A boot-top fracture that involves both lower leg bones is called a(n) ________ fracture.

Answer: Pott

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

135) The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a(n) ________ fracture.

Answer: compression

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

136) A(n) ________ fracture produces shattered bone fragments.

Answer: comminuted

Learning Outcome: 6-9

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

137) The natural age-related loss of bone mass is called ________.

Answer: osteopenia

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Essay Questions

138) During the growth of a long bone, how is the epiphysis forced farther from the shaft?

Answer: The chondrocytes of the epiphyseal cartilage enlarge and divide, increasing the thickness of the cartilage. On the shaft, the chondrocytes become ossified, “chasing” the expanding epiphyseal cartilage away from the shaft.

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

139) What is the difference between ossification and calcification.?

Answer: Ossification means specifically the conversion of connective tissue into bone tissue. Calcification means the depositing of calcium salts in any tissue, including bone.

Learning Outcome: 6-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

140) Todd is 13 and lives in an urban apartment. He spends most of his time watching TV and eating “junk” food. One afternoon, during recess, he falls on the playground and breaks his leg. Although he appears to be healthy, his leg takes longer to heal than expected. What might be the cause of the longer healing time?

Answer: Assuming that there is no other disease process involved, Todd’s problem is probably related to his poor diet. Good nutrition is important for promoting the healing process. Insufficient quantities of protein, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin D would cause the normal healing process to occur at a much slower rate. Todd’s inactivity may also contribute to his slower rate of healing.

Learning Outcome: 6-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

141) An elderly patient has a broken femur that is healing very slowly. A young resident suggests using a device that will create an electrical field in the area of the fracture to help speed the healing process. Why might this possibly help?

Answer: Osteoblasts are attracted to electrical fields produced by bone crystals when they are stressed. This is one of the reasons that trabeculae of bones are organized along stress lines. If the same type of electrical field could be duplicated at the site of the fracture, osteoblasts may be stimulated to migrate to the area and increase the rate of bone production and thus healing of the fracture.

Learning Outcome: 6-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

142) Would you expect to see changes in blood levels of the hormones calcitonin and PTH as a result of vitamin D3 deficiency? Explain.

Answer: A person deficient in vitamin D3 would not be able to absorb calcium effectively from the digestive tract, leading to a shortage of calcium in the blood. To maintain homeostasis, the decrease in blood calcium would trigger the release of PTH. The PTH, in turn, would stimulate osteoclasts to release enough calcium from the bone to maintain proper calcium levels in the blood. Levels of calcitonin would decrease, because release of this hormone is triggered by high blood calcium levels.

Learning Outcome: 6-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

143) What is osteopenia? Name and define two forms of osteopenia.

Answer: Osteopenia is a general term for reduced bone mass. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia are forms. Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone density, bone weakness, and pain resulting from the loss of mineral from bone with advancing age. Osteomalacia is bone weakness caused by insufficient calcium deposits. It is known as rickets in the young.

Learning Outcome: 6-10

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Martini)

Chapter 7 The Axial Skeleton

Multiple-Choice Questions

1) How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

1. A) 50
2. B) 60
3. C) 70
4. D) 80
5. E) 90

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-1

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

2) Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?

1. A) provides an attachment for muscles that move the appendicular skeleton
2. B) provides an attachment for muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk
3. C) provides an attachment for muscles involved in respiration
4. D) provides protection for the brain and spinal cord
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-1

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

3) Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?

1. A) skull
2. B) false ribs
3. C) sternum
4. D) hyoid
5. E) pelvic girdle

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-1

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

4) Which of the following articulate in the mandibular fossa?

1. A) condylar process
2. B) mastoid process
3. C) acromion process
4. D) coronoid process
5. E) zygomatic process

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

5) The internal acoustic meatus is located in which bone?

1. A) occipital
2. B) maxillary
3. C) sphenoid
4. D) temporal
5. E) parietal

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

6) The occipital condyles of the skull articulate with the

1. A) atlas.
2. B) mandible.
3. C) first thoracic vertebra.
4. D) occipital bone.
5. E) axis.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

7) The hard palate of the roof of the mouth is mostly formed by the

1. A) palatine process of the maxillae.
2. B) sphenoid bone.
3. C) nasal bones.
4. D) zygomatic process.
5. E) palatine bones.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

8) The foramen magnum is found in the ________ bone.

1. A) frontal
2. B) parietal
3. C) sphenoid
4. D) occipital
5. E) temporal

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

9) The suture that forms the articulation of the parietal bones with the frontal bone is the ________ suture.

1. A) lambdoidal
2. B) rostral
3. C) coronal
4. D) squamosal
5. E) sagittal

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

10) The calvaria (or skullcap) is formed by the ________ bones.

1. A) frontal, temporal, and parietal
2. B) frontal, parietal, and occipital
3. C) temporal, parietal, and occipital
4. D) frontal, temporal, and occipital
5. E) frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

11) The zygomatic arch is formed by the union of processes from which two bones?

1. A) temporal and maxilla
2. B) frontal and temporal
3. C) sphenoid and temporal
4. D) zygomatic and maxilla
5. E) temporal and zygomatic

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

12) The prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus is the

1. A) mastoid process.
2. B) styloid process.
3. C) occipital condyle.
4. D) condyloid process.
5. E) temporal process.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

13) Which of these is not one of the facial bones?

1. A) frontal
2. B) maxilla
3. C) vomer
4. D) mandible
5. E) zygomatic

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

14) Each of the following landmarks is associated with the occipital bone except the

1. A) superficial nuchal lines.
2. B) jugular foramen.
3. C) hypoglossal canals.
4. D) petrous process.
5. E) occipital crest.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

15) The superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for

1. A) muscles that stabilize the skull at the vertebral column.
2. B) muscles that open and close the eye.
3. C) muscles that close the mouth.
4. D) muscles that turn the head.
5. E) muscles that move the ears.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

16) What organ is located in the lacrimal fossa?

1. A) the pituitary gland
2. B) the inner ear
3. C) tear gland
4. D) the lacrimal ramus
5. E) the frontal sinus

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

17) A point of attachment for muscles that rotate or extend the head is the

1. A) styloid process.
2. B) mastoid process.
3. C) articular tubercle.
4. D) posterior clinoid process.
5. E) medial concha.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

18) Ligaments that support the hyoid bone are attached to the

1. A) styloid process.
2. B) mastoid process.
3. C) articular tubercle.
4. D) posterior clinoid process.
5. E) middle concha.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

19) Each of the following is associated with the temporal bone, except the

1. A) mastoid cells.
2. B) petrous portion.
3. C) sella turcica.
4. D) internal acoustic meatus.
5. E) mandibular fossa.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

20) The hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica contains the ________ gland.

1. A) lacrimal
2. B) pituitary
3. C) olfactory
4. D) nasal
5. E) sellar

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

21) Each of the following structures is associated with the sphenoid bone, except the

1. A) foramen ovale.
2. B) optic canals.
3. C) pterygoid processes.
4. D) sella turcica.
5. E) cribriform plate.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

22) A membrane that stabilizes the position of the brain is attached to the

1. A) crista galli.
2. B) pterygoid processes.
3. C) styloid process.
4. D) perpendicular plate.
5. E) cribriform plate.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

23) A skull bone that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the

1. A) maxilla.
2. B) crista galli.
3. C) sphenoid.
4. D) ethmoid.
5. E) cribriform.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

24) The nasal conchae

1. A) attach muscles that move the eye.
2. B) contain the nerves for olfaction.
3. C) create turbulence in the nasal passageways.
4. D) protect the pituitary gland.
5. E) attach muscles that move the eyelids.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

25) The bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the

1. A) nasal bones.
2. B) perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
3. C) perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bone.
4. D) vomer and sphenoid bone.
5. E) perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and sphenoid bone.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

26) Of the following bones, which is unpaired?

1. A) vomer
2. B) maxillary
3. C) palatine
4. D) nasal
5. E) lacrimal

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

27) The styloid process, zygomatic process, and auditory ossicles are associated with the

1. A) parietal bone.
2. B) occipital bone.
3. C) sphenoid.
4. D) temporal bone.
5. E) ulna.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

28) The hyoid bone is suspended by ________ ligaments.

1. A) sutural
2. B) styloid
3. C) hyoid
4. D) stylohyoid
5. E) sternocleidomastoid

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

29) Identify the structure the occipital bone surrounds.

1. A) magnum maximus
2. B) foramen magnum
3. C) foramen magnus
4. D) foramina maximus
5. E) maximus minimus

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

30) The skull contains ________ bones.

1. A) 32
2. B) 22
3. C) 42
4. D) 12
5. E) 27

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

31) While playing softball, Gina is struck in the frontal squama by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have?

1. A) a broken jaw
2. B) a black eye
3. C) a headache
4. D) a sore chest
5. E) a sore back

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

32) The alveolar process of the mandible

1. A) supports the upper teeth.
2. B) supports the lower teeth.
3. C) anchors the tongue.
4. D) is part of the temporomandibular joint.
5. E) articulates with the hyoid bone.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

33) The smallest facial bones are the

1. A) ethmoid bones.
2. B) lacrimal bones.
3. C) lacerum bones.
4. D) nasal bones.
5. E) zygomatic bones.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

34) Ridges that anchor muscles that stabilize the head are the

1. A) anterior and posterior nuchal lines.
2. B) anterior and superior nuchal lines.
3. C) inferior and superior nuchal lines.
4. D) medial and lateral nuchal lines.
5. E) cranial and caudal nuchal lines.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

35) The hyoid bone

1. A) attaches to tongue muscles.
2. B) is linked to the styloid process by a ligament.
3. C) is superior to the larynx.
4. D) does not directly articulate with other bones.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

36) The function of the hyoid bone is to

1. A) support the stomach.
2. B) anchor the tongue muscles.
3. C) protect the trachea.
4. D) attach to ribs.
5. E) support the mandible.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

37) Damage to the temporal bone would most likely affect the sense(s) of

1. A) balance.
2. B) hearing and balance.
3. C) smell and taste.
4. D) vision.
5. E) touch.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

38) Premature closure of the sagittal suture would result in

1. A) a long and narrow head.
2. B) a very broad head.
3. C) an unusually small head.
4. D) a distorted head with one side being longer than the other.
5. E) death.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

39) Jack gets into a fight and is punched in the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured?

1. A) ethmoid bone
2. B) sphenoid bone
3. C) temporal bone
4. D) mandible
5. E) parietal bone

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

40) As the result of an accident, Bill suffers a dislocated jaw. This injury would involve the

1. A) stylohyoid ligaments.
2. B) hyoid bone.
3. C) condylar process of the mandible.
4. D) alveolar process of the mandible.
5. E) greater cornu of the hyoid bone.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

41) You witness one of your friends in a fight. Your friend Greg is hit in the jaw and when looking at him, his face looks misaligned. You immediately take him to the emergency room and are not surprised to learn that he has a broken

1. A) temporal bone.
2. B) zygomatic bone.
3. C) mandible.
4. D) external auditory meatus.
5. E) clavicle.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Figure 7-1 Floor of the Cranial Cavity

Use Figure 7-1 to answer the following questions:

42) Which bone structure has foramina for the olfactory nerves?

1. A) 1
2. B) 2
3. C) 3
4. D) 4
5. E) 5

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

43) Identify the sphenoid bone.

1. A) 1
2. B) 2
3. C) 3
4. D) 4
5. E) 5

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

44) Identify the internal occipital crest.

1. A) 1
2. B) 2
3. C) 3
4. D) 4
5. E) 5

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

45) Which structure encloses the pituitary gland?

1. A) 4
2. B) 5
3. C) 6
4. D) 7
5. E) 8

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

46) What is the name of the structure labeled “7”?

1. A) optic canal
2. B) foramen spinosum
3. C) foramen rotundum
4. D) foramen lacerum
5. E) foramen ovale

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

47) What is the name of the structure labeled “8”?

1. A) sella turcica
2. B) foramen ovale
3. C) foramen rotundum
4. D) carotid canal
5. E) foramen spinosum

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

48) The facial nerve (N. VII) passes through internal acoustic meatus and then through the

1. A) mastoid foramen.
2. B) stylomastoid foramen.
3. C) jugular foramen.
4. D) carotid foramen.
5. E) foramen lacerum.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

49) The large foramen that serves as a passageway for the medulla of the brain and the accessory nerve (XI) is the

1. A) foramen lacerum.
2. B) foramen rotundum.
3. C) carotid canal.
4. D) jugular foramen.
5. E) foramen magnum.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

50) Nerves carrying sensory information from the lips and the chin pass through the

1. A) ramus of the mandible.
2. B) condylar process.
3. C) mental foramina.
4. D) mandibular foramina.
5. E) maxillary foramina.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

51) A nerve that carries sensory information from the teeth and gums of the lower jaw passes through the

1. A) ramus of the mandible.
2. B) condylar process.
3. C) mental foramen.
4. D) mandibular foramen.
5. E) maxillary foramen.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

52) The ________ passes through the ________.

1. A) vagus nerve; foramen magnum
2. B) optic nerve; foramen ovale
3. C) vestibulocochlear nerve; external acoustic meatus
4. D) internal jugular vein; jugular foramen
5. E) internal carotid artery; jugular foramen

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-3

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

53) Each of the following bones is a component of the orbital complex, except the ________ bone.

1. A) lacrimal
2. B) nasal
3. C) sphenoid
4. D) ethmoid
5. E) frontal

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

54) The nasal complex consists of all of the following bones, except the

1. A) zygomatic.
2. B) ethmoid.
3. C) sphenoid.
4. D) frontal.
5. E) maxillary.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

55) The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones, except the

1. A) frontal.
2. B) ethmoid.
3. C) sphenoid.
4. D) maxillae.
5. E) zygomatic.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

56) Which statement(s) about the functions of the paranasal sinuses is/are true?

1. A) They provide an extensive area of mucous epithelium.
2. B) They make skull bones lighter.
3. C) The mucus they secrete enters the nasal cavities.
4. D) They support cilia that move the mucus.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

57) The floor of the orbital complex is formed by the

1. A) maxilla.
2. B) ethmoid.
3. C) zygomatic.
4. D) sphenoid.
5. E) frontal.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

58) The largest sinus is within which bone?

1. A) nasal
2. B) sphenoid
3. C) ethmoid
4. D) frontal
5. E) maxilla

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

59) The role(s) of the sinuses include(s):

1. A) making the skull lighter
2. B) production of mucus that moistens and cleans the air
3. C) release of stress hormones
4. D) extra source of air
5. E) making the skull lighter and production of mucus that moistens and cleans the air

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

60) A bent nasal septum that slows or prevents sinus drainage is known clinically as a ________ septum.

1. A) deviated
2. B) crooked
3. C) obstructive
4. D) deviant
5. E) restrictive

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

61) Sutures can be found at all of the joints of an adult skull, except between

1. A) the mandible and the cranium.
2. B) the zygomatic bone and the maxillary bone.
3. C) the occipital bone and the parietal bone.
4. D) the vomer and the zygomatic bone.
5. E) the sphenoid bone and the ethmoid bone.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

62) If there were no paranasal sinuses, all of the following would be true, except

1. A) the skull would be heavier.
2. B) stronger neck muscles would be required.
3. C) less mucus in the nasal cavity.
4. D) reduced ability to trap dust and particles.
5. E) the ability to sneeze would be impaired.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

63) Each of the following statements concerning the development of the skull is true, except that

1. A) all the bones of the skull develop from one single ossification focus.
2. B) at birth the cranial bones are connected by areas of fibrous connective tissue.
3. C) the growth of the cranium is usually coordinated with the growth of the brain.
4. D) the skulls of infants and adults differ in shape and structure of the skeletal elements.
5. E) the most significant growth of the skull occurs before the age of 5.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

64) The soft fibrous membrane in an infant’s skull located at the junction of the frontal, coronal, and sagittal sutures is the

1. A) lateral fontanelle.
2. B) posterior fontanelle.
3. C) anterior fontanelle.
4. D) mastoid fontanelle.
5. E) epicranial fontanelle.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

65) The term for an undersized head is

1. A) encephalopathy.
2. B) microcephaly.
3. C) macrocephaly.
4. D) encephalitis.
5. E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

66) The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are

1. A) fontanels.
2. B) sutures.
3. C) Wormian bones.
4. D) foramina.
5. E) fibrocartilaginous discs.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

67) Fibrous connective tissue called ________ accommodates brain growth in infants.

1. A) sutures
2. B) vertebrae
3. C) fontanels
4. D) frontals
5. E) foramina

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

68) The most significant skull growth occurs before the age of

1. A) 3.
2. B) 2.
3. C) 5.
4. D) 1.
5. E) 4.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

69) While you’re visiting your friend who recently gave birth, she comments on her infant’s soft spot. You think to yourself that the correct term for the “soft spot” located at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures is

1. A) sphenoidal fontanel.
2. B) anterior fontanel.
3. C) occipital fontanel.
4. D) mastoid fontanel.
5. E) cushion spot.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

70) While volunteering in an outpatient clinic for underprivileged families in your neighborhood, you observe the nurse assessing an infant. The mother had complained about the baby not eating and having several episodes of diarrhea lasting 3 days. You know the nurse suspects possible dehydration when she

1. A) checks the anterior fontanel for depression.
2. B) points out the dryness of the infant’s diaper.
3. C) checks the infant’s reflexes.
4. D) questions the mother about normal feeding habits.
5. E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

71) The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, those that do not appear until several months later?

1. A) cervical and lumbar
2. B) thoracic and lumbar
3. C) sacral and lumbar
4. D) thoracic and sacral
5. E) cervical and sacral

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

72) An exaggerated lateral curvature is termed

1. A) kyphosis.
2. B) lordosis.
3. C) scoliosis.
4. D) gomphosis.
5. E) mentosis.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

73) The four spinal curves include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.

1. A) thoracic
2. B) cervical
3. C) lumbar
4. D) axial
5. E) sacral

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

74) The primary spinal curves

1. A) are also called compensation curves.
2. B) accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera.
3. C) develop several months after birth.
4. D) develop several months after birth to accommodate the growing viscera in the thoracic cavity.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

75) The vertebral column contains ________ thoracic vertebrae.

1. A) 4
2. B) 5
3. C) 7
4. D) 12
5. E) 31

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

76) The vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae.

1. A) 4
2. B) 5
3. C) 7
4. D) 12
5. E) 31

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

77) The vertebral arch is formed by the pedicles and the

1. A) transverse spinous processes.
2. B) dorsal spinous processes.
3. C) laminae.
4. D) costal facets.
5. E) intervertebral disc.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

78) The part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column is the

1. A) vertebral arch.
2. B) vertebral body.
3. C) articular processes.
4. D) intervertebral space.
5. E) transverse process.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

79) Most mammals, including humans and giraffes, have ________ cervical vertebrae.

1. A) 11
2. B) 6
3. C) 7
4. D) 19
5. E) 10

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

80) Vertebrae of which regions are fused in the adult?

1. A) lumbar region
2. B) sacral region
3. C) coccygeal region
4. D) thoracic
5. E) sacral and coccygeal regions

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

81) The widest intervertebral discs are found in the ________ region.

1. A) cervical
2. B) thoracic
3. C) lumbar
4. D) sacral
5. E) coccygeal

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

82) As you move in an inferior direction along the vertebral column,

1. A) the vertebral foramina become relatively larger.
2. B) the vertebral bodies become relatively larger.
3. C) the dorsal spines grow progressively longer.
4. D) the transverse processes move anteriorly.
5. E) the vertebrae get progressively smaller and thinner.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

83) The odontoid process is found on the

1. A) atlas.
2. B) axis.
3. C) sacrum.
4. D) coccyx.
5. E) ribs.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

84) The vertebra prominens is another name for the ________ vertebra.

1. A) first cervical
2. B) second cervical
3. C) seventh cervical
4. D) first thoracic
5. E) fifth lumbar

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

85) Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of

1. A) transverse processes.
2. B) transverse foramina.
3. C) facets for the articulation of ribs.
4. D) notched spinous processes.
5. E) costal cartilages.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

86) Which of the following are distinctive features of thoracic vertebrae?

1. A) heart-shaped bodies
2. B) long spinous processes
3. C) rib articulations
4. D) no transverse foramen
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

87) The distinguishing feature of a cervical vertebra is the

1. A) costal facet.
2. B) vertebral arch.
3. C) transverse foramen.
4. D) spinous process.
5. E) pedicle.

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

88) Which of these types of vertebrae and their numbers is not correct?

1. A) cervical: 7
2. B) thoracic: 12
3. C) lumbral: 5
4. D) sacral: 1
5. E) coccygeal: 3 to 5

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

89) All of the following are true of the sacrum, except that it

1. A) provides protection for reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs.
2. B) provides a point of attachment for leg muscles.
3. C) articulates with the pelvic bones.
4. D) articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae.
5. E) articulates with the coccyx.

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

90) Gesturing “no” with the head depends on the structure(s) of which cervical vertebrae?

1. A) atlas
2. B) axis
3. C) vertebra prominens
4. D) both the atlas and the axis
5. E) both the atlas and the vertebra prominens

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

91) The ribs articulate with the ________ of the vertebrae.

1. A) spinous processes
2. B) transverse processes
3. C) laminae
4. D) pedicles
5. E) auric arches

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

92) All of the following are true of lumbar vertebrae, except that

1. A) the superior articular processes face medially.
2. B) they lack costal facets.
3. C) the transverse process is slender and projects dorsolaterally.
4. D) the vertebral foramen is triangular.
5. E) the vertebral bodies are thin and delicate.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

93) Which of the following statements about the coccyx is true?

1. A) is the most caudal vertebral region
2. B) anchors a muscle that constricts the anal opening
3. C) consists of three to five coccygeal vertebrae
4. D) fusion is delayed until mid-20s
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

94) Lumbar vertebrae are ________ massive and ________ mobile.

1. A) least; most
2. B) most; most
3. C) least; least
4. D) not; excessively
5. E) most; least

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 7-2 Typical Vertebra (inferior view)

Use Figure 7-2 to answer the following questions:

95) Identify the structure labeled “7.”

1. A) transverse process
2. B) lamina
3. C) pedicle
4. D) vertebral body
5. E) spinous process

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

96) Which structure contacts the intervertebral disc?

1. A) 2
2. B) 3
3. C) 4
4. D) 5
5. E) 6

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

97) Identify the structure labeled “3.”

1. A) lateral process
2. B) spinous process
3. C) lamina
4. D) transverse process
5. E) pedicle

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

98) Identify the structure labeled “1.”

1. A) pedicle
2. B) transverse process
3. C) lamina
4. D) spinous process
5. E) transverse articular facet

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

99) Where is the spinal cord located?

1. A) 3
2. B) 4
3. C) 5
4. D) 6
5. E) 7

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

100) Identify the structure labeled “2.”

1. A) transverse process
2. B) superior articular process
3. C) pedicle
4. D) inferior articular process
5. E) lamina

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

101) The ribs articulate with the

1. A) cervical vertebrae.
2. B) thoracic vertebrae.
3. C) lumbar vertebrae.
4. D) sacrum.
5. E) hyoid bone.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

102) Humans normally have ________ pairs of ribs.

1. A) 2
2. B) 6
3. C) 10
4. D) 12
5. E) 24

Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

103) The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the

1. A) manubrium.
2. B) body.
3. C) xiphoid process.
4. D) angle.
5. E) tuberculum.

Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

104) Which bone(s) include(s) a manubrium?

1. A) scapula
2. B) clavicle
3. C) sternum
4. D) cervical vertebrae #1 and #2
5. E) all of the vertebrae

Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

105) A tubercle of a rib articulates with

1. A) the manubrium.
2. B) the costal facets of thoracic vertebrae.
3. C) the hyoid.
4. D) the xiphoid process.
5. E) the cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

106) The true ribs are

1. A) ribs 1-7.
2. B) called vertebrosternal ribs.
3. C) ribs 8-12.
4. D) called vertebrochondral ribs.
5. E) ribs 1-7 and are called verterbrosternal ribs.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

107) The sternum contains

1. A) the manubrium.
2. B) the jugular notch.
3. C) the body.
4. D) the xiphoid process.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

108) Ossification of the sternum is not complete until at least age

1. A) 50.
2. B) 25.
3. C) 16.
4. D) 10.
5. E) 6.

Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

109) While performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an unconscious person, you are careful to position your hands correctly to avoid damage to the

1. A) ribs.
2. B) scapula.
3. C) xiphoid process.
4. D) sacrum.
5. E) ribs and xiphoid process.

Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Short Answer Questions

110) The skull and vertebral column are part of the ________ skeleton.

Answer: axial

Learning Outcome: 7-1

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

111) The bony compartment that houses the brain is called the ________.

Answer: cranium

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

112) The occipital ________ are where the occipital bone articulates with the first cervical vertebra.

Answer: condyles

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

113) The parietal bones and occipital bone articulate at the ________ suture.

Answer: lambdoid

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

114) The frontal and parietal bones articulate at the ________ suture.

Answer: coronal

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

115) The ________ is the bony chamber that protects and supports the brain.

Answer: cranial cavity

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

116) The zygomatic bone articulates with the ________ bone to form the zygomatic arch.

Answer: temporal

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

117) Infection of the large process on the temporal bone would be called ________.

Answer: mastoiditis

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

118) In the condition known as a(n) ________, the nasal septum has a bend in it.

Answer: deviated septum

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

119) The inferior portion of the nasal septum is formed by the ________.

Answer: vomer

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

120) Provide the full term for TMJ syndrome.

Answer: temporomandibular joint syndrome

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

121) The four primary sutures are lambdoid, coronal, sagittal, and ________.

Answer: squamous

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

122) The four sutures found in the skull are are lambdoid, coronal, sagittal, and ________.

Answer: squamous

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

123) The ________ bone is unusual because it doesn’t contact another bone.

Answer: hyoid

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

124) Which five skull bones contain the paranasal sinuses?

Answer: sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, palatine, and maxillary bones

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

125) The nasal complex includes the bones that enclose the nasal cavity and the ________ sinuses.

Answer: paranasal

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

126) Sinus inflammation is termed ________.

Answer: sinusitis

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

127) In a fetus, the fibrous membrane spanning developing bones of the skull is called a ________.

Answer: fontanelle

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

128) The condition in which distortions of the skull occur due to the premature closure of fontanelles is called ________.

Answer: craniostenosis

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

129) In the condition known as ________, premature closure of all of the cranial sutures results in restricted brain growth and an undersized head.

Answer: microcephaly

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

130) An exaggerated lumbar curvature of the spine is known as ________.

Answer: lordosis

Learning Outcome: 7-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

131) An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called ________.

Answer: scoliosis

Learning Outcome: 7-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

132) Successive vertebrae articulate at facets on the inferior articular processes of the superior vertebra and facets on the ________ of the adjacent inferior vertebrae.

Answer: superior articular process

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

133) The five vertebral regions are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and ________.

Answer: coccygeal

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

134) The first cervical vertebra is better known as the ________.

Answer: atlas

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

135) The second cervical vertebra is called the ________.

Answer: axis

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

136) The term ________ is used to describe an injury caused by displacement of the cervical vertebrae during a sudden change in body position.

Answer: whiplash

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

137) The ________ allow for a wide range of head movements.

Answer: cervical vertebrae

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

138) True ribs have cartilage directly connected to the sternum and are therefore also called ________ ribs.

Answer: vertebrosternal

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

139) Ribs 8 to 12 are called ________ because they do not attach directly to the sternum.

Answer: false ribs

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

140) The superior part of the sternum is called the ________ .

Answer: manubrium

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

141) Give the clinical term for the condition in which the vertebral laminae fail to unite during development.

Answer: spina bifida

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Essay Questions

142) Frank gets into a brawl at a sports event and receives a broken nose. After the nose heals, he starts to have sinus headaches and discomfort in the area of his maxillae. What is probably the cause of Frank’s discomfort?

Answer: Frank probably has a deviated septum as the result of his broken nose. In a deviated septum the cartilaginous portion of the septum is bent where it joins the bone. This condition often blocks the drainage of one or more sinuses with resulting sinus headaches, infections, and sinusitis.

Learning Outcome: 7-2

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

143) Sasha has a chronic sinus infection that she has treated herself. She develops a dangerous infection of the brain. Explain to her how this happened.

Answer: The paranasal sinuses in the frontal bone are only a few millimeters of bone away from the cranial cavity. Chronic infection has permitted the bone to be eroded and penetrated, introducing bacteria into the brain case.

Learning Outcome: 7-4

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

144) What role do the fontanels play in infant development?

Answer: These fibrous connective tissue structures fill in between the bones of the cranium in a newborn infant. As the brain grows, the skull bones can move apart and allow for brain growth without interfering with nervous system development and function. If they are prematurely ossified, brain development is restricted, leading to skull deformity and mental retardation. This condition is called craniostenosis.

Learning Outcome: 7-5

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

145) Joe is 40 years old and 30 pounds overweight. Like many middle-aged men, Joe carries most of this extra weight in his abdomen and jokes with his friends about his “beer gut.” During an annual physical, Joe’s physician advises him that his spine is developing an abnormal curvature. Why is the curvature of Joe’s spine changing, and what is this condition called?

Answer: The curvature of the spine is changing as a result of the heavy abdomen pulling on the anterior cavity. This extra weight causes abnormal spinal curvature to compensate for balance. The condition is called lordosis because its effects are prevalent in the lumbar region.

Learning Outcome: 7-6

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

146) Why are ruptured intervertebral discs more common in lumbar vertebrae and dislocations and fractures more common in cervical vertebrae?

Answer: The lumbar vertebrae have massive bodies and carry a lot of weight; these factors contribute to the rupturing of an intervertebral disc. The cervical vertebrae are more delicate and have small bodies; these factors increase the possibility of dislocations and fractures in the cervical vertebrae.

Learning Outcome: 7-7

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

147) Billy is injured during a high school football game. His chest is badly bruised and he is experiencing difficulty in breathing. What might the problem be?

Answer: Billy has probably broken one or more of his ribs. Movement of the ribs changes the size of the thoracic cavity, which is an important part of breathing. When the ribs are broken, breathing can become difficult (labored) because of pain when the ribs are moved.

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

148) The structural features and skeletal components of the sternum make it a part of the axial skeleton, which is important in a variety of clinical situations. If you were teaching this information to prospective health care professionals, what clinical applications would you cite?

Answer: Because it is accessible, the body of the sternum is often sampled for red bone marrow. The xiphoid process is useful landmark in CPR; this part of the sternum is easily broken, because its only attachment is superior, to the sternum. A broken xiphoid process can cause injury to nearby organs.

Learning Outcome: 7-8

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension