Genetics Analysis and Principles 5th Edition by Brooker – Test Bank A+

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Genetics Analysis and Principles 5th Edition by Brooker – Test Bank A+

Name: Genetics Analysis and Principles 5th Edition by Brooker – Test Bank A+
SKU: Genetics Analysis and Principles 5th Edition by Brooker – Test Bank A+
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SKU: Genetics Analysis and Principles 5th Edition by Brooker – Test Bank A+

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Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following defines the principle of linkage?
A.Two or more genes that are physically connected on a chromosome
B. Genes that are transmitted to the next generation as a group
C. The process by which genetic information is exchanged between homologous chromosomes
D. All of the answers are correct
E. Both two or more genes that are physically connected on a chromosome and genes that are transmitted to the next generation as a group

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.01.01 Define genetic linkage.
Section: 06.01
Topic: Overview Of Linkage

Assume that genes C and D are located on the same chromosome. On one chromosome, alleles C and D are found, while the homologue contains alleles c and d. Which of the following would be evidence of a recombination event?

Alleles C and D together on one chromosome
B. Alleles c and d together on one chromosome
C. Alleles C and d together on one chromosome
D. Alleles c and D together on one chromosome
E. Both alleles C and d together on one chromosome and alleles c and D together on one chromosome

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.02.01 Describe how crossing over can change the arrangements of alleles along a chromosome.
Section: 06.02
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

The first observational evidence that genes may be inherited together rather than by simple Mendelian inheritance was provided by __________.
A.Mendel
B. Morgan and Bridges
C. Bateson and Punnett
D. Boveri and Sutton
E. None of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.01.02 Explain how linkage affects the outcome of crosses.
Section: 06.01
Topic: Overview Of Linkage

Experimental evidence that crossing over occurs between the X chromosomes of female Drosophila was provided by __________.
A.Morgan
B. Punnett
C. Darwin
D. Bateson

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.02.01 Describe how crossing over can change the arrangements of alleles along a chromosome.
Section: 06.02
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

Which of the following statistical tests is used to determine if two genes are linked or assorting independently?
A.Sum rule
B. Binomial expansion
C. Product rule
D. Chi-square test

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.02.03 Apply a chi square analysis to distinguish between linkage and independent assortment.
Section: 06.02
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

In a chi-square test to determine if two genes are linked or assorting independently, what is the default (null) hypothesis that is tested?
A.The genes are linked to one another
B. The genes are assorting independently
C. The genes are located on the sex chromosomes
D. No crossing over occurs
E. The distance between the genes is very small

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.02.03 Apply a chi square analysis to distinguish between linkage and independent assortment.
Section: 06.02
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

The visual proof that chromosomes exchange pieces of information during crossing over was provided by __________.
A.Bateson and Punnett
B. Morgan and Bridges
C. Creighton and McClintock
D. Watson and Crick

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.02.04 Analyze the data of Creighton and McClintock, and explain how it indicated that recombinant offspring carry chromosomes that are the result of crossing over.
Section: 06.02
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

True / False Questions

The process of recombination may rarely occur during mitosis.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.05.01 Describe the process of mitotic recombination and explain how it can produce a twin spot.
Section: 06.05
Topic: Mitotic Recombination

Multiple Choice Questions

Twin spotting provides evidence of what genetic event?
A.Meiotic recombination
B. Mitotic recombination
C. Linkage
D. Mutation
E. Biological evolution

An organism that contains patches of tissue that vary for a specific characteristic such as a pigment, can be an example of which of the following?
A. Linkage
B. Meiotic recombination
C. Mitotic recombination
D. Translocations
E. None of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.05.01 Describe the process of mitotic recombination and explain how it can produce a twin spot.
Section: 06.05
Topic: Mitotic Recombination

Which of the following are highly desirable characteristics of an organism that make it relatively easy to construct a genetic linkage map?
A. Short generation times
B. Produces large numbers of offspring
C. Easily crossed
D. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 06.02.01 Describe how crossing over can change the arrangements of alleles along a chromosome.
Learning Outcome: 06.03.01 Describe why genetic mapping is useful.
Learning Outcome: 06.04.01 Explain the experimental advantage of genetic mapping in fungi.
Section: 06.02
Section: 06.03
Section: 06.04
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Haploid Eukaryotes
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

True / False Questions

A genetic linkage map indicates that precise distance between two genes of interest.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.03.02 Calculate the map distance between linked genes using data from a testcross.
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals

Multiple Choice Questions

Crossing over is more likely to occur between genes that are ______ on a chromosome.
A.Close together
B. Far apart

A testcross is always performed between the individual that is heterozygous for the genes to be mapped and an individual who is ____________.
A.Heterozygous for the genes
B. Homozygous dominant for the genes
C. Homozygous recessive for the genes
D. Lacking the genes
E. None of the answers are correct

While mapping two genes in Drosophila, you observe 30 recombinants among 200 total offspring. What is the distance between these genes?
A. 30 map units
B. 6.67 map units
C. 200 map units
D. 15 map units

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.03.02 Calculate the map distance between linked genes using data from a testcross.
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals

A map distance of 23.6 between two genes indicates which of the following?
A.The genes are 23.6 millimeters apart
B. There are 23.6 other genes between the two genes of interest
C. 23.6% of the offspring exhibit recombination between the two genes
D. 23.6% of the offspring do not survive

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.03.02 Calculate the map distance between linked genes using data from a testcross.
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals

In a mapping experiment with three linked genes, which phenotype should occur most often in the F₂ offspring?

Parental phenotypes
B. Phenotypes of individuals with single crossover events
C. Phenotypes of individuals with double crossover events
D.

All of the phenotypes should occur equally in the F₂ generation

The middle gene of a three gene mapping experiment can be determined by examining the genotypes of which of the following?
A.Offspring that resemble the parents
B. Offspring that exhibit a single crossover event
C. Offspring that exhibit double crossover events
D. None of the answers are correct

In a given mapping experiment, you expect that incidence of double crossovers is 3.5%, but you only observe 2.5%. This can be explained by ________________.
A. Interference
B. Linkage
C. Coincidence
D. Segregation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.03.03 Explain how interference affects the number of double crossovers.
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals

You have calculated the interference value for a given mapping experiment to be 30%. What does this mean?
A.30% more double crossovers occurred than expected
B. 30% fewer double crossovers occurred than expected
C. 70% more double crossovers occurred than expected
D. 70% fewer double crossovers occurred than expected

Which of the following is not one of the principles of linkage that Morgan obtained from his experiments?
A. Genes that are on the same chromosome may be inherited together.
B. Crossing over exchanges pieces of chromosomes and creates new allele combinations.
C. The likelihood of crossing over occurring between two genes is dependent on the distance of the genes from one another.
D. Genes that are on the same chromosome are always transmitted together as a unit.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.02.01 Describe how crossing over can change the arrangements of alleles along a chromosome.
Section: 06.02
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

In humans, there are _______ autosomal linkage groups, plus an X and Y chromosome linkage group.
A. 23
B. 46
C. 22
D. 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.01.01 Define genetic linkage.
Section: 06.01
Topic: Overview Of Linkage

Another name for a chromosome is a _______, since it contains genes that are often inherited together.
A. linkage group
B. crossing over group
C. genetic recombinant
D. bivalent

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.01.01 Define genetic linkage.
Section: 06.01
Topic: Overview Of Linkage

Two genes that are located on the same chromosome are said to be _______.
A.

physically linked

recombinant
C.parental-like
D. nonparental-like

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.01.01 Define genetic linkage.
Section: 06.01
Topic: Overview Of Linkage

Creighton and McClintock worked with _______ and their model system to show that homologous chromosomes physically exchange genetic information during crossing over.
A. fruit flies
B. peas
C. corn
D. tobacco

True / False Questions

A negative interference value indicates that the first crossover event enhanced the occurrence of additional crossover events in the region.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.03.03 Explain how interference affects the number of double crossovers.
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals

The rearrangement of alleles by the process of crossing over is called genetic linkage.
FALSE

Map distance is the number of recombinant offspring divided by the total number of nonrecombinant offspring.
FALSE

Following crossing-over, chromosomes with genetic combinations that resemble the parents’ chromosomes are called nonrecombinant.

TRUE

A map unit or centimorgan is equal to a 10% recombination frequency.
FALSE

Map distances above 50 are considered unreliable due to the occurrence of double-crossovers between the genes.
TRUE

The locus is the physical place of a gene on a chromosome.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.03.01 Describe why genetic mapping is useful.
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals

Multiple Choice Questions

In certain algae and in most ascomycete fungi, the nuclei in the cells present in the majority of their life cycle are in the _____ condition.

Diploid
B. Haploid
C. Triploid
D. Tetraploid

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.04.01 Explain the experimental advantage of genetic mapping in fungi.
Section: 06.04
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Haploid Eukaryotes

In ascomycete fungi, the arrangement of the spores in the ascus that directly reflects the order in which they were produced during meiosis is called an ______.

Unordered tetrad
B. Unordered octad
C. Ordered tetrad
D.

Ordered pentad

Which of the following procedures may be used to map genes in a fungi with an unordered tetrad ascus?
A.Testcross
B. Monohybrid cross
C. Dihybrid cross
D. Chi-square analysis
E. Analysis of interference

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.04.01 Explain the experimental advantage of genetic mapping in fungi.
Section: 06.04
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Haploid Eukaryotes

True / False Questions

In fungi like Neurospora crassa, the diploid structures are called spores.

FALSE

The end result of meiosis in fungi is a tetrad of spores.
TRUE

A fungal reproductive structure that contains all of the products of a single meiotic division is called the ascus.
TRUE

In fungal gene mapping, the abbreviation NPD stands for new parental ditype.
FALSE

An ascus that contains two parental spores and two nonparental spores is called a tetratype.
TRUE

The percentage of recombination associated with independent assortment should approximate 50%.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.01.01 Define genetic linkage.
Learning Outcome: 06.02.03 Apply a chi square analysis to distinguish between linkage and independent assortment.
Learning Outcome: 06.03.02 Calculate the map distance between linked genes using data from a testcross.
Section: 06.01
Section: 06.02
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals
Topic: Overview Of Linkage
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

Multiple Choice Questions

The diploid garden pea plant has 14 chromosomes. The haploid fungus Neurospora crassa has 7 chromosomes. Neither organism has separate male and female individuals. Therefore, the number of linkage groups in these two organisms is:
A. Garden pea has 14 linkage groups, and Neurospora has 7.
B. Garden pea has 7 linkage groups, and Neurospora has 7.
C. Garden pea has 8 linkage groups, and Neurospora has 8.
D. Gardent pea has 15 linkage groups, and Neurospora has 8.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.01.01 Define genetic linkage.
Learning Outcome: 06.03.01 Describe why genetic mapping is useful.
Section: 06.01
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals
Topic: Overview Of Linkage

The number of linkage groups in an organism with sex chromosomes equals:

2n +1

1n + 1

2n + 2

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.03.01 Describe why genetic mapping is useful.
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals

The number of linkage groups in a species that does not have sex chromosomes is:

1n + 1

2n + 2

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.03.01 Describe why genetic mapping is useful.
Section: 06.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Plants And Animals

The locus B on the X chromosome of a malaria-carrying mosquito shows a 49% recombination rate with respect to the locus M. Since a recombination rate of 50% is essentially indistinguishable from independent assortment, you might be tempted to look for a locus that falls between B and M. Before you decide to do all that work, you run a chi square test to determine the P value of your experiment. Which of the following P values would be most likely to tell you that you should accept the conclusion that locus B and locus M are, indeed, 49mu apart and that another locus is not necessary?
A. P = 0.45
B. P = 0.07
C. P = 0.05
D. P = 0.0007

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.02.03 Apply a chi square analysis to distinguish between linkage and independent assortment.
Section: 06.02
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage And Crossing Over

In a mapping cross, you determine that the recombination frequency between:

loci Q and P is 12%

loci Q and L is 15%.

If locus Q is in between loci P and L, then the recombination frequency between P and L should be approximately:

27%

50%

75%

You notice that in most biology and genetics textbooks, the authors show that Gregor Mendel used flower color as one of his pairs of traits. The purple flower phenotype is dominant to the white flower phenotype. However, if you go back to Mendel’s experiments, you see that he actually studied seed coat color. The purple seed coat phenotype was dominant to the white seed coat phenotype. Mendel did note that plants with purple seed coats had purple flowers and plants with white seed coats had white flowers.

Is the gene for seed coat color pleiotropic because it also affects flower color, or are the seed coat color gene and the flower color gene very closely linked? To find out the answer to this question, you assume that the genes for flower color and seed coat color are different genes, and your null hypothesis is that they assort independently. You designate the flower color gene wf and the seed coat color gene sw. Plants that are WF__, SW___ have purple flowers and purple seed coats. Plants that are wf wf, ws ws have white flowers and white seed coats.

You do the testcross WF wf, SW sw X wf wf, sw sw and collect 15,206 offspring. What result would tell you that the wf and sw loci are probably the same, pleiotropic locus?

One of the offspring had white flowers and purple seed coats.

About half of the offspring had purple flowers and purple seed coats, and all the rest had white flowers and white seed coats.

All of the offspring had purple flowers and purple seed coats.

None of the offspring had white flowers and white seed coats.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 06.01.01 Define genetic linkage.
Section: 06.01
Topic: Overview Of Linkage

If you want to determine how the alleles of different loci interact in their various combinations, it is best to have a system where you do not have to worry about dominance and recessiveness. Which of the following would represent a system where you do not have to worry about dominance and recessiveness?

Homo sapiens

Garden peas

Drosophila melanogaster

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.04.01 Explain the experimental advantage of genetic mapping in fungi.
Section: 06.04
Topic: Genetic Mapping In Haploid Eukaryotes

True / False Questions

The genotype hsp+ HSP- is something that you could easily expect to find in the fungus Neurospora crassa.

FALSE

Multiple Choice Questions

Mitotic recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes. In which of the following would you not expect to encounter mitotic recombination?

The fungus, Aspergillus nidulans

Tobacco plants

Homo sapiens

Drosophila melanogaster

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.05.01 Describe the process of mitotic recombination and explain how it can produce a twin spot.
Section: 06.05
Topic: Mitotic Recombination

Chapter 07

Genetic Transfer and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following is true regarding bacterial genetics?
A.Bacteria are usually diploid organisms
B. Bacteria primarily reproduce sexually
C. The patterns of inheritance in bacteria are studied using different mechanisms than eukaryotes
D. Bacteria generally have linear chromosomes

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.01
Topic: Overview Of Genetic Transfer In Bacteria

Which of the following represents a mechanism of genetic transfer in bacteria?
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation
D. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.01
Topic: Overview Of Genetic Transfer In Bacteria

Which of the following uses a bacteriophage as an intermediary for the genetic information?
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation
D. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.01.01 Compare and contrast the three mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria.
Section: 07.01
Topic: Overview Of Genetic Transfer In Bacteria

Which of the following mechanisms refer to when a bacteria assimilates genetic material (DNA) directly from the environment?
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation
D. All of the answers are correct

Which of the following mechanisms of genetic transfer utilizes a physical connection between two bacteria?
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation
D. All of the answers are correct

Which of the following mechanisms of genetic transfer was first observed by Lederberg and Tatum (1946) in Escherichia coli?
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation
D. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Understand the historical significance and relationships of the theories of genetics.
Section: 07.01
Topic: Overview Of Genetic Transfer In Bacteria

Which mechanism of genetic transfer utilizes a sex pilus?
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation
D. All of the answers are correct

First observed by Lederberg and Zinder (1952) in Salmonella typhimurium.
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation
D. All of the answers are correct

Mechanism of genetic transfer that uses competent cells.
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Conjugation
D. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.05
Topic: Bacterial Transformation

Which of the following is true regarding conjugation?
A. The bacteria must be in physical contact
B. Most bacterial species have the ability to conjugate
C. Strains called donor strains can transfer genetic information
D. Donor strains can convert non-donor strains into donor strains
E. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

Which of the following is correct concerning F factors?
A. It may integrate into the host chromosome
B. It stands for fertility factor
C. It allows conjugation to occur
D. F+ bacteria act as donor strains in conjugation
E. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

A histidine, methionine auxotroph _________.
A. can synthesize only histidine and methionine
B. can only use histidine and methionine as nutrition sources
C. cannot synthesize histidine and methionine
D. is killed by histidine and methionine
E. lacks proteins with histidine or methionine

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

The protein complex that initiates the process of conjugation following contact between two bacteria is called the _________.
A. origin of transfer
B. T DNA
C. relaxosome
D. nucleoprotein

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

In conjugation the DNA that will be transferred from the donor cell to the recipient cell is
A. single-stranded.
B. double-stranded.
C. triple-stranded.
D. a mixture of single and double stranded.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

The enzyme that allows the reforming of a circular plasmid following conjugation is called _________.
A.relaxosome
B. relaxase
C. F’ factor
D. nucleoprotein
E.

pili protein

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

True / False Questions

During conjugation, one strand of the F factor DNA remains in the donor cell and one strand is transferred to the recipient cell.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

The process of conjugation may introduce new alleles into the recipient strain, altering its genotype.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

Multiple Choice Questions

The site on a plasmid that is digested, producing a single strand of DNA, to allow conjugation to occur is called the ____________.
A. origin of transfer
B. relaxase
C. nucleoprotein
D. T DNA

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

Interrupted mating is defined as ____________.
A. the inability of a bacteriophage to transfer genetic material
B. a mechanism of transformation
C. a process of asexual reproduction in bacteria
D. a process by which conjugation is stopped using a blender

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Conjugation And Mapping Via Hfr Strains

The process of interrupted mating may be used to do which of the following?
A. Inhibit transduction
B. Convert the recipient cell to F⁺
C. Determine the relative position of bacterial genes
D. Alter the genotype of the donor cell

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Conjugation And Mapping Via Hfr Strains

The units of genetic distance derived from bacterial conjugation studies are called _____.
A. seconds
B. map units
C. centimorgans
D. recombination units
E. minutes

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Conjugation And Mapping Via Hfr Strains

During conjugation, one gene (A) is found to transfer to the recipient bacteria 26 minutes following the start of conjugation, while a second gene (M) is found to transfer 37 minutes following the start of conjugation. A third gene (T) transfers 45 minutes following the start of conjugation. Based on this information, which of the following is true?
A. Genes A and M have a genetic distance of 11 minutes
B. Genes A and T have a genetic distance of 19 minutes
C. Genes M and t have a genetic distance of 8 minutes
D. The order of the genes is A M T
E. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 4. Anlayze
Learning Outcome: 07.03.03 Construct a genetic map using data from conjugation experiments.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Conjugation And Mapping Via Hfr Strains

Which of the following is correct regarding a prophage?
A.It is used by virulent phages
B. It is used in the lytic cycle of viral replication
C. It does not directly enter into the cell being infected
D. It is copied along with the bacterial chromosome during replication

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.07
Topic: Plaque Formation And Intergenic Complementation In Bacteriophages

The use of bacteriophages to map bacterial genes is called ___________.
A. generalized transduction
B. cotransduction
C. transformation
D. conjugation
E. none of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.01
Section: 07.07
Topic: Overview Of Genetic Transfer In Bacteria
Topic: Plaque Formation And Intergenic Complementation In Bacteriophages

Who was the first to discover the process of natural transformation?
A. Morgan
B. Sturtevant
C. Griffith
D. Avery

Which of the following conditions must be correct for transformation to occur?
A. Temperature
B. Ionic conditions
C. Correct nutrient balance
D. All of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.05
Topic: Bacterial Transformation

Competence factors do which of the following?
A. Allow the formation of a sex pilus
B. Promote bacteriophages binding for transduction
C. Allow DNA in the environment to bind to the cell surface
D. Inhibit genetic transfer between donor and recipient cells

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.05
Topic: Bacterial Transformation

Which of the following is inhibited by DNAse?
A. Transformation
B. Conjugation
C. Transduction
D. None of the answers are correct

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.05.01 Outline the steps of bacterial transformation.
Section: 07.05
Topic: Bacterial Transformation

A structure called a(n) _______ allows the transfer of genetic information during conjugation.
A. F factor
B. plasmid
C. sex pilus
D. transformation bridge

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

What is the maximum size of the E. coli chromosome capable of being carried by a P1 phage?
A. 10%–20%
B. 30%
C. 0.5%–1%
D. 1%–2.5%

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.07
Topic: Plaque Formation And Intergenic Complementation In Bacteriophages

A phage that can carry a larger piece of a bacterial chromosome would have what type of effect on cotransduction frequencies?
A. Raise the cotransduction frequency
B. Lower the cotransduction frequency
C. Have no effect on the cotransduction frequency

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 07.04.02 Calculate the map distance between genes using data from a cotransduction experiment.
Section: 07.04
Topic: Bacterial Transduction

Based on the following data, what two genes are farthest apart?A. a-b
B. b-c
C. a-c

Bloom’s Level: 4. Anlayze
Learning Outcome: 07.04.02 Calculate the map distance between genes using data from a cotransduction experiment.
Section: 07.04
Topic: Bacterial Transduction

What is the order of the genes in the question?A. abc
B. bac
C. acb

Bloom’s Level: 4. Anlayze
Learning Outcome: 07.04.02 Calculate the map distance between genes using data from a cotransduction experiment.
Section: 07.04
Topic: Bacterial Transduction

A cell with an F factor integrated into the bacterial chromosome is called __________.
A. Hfr
B. F+
C. Conjugative plasmid

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Conjugation And Mapping Via Hfr Strains

Which of the following matings would have the highest frequency of chromosomal gene transfer?
A. F⁺ x F^–
B. F’ x F^–
C. Hfr x F^–

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Conjugation And Mapping Via Hfr Strains

What is the equation that would be used to determine the distance between two genes with a cotransduction frequency of 0.68?
A. 0.68=(1 – d/2)³
B. d=.68³ – 1
C. d=(1-.68)²

Loss of function mutations are easier to study in _______ organisms, such as bacteria.
A. haploid
B. diploid
C. triploid

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.01
Topic: Overview Of Genetic Transfer In Bacteria

Small circular pieces of DNA that are not associated with the bacterial chromosome are called _______.
A. heteroduplex
B. plasmids
C. relaxosome

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

True / False Questions

Cotransduction establishes the general order of genes on a bacterial chromosome, while conjugation is more specific and thus may be used to establish precise distances.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.01.01 Compare and contrast the three mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria.
Section: 07.01
Topic: Overview Of Genetic Transfer In Bacteria

A minute is the basic unit of map distance in bacteria.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Conjugation And Mapping Via Hfr Strains

An episome is a segment of bacterial DNA that can exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

Competent cells are those used in studies of conjugation.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.05
Topic: Bacterial Transformation

Multiple Choice Questions

The transfer of genetic material from two unrelated species is called ________.
A. Vertical gene transfer
B. Conjugation
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Binary fission
E. Horizontal gene transfer

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.06.01 Define horizontal gene transfer.
Section: 07.06
Topic: Medical Relevance Of Bacterial Genetic Transfer

True / False Questions

Acquired antibiotic resistance between two different species is an example of vertical gene transfer.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.06.02 Explain the impact of bacterial horizontal gene transfer in medicine.
Section: 07.05
Topic: Bacterial Transformation

Most biologists consider viruses to be living organisms, which are classified with the bacteria.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.04
Topic: Bacterial Transduction

Complementation experiments are used to determine if two observed mutations that are associated with the same trait are actually in the same gene.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
General LO: Identify and define terms.
Section: 07.07
Topic: Plaque Formation And Intergenic Complementation In Bacteriophages

Multiple Choice Questions

In the experiment performed by Lederberg and Tatum bacteria of different genotypes had to be mixed together to obtain genetic transfer. However, Davis performed the experiment in a slightly different manner by separating cells with a filter incapable of allowing bacteria to pass. What possibility did the experiment by Davis exclude that could have occurred by the protocol used by Lederberg and Tatum?
A. transformation
B. conjugation
C. generalized transduction
D. specialized transduction

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.02.01 Analyze the data of Lederberg and Tatum and the data of Davis, and explain how it indicated that some strains of bacteria can transfer genetic material via direct physical contact.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

Although there are several different types of plasmids they all
A. can confer some kind of selective growth advantage depending on environmental conditions.
B. can induce a mating phenotype.
C. result in horizontal transfer.
D. make cells resistant to antibiotics

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.02.03 Compare and contrast different types of plasmids.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

An Hfr strain is produced when
A. an F episome integrates into the E. coli chormosome.
B. an F episome leaves the E. coli chromosome.
C. an F episome is transferred to a new cell.
D. an F episome leaves the host chromosome and removes some of the host chromosome.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.03.01 Explain how an Hfr strain is produced.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Conjugation And Mapping Via Hfr Strains

What is the correct order for the steps in transduction?
A. 1) Phage infects cell 2) Phage transported DNA recombines with chromosome of new cell 3) Host DNA digested into fragments 4) Some phage accidently carry host DNA fragment 5) Phage infects new cell
B. 1) Phage infects cell 2) Phage transported DNA recombines with chromosome of new cell 3) Host DNA digested into fragments 4) Phage infects new cell 5) Some phage accidently carry host DNA fragment
C. 1) Phage infects cell 2) Host DNA digested into fragments 3) Some phage accidently carry host DNA fragment 4) Phage infects new cell 5) Phage transported DNA recombines with chromosome of new cell
D. 1) Phage infects cell 2) Phage transported DNA recombines with chromosome of new cell 3) Some phage accidently carry host DNA fragment 4) Phage infects new cell 5) Host DNA digested into fragments

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.04.01 Outline the steps of bacterial transduction.
Section: 07.04
Topic: Bacterial Transduction

Check All That Apply Questions

What are the mechanisms by which bacteria preferentially take up DNA from individuals of the same species?
__X__ A specific sequence in the species DNA allows for uptake of DNA fragments that carry that sequence.
__X__ Proteins that are secreted by the bacteria must reach a threshold level that is correlated to the number of individuals of the same species being present.
_____ Some species require a specific calcium level for uptake and the levels of calcium are correlated with the number of bacteria in localized area.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.05.02 Explain how certain bacterial species preferentially take up DNA from their own species.
Section: 07.05
Topic: Bacterial Transformation

Multiple Choice Questions

In formation of plaques by bacteriophages which of the following statements is true?
A. A plaque is the result of several different viruses initially infecting a single cell
B. The plaque is the result of a single virus that has replicated in many bacterial cells in a localized area
C. A plaque results when a single virus infects one cell and then does not infect any other cell
D. Plaques are the areas where cells have not been infected at all

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.07.01 Describe how a plaque forms in the laboratory and how mutations may affect plaque morphology.
Section: 07.07
Topic: Plaque Formation And Intergenic Complementation In Bacteriophages

Which statement is true concerning intragenic and intergenic gene mapping?
A. The number of expected wild type recombinant viruses will be greater in intragenic mapping than with intergenic mapping
B. Intergenic gene mapping can only be performed in viruses. It is not performed in bacteria while intragenic mapping is performed in both viruses and bacteria
C. Intragenic mapping is the mapping of mutations within a gene while intergenic mapping is the mapping of genes with respect to each other
D. Intergenic mapping is the mapping of mutations within a gene while intragenic mapping is the mapping of genes with respect to each other

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.08.01 Distinguish between intragenic and intergenic mapping.
Section: 07.08
Topic: Intragenic Mapping In Bacteriophages

What strategy did Benzer use to perform intragenic mapping?
A. Infection of a cell with two different viruses that had mutations in the same gene could not result in a wild type virus by recombination
B. Infection of a cell with two different viruses that had mutations in the same gene would result in a wild type virus by transduction
C. Infection of a cell with two different viruses that had mutations in different genes could result in a wild type virus by recombination
D. Infection of a cell with two different viruses that had mutations in the same gene could result in a wild type virus by recombination

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.08.02 Explain the strategy of Benzer to conduct intragenic mapping.
Section: 07.08
Topic: Intragenic Mapping In Bacteriophages

How can the complementation test discriminate between two viruses that have a mutation in the same gene versus two viruses that have mutations in the same gene?
A. If the viruses have mutations in the same gene then, depending on the assay, a significant number of plaques will be produced or a significant number of plaques will have a wildtype phenotype. If the mutations are in the different genes few, if any, wild type plaques will be seen..
B. If the viruses have mutations in different genes then, depending on the assay, a significant number of plaques will be produced or a significant number of plaques will have a wildtype phenotype. If the mutations are in the same gene few, if any, wild type plaques will be seen.
C. If the mutations are in the same gene the complementation test will result in recombinant viruses that are wildtype but if the mutations are in different genes no recombinant viruses will be produced.
D. If the mutations are in different genes the complementation test will result in recombinant viruses that are wildtype but if the mutations are in the same gene no recombinant viruses will be produced.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.07.02 Explain how a complementation test can distinguish if two mutations are in the same bacteriophage gene or in different genes.
Section: 07.07
Topic: Plaque Formation And Intergenic Complementation In Bacteriophages

In an experiment with an Hfr cell if the uvrA gene is transferred 1 minute and the pyrB gene is transferred at 2.5 minutes then where is the oriT of the Hfr cell located? Use the map of the E. coli genome presented below.A. 70 minutes
B. 90 minutes
C. 100 mintues
D. 97.5 minutes

Bloom’s Level: 4. Anlayze
General LO: Analyze the processes and results of experiments.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

In the Lederberg and Tatum experiment what is the purpose of performing the experiment with the strains without adding them together?
A. It serves as a control to calculate the rate of reversion mutations
B. There is no experimental purpose to performing that part of the experiment
C. It tests that the strains were made correctly
D. It tests to make sure the media was made correctly

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
General LO: Analyze the processes and results of experiments.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation

In the experiment performed by Benzer for intragenic mapping which of the following is the most critical control?
A. Perform the experiment with each different virus alone to determine the rate of reversion mutation
B. Re-type the strain of E. coli
C. Test the agar to make sure it can support E. coli and viral growth
D. Perform at least five dilutions to make sure the dilutions were performed correctly

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
General LO: Analyze the processes and results of experiments.
Section: 07.08
Topic: Intragenic Mapping In Bacteriophages

The results below are from an interrupted conjugation experiment performed with an Hfr strain. Which genes could also be mapped with generalized transduction?

Gene	Time of transfer in minutes
argR	10
argG	12
recA	25

argR and argG only
B. All three could be mapped to each other using generalized transduction
C. argR could be mapped to recA and argG could be mapped to recA but argR and argG are too close to each other to be mapped using generalized transduction
D. Only argG could be mapped with recA since argR is farther away from recA there would be little recombination that would include all three genes together and so argR could not be reliably mapped using generalized transduction.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Anlayze
Learning Outcome: 07.04.02 Calculate the map distance between genes using data from a cotransduction experiment.
Section: 07.04
Topic: Bacterial Transduction

In a conjugation experiment not all of the cells receiving two genes will demonstrate an altered phenotype for both genes. What is the most likely explanation of this phenomenon?
A. One gene is toxic to the cell
B. Transferred genes must undergo recombination for genotypic conversion of the recipient cell and there is a possibility that only one gene will be recombined into the recipients chromosome
C. The transferred DNA is rapidly degraded by the recipient cell and one gene can be degraded before it is recombined into the host chromosome
D. It is not physically possible to recombine more than one gene into a single host genome per conjugation event

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Bacterial Conjugation