Health Psychology 3rd Canadian Edition By Shelley Taylor -Test Bank A+

Description

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat. True False

3.	Women are consistently more likely than men to respond to stress by turning to others. True False

4.	Compared to positive events, negative events show a stronger relationship to psychological distress but not physical symptoms. True False

5.	Children and adolescents who had recurrent or ongoing stressors in their lives exhibit larger diastolic blood pressure responses to acute laboratory stressors than children or adolescents with less background stress. True False

6.	Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be particularly compromised by long-term stress. True False

7.	Daily minor problems reduce psychological well-being in the short term, but do not produce physical symptoms. True False

8.	Experiencing stressful life events is linked to cancer prognosis. True False

9.	The perception of work overload shows a stronger relationship to physical health complaints and psychological distress than do objective measurements of workload. True False

10.	Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events. True False

11.	Stress can be defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by A. biochemical changes. B. cognitive changes. C. behavioural changes. D. physiological changes. E. All of these answers are correct.

12.	Which of the following could be considered a stressor? A. noise B. crowding C. commuting to work D. a bad relationship E. All of these answers are correct.

13.	Most definitions of stress focus on A. stressful events. B. physiological changes. C. emotional changes. D. the subjective nature of stress. E. the relationship between the person and the environment.

14.	The fight-or-flight response A. is never adaptive. B. involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. C. involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. D. is subject to large individual differences. E. is more common in women than men.

15.	Selye’s (1956, 1976) studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated ______________ responses to stress. A. psychological B. gastrointestinal C. adrenomedullary D. adrenocortical E. immune

16.	The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is A. alarm, resistance, exhaustion. B. exhaustion, resistance, alarm. C. resistance, alarm, exhaustion. D. resistance, exhaustion, alarm. E. alarm, exhaustion, resistance.

17.	According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ______________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the physiological damage related to stress. A. alarm B. resistance C. exhaustion D. stressor E. immune

18.

According to its critics, Selye’s (1956, 1976) model A. fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time. B. fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship. C. places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress. D. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress. E. is inaccurate in that assumes people feel stress before it occurs.

19.	The tend-and-befriend response to stress A. is especially characteristic of females. B. is related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin. C. may be protective of offspring. D. brings social behaviour into stress processes. E. All of these answers are correct.

20.	Oxytocin A. is the primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend response to stress. B. increases mothering behaviour. C. increases warm touching between couples. D. has effects that are unrelated to those of estrogen. E. is highly addictive.

21.	The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s A. current emotional state. B. perception of the event. C. coping ability. D. resources. E. current physiological state.

22.	The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s A. current emotional state. B. perception of the event. C. coping ability and resources. D. potential to overcome and profit from the event. E. current physiological state.

23.	According to Lazarus’s model, the subjective experience of stress is a result of A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. primary appraisal. C. secondary appraisal. D. the balance between primary and secondary appraisal. E. a low coping ability.

24.	Research suggests that reactivity is related to individual differences in A. acute and chronic illness. B. psychological responses to stressors. C. primary and secondary appraisal. D. the general adaptation syndrome. E. the HPA system.

25.	Allostatic load can be assessed by A. a high waist-to-hip ratio. B. problems with memory. C. decreases in cell-mediated immunity. D. the inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress. E. All of these answers are correct.

26.

Studies of children exposed to noisy environments indicate that children A. eventually habituate to high levels of noise. B. who are exposed to noise exhibit performance decrements and learned helplessness. C. who are exposed to noise exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of learned helplessness. D. eventually learn to change their task strategies and attention focus to accommodate the noise in their environments. E. are generally more adaptive to noisy environments than other age groups.

27.	Physiological habituation may not occur or may not be complete when stressors are A. family-related. B. work-related. C. short-term. D. long-term. E. low-level.

28.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with A. temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala. B. decreased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. C. biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period. D. frequent emotional outbursts. E. improvement in memory and concentration.

29.	In Glass and Singer’s (1972) study of university students, it was found that the students exposed to _________________ performed worse on tasks given to them. A. intermittent bursts of noise B. over-crowding C. low-level light D. electric shock E. an overheated room

30.

In the study of York University students, Friedlander et al. concluded that better adjustment of students was predicted by A. increased social support from family. B. increased social support from friends. C. increased financial support. D. the university’s support system. E. All of these answers are correct.

31.	The _______________ paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses. A. acute stress B. induced disease C. SRRS D. hassles E. RLCQ

32.	Stress in laboratory tests may be reduced by A. low-level background noise. B. high levels of natural light. C. the presence of a supportive other person. D. a spouse. E. a minor sedative.

33.	According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it A. is negative. B. threatens one’s self-concept. C. is long-term. D. requires substantial adjustment to the environment. E. requires habituation to environmental stressors.

34.	According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), which of the following would be considered a stressful life event? A. lack of career fulfillment B. a significant change in job responsibilities C. questioning one’s identity and goals D. birthdays E. All of these answers are correct.

35.

Research examining the effects of stressful life events (SLE) has found that A. the relationship between SLE scores and illness is negligible. B. experiencing stressful life events was linked to cancer prognosis. C. experiencing stressful life events was linked to the development of colds following a laboratory based stress induction. D. the relationship between SLE scores and illness is unpredictable. E. experiencing stressful life events was linked to birth order.

36.

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE)? A. It is uncorrelated with illness and health behaviours. B. It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events. C. It only counts unresolved stressful events. D. It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses. E. All of these answers are correct.

37.

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE)? A. Some of the items on the list are too specific. B. Individual differences in the experience of events are not taken into account. C. It treats both positive and negative events in a similar fashion. D. It does not assess whether events have been resolved or not. E. It is an outdated measure.

38.

The occurrence of daily hassles A. bears no relationship to physical health. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term. C. markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms. D. are poorer predictors of physical health than major life events. E. reduces psychological well-being over the long term.

39.	Hassles are minor life events that A. have a cumulative effect on health and illness. B. are not confounded with mental and physical illness. C. have an objective, but not subjective, component. D. don’t really affect physical health. E. don’t actually have any effect on psychological well-being.

40.	Daily hassles affect health through A. worsening of symptoms in those already suffering from illnesses. B. their links with healthy eating. C. wearing down the individual. D. interrupted sleep habits. E. an increase in blood pressure.

41.

The study of women who were pregnant and living in Quebec during the ice storm of January 1998 found that A. children who were exposed in utero to a high level of stress from the ice storm scored lower on IQ. B. at five and half years old, children exposed in utero to the ice storm showed no effects C. higher stress experienced by the mother during the ice storm was linked to poor cognitive and language development in the children at age two. D. children exposed to a higher level of stress in utero had poorer cognitive and language development at age two and scored lower on IQ and language tests at age five and a half. E. there was an increase in maternal tend-and-befriend behaviour.

42.	A “risky family” environment A. is cold B. is unsupportive C. is neglectful D. has frequent episodes of anger and aggression E. All of these answers are correct.

43.	Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of A. a stressor. B. a life event. C. daily hassles. D. chronic strain. E. post-traumatic stress disorder.

44.	The stress from being bullied A. can have immediate effects on well-being B. can have long-lasting effects on well-being C. can put individuals at risk for burnout D. can put individuals at risk for developing physical health symptoms E. All of these answers are correct.

45.

Bauman and Newman (2013) tested the hypothesis that cyberbullying resulted in higher levels of stress than other types of traditional bullying and found A. cyberbullying was moderately more distressing than traditional types of bullying B. traditional bullying was significantly more distressing than cyberbullying C. cyberbullying was more distressing for women but traditional bullying was more distressing for men D. cyberbullying was more distressing in young women than older women E. cyberbullying was not more distressing than traditional types of bullying

46.	Workers who suffer from work overload _______________ compared with workers who do not experience overload. A. feel more stressed B. practice poorer health habits C. sustain more health risks D. have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease E. All of these answers are correct.

47.	Karoshi refers to A. sudden nocturnal death. B. death from overwork. C. stress-related mental illness. D. work overload. E. a higher level of stress on Mondays.

48.

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate conflicting expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work. This is an example of A. role ambiguity. B. role conflict. C. work pressure. D. role divergence. E. work ambiguity.

49.	The inability to develop satisfying social relationships at work has been tied to A. job stress. B. psychological distress at work. C. poor physical and mental health. D. both psychological stress at work and poor physical and mental health. E. All of these answers are correct.

50.	Karasek (1981) found that job strain can lead to A. depression. B. cancer. C. coronary artery disease. D. influenza. E. weight gain.

51.

A stressful work environment A. is one where demands are high and support and control are low. B. is linked to higher rates of workplace bullying. C. can be a source of chronic strain for employees who have little power. D. All of these answers are correct. E. None of these answers are linked to a stressful work environment.

52.	Workers who cannot participate actively in decisions about their jobs show higher rates of A. absenteeism. B. job turnover. C. tardiness. D. sabotage. E. All of these answers are correct.

53.

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that A. outside employment can be beneficial for women’s well-being. B. having control and flexibility over the work environment reduces the likelihood of stress. C. having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress. D. may leave women vulnerable to depression. E. All of these answers are correct.

54.	For men, _______________ moderates the stress-illness relationship. A. employment B. marriage C. satisfaction with the parent role D. social support E. All of these answers are correct.

55.	Explain how stress is determined according to the “Person-Environment Fit”.

56.	Describe Lazarus’s model of the role of psychological appraisal in the experience of stress. Explain how this model addresses the cognitive and emotional responses to stress.

57.	Answer the text’s question “Can people adapt to stress?”

58.

A group of friends are discussing the different ways in which life can “get at you.” Pat says it’s the milestones in life that are most stressful, illustrating this point by describing several traumatic divorces and untimely deaths from which family members have yet to recover. On the other hand, Lee asserts that it’s the little, constant annoyances in life that are most harmful to psychological and physical health, citing the annoyance experienced while commuting to work every day or coping with an intrusive landlord. Evaluate both of these arguments, citing research from the text.

59.	How does workplace stress affect health? What are some of the ways to reduce occupational stress?

c6 Key

1.	Stress is determined by person-environment fit. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #1

2.	During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #2

3.	Women are consistently more likely than men to respond to stress by turning to others. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #3

4.	Compared to positive events, negative events show a stronger relationship to psychological distress but not physical symptoms. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #4

5.	Children and adolescents who had recurrent or ongoing stressors in their lives exhibit larger diastolic blood pressure responses to acute laboratory stressors than children or adolescents with less background stress. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #5

6.	Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be particularly compromised by long-term stress. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #6

7.	Daily minor problems reduce psychological well-being in the short term, but do not produce physical symptoms. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #7

8.	Experiencing stressful life events is linked to cancer prognosis. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #8

9.	The perception of work overload shows a stronger relationship to physical health complaints and psychological distress than do objective measurements of workload. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #9

10.	Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #10

11.	Stress can be defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by A. biochemical changes. B. cognitive changes. C. behavioural changes. D. physiological changes. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #11

12.	Which of the following could be considered a stressor? A. noise B. crowding C. commuting to work D. a bad relationship E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #12

13.	Most definitions of stress focus on A. stressful events. B. physiological changes. C. emotional changes. D. the subjective nature of stress. E. the relationship between the person and the environment.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #13

14.	The fight-or-flight response A. is never adaptive. B. involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. C. involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. D. is subject to large individual differences. E. is more common in women than men.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #14

15.	Selye’s (1956, 1976) studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated ______________ responses to stress. A. psychological B. gastrointestinal C. adrenomedullary D. adrenocortical E. immune

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #15

16.	The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is A. alarm, resistance, exhaustion. B. exhaustion, resistance, alarm. C. resistance, alarm, exhaustion. D. resistance, exhaustion, alarm. E. alarm, exhaustion, resistance.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #16

17.	According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ______________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the physiological damage related to stress. A. alarm B. resistance C. exhaustion D. stressor E. immune

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #17

18.

According to its critics, Selye’s (1956, 1976) model A. fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time. B. fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship. C. places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress. D. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress. E. is inaccurate in that assumes people feel stress before it occurs.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #18

19.	The tend-and-befriend response to stress A. is especially characteristic of females. B. is related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin. C. may be protective of offspring. D. brings social behaviour into stress processes. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #19

20.	Oxytocin A. is the primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend response to stress. B. increases mothering behaviour. C. increases warm touching between couples. D. has effects that are unrelated to those of estrogen. E. is highly addictive.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #20

21.	The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s A. current emotional state. B. perception of the event. C. coping ability. D. resources. E. current physiological state.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #21

22.	The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s A. current emotional state. B. perception of the event. C. coping ability and resources. D. potential to overcome and profit from the event. E. current physiological state.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #22

23.	According to Lazarus’s model, the subjective experience of stress is a result of A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. primary appraisal. C. secondary appraisal. D. the balance between primary and secondary appraisal. E. a low coping ability.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #23

24.	Research suggests that reactivity is related to individual differences in A. acute and chronic illness. B. psychological responses to stressors. C. primary and secondary appraisal. D. the general adaptation syndrome. E. the HPA system.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #24

25.	Allostatic load can be assessed by A. a high waist-to-hip ratio. B. problems with memory. C. decreases in cell-mediated immunity. D. the inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #25

26.

Studies of children exposed to noisy environments indicate that children A. eventually habituate to high levels of noise. B. who are exposed to noise exhibit performance decrements and learned helplessness. C. who are exposed to noise exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of learned helplessness. D. eventually learn to change their task strategies and attention focus to accommodate the noise in their environments. E. are generally more adaptive to noisy environments than other age groups.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #26

27.	Physiological habituation may not occur or may not be complete when stressors are A. family-related. B. work-related. C. short-term. D. long-term. E. low-level.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #27

28.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with A. temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala. B. decreased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. C. biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period. D. frequent emotional outbursts. E. improvement in memory and concentration.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #28

29.	In Glass and Singer’s (1972) study of university students, it was found that the students exposed to _________________ performed worse on tasks given to them. A. intermittent bursts of noise B. over-crowding C. low-level light D. electric shock E. an overheated room

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #29

30.

In the study of York University students, Friedlander et al. concluded that better adjustment of students was predicted by A. increased social support from family. B. increased social support from friends. C. increased financial support. D. the university’s support system. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #30

31.	The _______________ paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses. A. acute stress B. induced disease C. SRRS D. hassles E. RLCQ

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #31

32.	Stress in laboratory tests may be reduced by A. low-level background noise. B. high levels of natural light. C. the presence of a supportive other person. D. a spouse. E. a minor sedative.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #32

33.	According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it A. is negative. B. threatens one’s self-concept. C. is long-term. D. requires substantial adjustment to the environment. E. requires habituation to environmental stressors.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #33

34.	According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), which of the following would be considered a stressful life event? A. lack of career fulfillment B. a significant change in job responsibilities C. questioning one’s identity and goals D. birthdays E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #34

35.

Research examining the effects of stressful life events (SLE) has found that A. the relationship between SLE scores and illness is negligible. B. experiencing stressful life events was linked to cancer prognosis. C. experiencing stressful life events was linked to the development of colds following a laboratory based stress induction. D. the relationship between SLE scores and illness is unpredictable. E. experiencing stressful life events was linked to birth order.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #35

36.

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE)? A. It is uncorrelated with illness and health behaviours. B. It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events. C. It only counts unresolved stressful events. D. It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #36

37.

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE)? A. Some of the items on the list are too specific. B. Individual differences in the experience of events are not taken into account. C. It treats both positive and negative events in a similar fashion. D. It does not assess whether events have been resolved or not. E. It is an outdated measure.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #37

38.

The occurrence of daily hassles A. bears no relationship to physical health. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term. C. markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms. D. are poorer predictors of physical health than major life events. E. reduces psychological well-being over the long term.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #38

39.	Hassles are minor life events that A. have a cumulative effect on health and illness. B. are not confounded with mental and physical illness. C. have an objective, but not subjective, component. D. don’t really affect physical health. E. don’t actually have any effect on psychological well-being.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #39

40.	Daily hassles affect health through A. worsening of symptoms in those already suffering from illnesses. B. their links with healthy eating. C. wearing down the individual. D. interrupted sleep habits. E. an increase in blood pressure.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #40

41.

The study of women who were pregnant and living in Quebec during the ice storm of January 1998 found that A. children who were exposed in utero to a high level of stress from the ice storm scored lower on IQ. B. at five and half years old, children exposed in utero to the ice storm showed no effects C. higher stress experienced by the mother during the ice storm was linked to poor cognitive and language development in the children at age two. D. children exposed to a higher level of stress in utero had poorer cognitive and language development at age two and scored lower on IQ and language tests at age five and a half. E. there was an increase in maternal tend-and-befriend behaviour.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #41

42.	A “risky family” environment A. is cold B. is unsupportive C. is neglectful D. has frequent episodes of anger and aggression E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #42

43.	Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of A. a stressor. B. a life event. C. daily hassles. D. chronic strain. E. post-traumatic stress disorder.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #43

44.	The stress from being bullied A. can have immediate effects on well-being B. can have long-lasting effects on well-being C. can put individuals at risk for burnout D. can put individuals at risk for developing physical health symptoms E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #44

45.

Bauman and Newman (2013) tested the hypothesis that cyberbullying resulted in higher levels of stress than other types of traditional bullying and found A. cyberbullying was moderately more distressing than traditional types of bullying B. traditional bullying was significantly more distressing than cyberbullying C. cyberbullying was more distressing for women but traditional bullying was more distressing for men D. cyberbullying was more distressing in young women than older women E. cyberbullying was not more distressing than traditional types of bullying

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #45

46.	Workers who suffer from work overload _______________ compared with workers who do not experience overload. A. feel more stressed B. practice poorer health habits C. sustain more health risks D. have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #46

47.	Karoshi refers to A. sudden nocturnal death. B. death from overwork. C. stress-related mental illness. D. work overload. E. a higher level of stress on Mondays.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #47

48.

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate conflicting expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work. This is an example of A. role ambiguity. B. role conflict. C. work pressure. D. role divergence. E. work ambiguity.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #48

49.	The inability to develop satisfying social relationships at work has been tied to A. job stress. B. psychological distress at work. C. poor physical and mental health. D. both psychological stress at work and poor physical and mental health. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #49

50.	Karasek (1981) found that job strain can lead to A. depression. B. cancer. C. coronary artery disease. D. influenza. E. weight gain.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #50

51.

A stressful work environment A. is one where demands are high and support and control are low. B. is linked to higher rates of workplace bullying. C. can be a source of chronic strain for employees who have little power. D. All of these answers are correct. E. None of these answers are linked to a stressful work environment.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #51

52.	Workers who cannot participate actively in decisions about their jobs show higher rates of A. absenteeism. B. job turnover. C. tardiness. D. sabotage. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #52

53.

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that A. outside employment can be beneficial for women’s well-being. B. having control and flexibility over the work environment reduces the likelihood of stress. C. having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress. D. may leave women vulnerable to depression. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #53

54.	For men, _______________ moderates the stress-illness relationship. A. employment B. marriage C. satisfaction with the parent role D. social support E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #54

55.	Explain how stress is determined according to the “Person-Environment Fit”. Answers may vary

Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #55

56.	Describe Lazarus’s model of the role of psychological appraisal in the experience of stress. Explain how this model addresses the cognitive and emotional responses to stress. Answers may vary.

Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #56

57.	Answer the text’s question “Can people adapt to stress?” Answers may vary.

Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful Taylor – Chapter 06 #57

58.

A group of friends are discussing the different ways in which life can “get at you.” Pat says it’s the milestones in life that are most stressful, illustrating this point by describing several traumatic divorces and untimely deaths from which family members have yet to recover. On the other hand, Lee asserts that it’s the little, constant annoyances in life that are most harmful to psychological and physical health, citing the annoyance experienced while commuting to work every day or coping with an intrusive landlord. Evaluate both of these arguments, citing research from the text. Answers may vary.

Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed Taylor – Chapter 06 #58

59.	How does workplace stress affect health? What are some of the ways to reduce occupational stress? Answers may vary.

Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress Taylor – Chapter 06 #59

c6 Summary

Category	# of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation	54
Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress	5
Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress	15
Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful	9
Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed	13
Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress	17
Taylor – Chapter 06	59

c7

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1.	According to the textbook, in the coping process any new event or change in the environment prompts the individual to make secondary appraisals of the significance of the event. True False

2.	Negative affectivity (or neuroticism) has been related to alcoholism, depression, and suicidal behaviour, but not poor health. True False

3.	External coping resources may include time, money, education, a decent job and the absence of other life stressors. True False

4.	Psychological resilience means being able to bounce back from stressful situations relatively quickly. True False

5.	Refusing to tolerate negative events is an important coping outcome. True False

6.	Coping efforts are considered successful when they reduce the arousal related to stress. True False

7.	Poor social relationships, and especially poor social integration, are major risk factors for death. True False

8.	Whereas social support is associated with physical and psychological well-being, research has failed to establish a relationship between social support and good health habits. True False

9.	Overall, research investigating the effectiveness of social support fails to support the matching hypothesis. True False

10.	Ancillary skills of stress management include time management, good health habits, and social skills. True False

11.

Moderators of the stress experience may have an impact on A. stress itself. B. the relationship between stress and illness. C. the relationship between stress and psychological responses. D. how much a stressful experience effects other aspects of a person’s life. E. All of these answers are correct.

12.

Coping can be thought of as A. the thoughts and behaviours used to manage internal and external demands of a situation appraised as stressful. B. a one-time transaction between a person and their environment. C. unaffected by the external resources available to an individual. D. a positive reaction to stress. E. unrelated to the personality of the individual.

13.

Research on the effects of procrastination on health has found that A. the stress associated with procrastination is tied to more health problems B. the stress associated with procrastination is tied to fewer health-promoting behaviours C. procrastinating on going to the doctor is linked to more health problems D. procrastination is associated with engaging in health-compromising behaviours E. All of these answers are correct.

14.

Current research suggests that perfectionism A. is associated with high stress. B. is associated with the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours. C. increases risk for mortality among older adults. D. is harmful for health regardless of what form it takes. E. is associated with high stress, the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours, and increase the risk of mortality among older adults.

15.	The process of _______________ involves an individual’s efforts to manage internal or external demands that tax his or her resources. A. primary appraisal B. secondary appraisal C. coping D. self-pacification E. meditation

16.

The consideration of coping as a dynamic process implies that A. coping involves a wide range of actions and reactions to stress. B. coping efforts are moderated by personal resources. C. coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person continues to act on the environment. D. coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person and the environment are involved in a reciprocal interaction. E. coping is a particular action that can fluctuate depending on mood.

17.	Negative affectivity A. may compromise overall health. B. can sometimes create a false impression of poor health when none exists. C. predicts risk for certain chronic health conditions over time. D. is directly linked to higher risk for mortality in old age. E. is impacted by gluten sensitivity.

18.	Individuals who are high in negative affectivity A. are less likely to use health services. B. are more prone to have genetic markers linked to alcohol dependence. C. suppress symptoms of psychological distress and physical illness. D. are not prone to anxiety. E. have a decreased risk of suicide.

19.	An individual with a pessimistic explanatory style is more likely to interpret negative events in terms of _______________ factors. A. external, unstable, specific B. external, stable, global C. internal, unstable, global D. internal, stable, global E. internal and unstable

20.

Wilma has experienced increasing levels of stress due to her deteriorating test scores in psychology. She complains to her friend Betty, “I can’t seem to get the hang of this stuff. I’m just not smart enough. I may have to drop out of the university.” Betty replies, “You’re smart enough, Wilma, but you’re just not spending enough time studying.” Betty is trying to change Wilma’s attributions of A. internality. B. stability. C. globality. D. externality. E. All of these answers are correct.

21.

A study of post-menopausal women conducted by O’Donovan and colleagues (2009) found that pessimistic explanatory style is associated with A. reduced cell-mediated immunity. B. higher rates of physical illness. C. increased use of health facilities. D. reduced energy levels. E. a lack of physical symptoms.

22.

Brissette, Scheier, and Carver (2002) found that university students who were optimists coped more effectively with the transition to university because they were more likely to use _______________ as a coping strategy. A. denial B. distancing C. seeking social support D. accepting personal responsibility E. perception of social support

23.	Treating oneself with kindness, feeling connected with humanity, and being mindfully aware of distressing experiences are qualities of one with A. optimism B. personal responsibility C. self-compassion D. gratitude E. perfectionism

24.	The belief that one can determine one’s own internal states and behaviour, influence one’s environment, and/or bring about desired outcomes is A. optimism. B. perceived control. C. self-efficacy. D. hardiness. E. gratitude.

25.	Psychological control has been related to A. emotional well-being. B. successful coping. C. improved immune functioning among children with asthma. D. increased self-efficacy. E. All of these answers are correct.

26.	High self-esteem has been related to A. increased longevity. B. active coping strategies. C. reducing the harmful effects of high levels of stress. D. reducing the harmful effects of low levels of stress. E. genetic markers.

27.

Research investigating the effectiveness of avoidant and approach coping strategies suggests that A. avoidant strategies are effective in dealing with long-term stressors. B. approach copers may exhibit short-term anxiety but cope well with long-term stressors. C. the use of approach coping styles may represent a risk factor for negative responses to stressors. D. both avoidant and approach strategies are equally effective in coping with stress. E. avoidance strategies are not effective for short-term stressors.

28.

Emotion-focused efforts would be most effective in coping with the worry and stress due to A. having two final exams scheduled for the same day. B. waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted. C. receiving a notice that your taxes will be audited by the Canada Revenue Agency next week. D. knowing that you haven’t saved enough money to pay your tuition, and it’s due in two weeks. E. All of these answers are correct.

29.	One of the most potent external resources with respect to health is A. a good social network. B. money. C. socio-economic status. D. genetic factors. E. optimism.

30.

People who are higher in socio-economic status (SES) show A. lower morbidity for medical and psychiatric disorders. B. lower mortality from all causes of death. C. reduced neuroendocrine responses to stress. D. better access to social support systems in general. E. All of these are shown in people with a higher level SES.

31.	Coping efforts center on A. maintaining a positive self-image. B. reducing harmful environmental conditions and enhancing the prospects of recovery. C. maintaining emotional equilibrium. D. continuing satisfying relationships with others. E. All of these answers are correct.

32.

When a supportive companion is present during a stressful situation, research has shown a subdued HPA axis response in participants. This is thought to be due to: A. the release of oxytocin. B. the release of cortisol. C. an increased cardiovascular response. D. the release of exogenous opioids. E. a suppressed immune system.

33.	Information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation is called A. coping. B. internal resources. C. social support. D. external resources. E. perceived control.

34.	_______________ involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods. A. Visible support B. Tangible assistance C. Invisible support D. Monetary assistance E. Perceived social support

35.

A patient with AIDS decides to enter therapy. He explains that the therapist helps him in ways his friends and family cannot. Specifically, his therapist helps him find ways to cope with the disorder and understand it. This is an example of A. personal control. B. informational support. C. tangible assistance. D. emotional support. E. external assistance.

36.	The assurance that one is a valuable individual who is cared for is A. emotional support. B. tangible assistance. C. visible support. D. instrumental support. E. invisible support.

37.	Invisible social support A. is support provided to you without you being aware of it. B. is the perception that when you need social support it will be available. C. often produces a sense of guilt. D. uses others’ time and resources. E. leads to a sense of obligation to support others.

38.

Implicit social support A. includes simply knowing that you have a social network that you can rely upon if there were a stressful event. B. originates from implicit social networks without being directly targeted at a specific problem. C. is associated with more psychological and biological benefits for Asian Americans compared to explicit social support. D. is receiving support from that network without actively having to seek out that support. E. All of these are related to implicit social support.

39.	Social support has beneficial effects on the A. cardiovascular system. B. endocrine system. C. immune system. D. psychological distress of the individual. E. All of these answers are correct.

40.

According to the buffering hypothesis, A. the more resources an individual has, the better he or she is able to cope with stress. B. individual resources augment one’s ability to cope with high or low levels of stress. C. individual resources improve a person’s ability to cope with only moderate levels of stress. D. individual resources have little effect on coping with low levels of stress but become important at high levels of stress. E. the more space an individual places between himself or herself and the situation, the better he or she is able to cope with stress.

41.

An important variable in understanding the mechanism by which stress is moderated by social support appears to be the manner in which social support is assessed. When social support has been measured in terms of social integration, _______________ have been found. When subjective levels of social support have been assessed, however, _______________ have been found. A. direct effects; few effects B. buffering effects; few effects C. buffering effects; direct effects D. direct effects; buffering effects E. few effects; direct effects

42.

According to research on gender, marriage, and social support, A. support from a partner, usually a spouse, is very protective of health for men. B. women’s health is only slightly benefited by marriage. C. being in an unsatisfying marriage confers health risks. D. exiting a marriage entails health risks. E. All of these statements relating to marriage and health are true.

43.	The interplay of the stress experienced and expressed by one partner and the coping reactions of the other, is referred to as A. the matching hypothesis. B. dyadic coping. C. implicit social support. D. the coping response. E. invisible coping support.

44.

The idea that the effectiveness of social support is determined by the ability of an individual’s social network to provide the particular types of assistance needed in times of stress is the A. direct effects hypothesis. B. buffering hypothesis. C. matching hypothesis. D. empathetic understanding. E. dyadic hypothesis.

45.	According to Repetti et al., (2002), social support from one’s parents in early life _______________ in later life. A. leads to more passive coping B. is related to better health C. is related to poorer health D. is not related to health E. is related to socioeconomic status

46.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction A. is based on the practice of mindfulness of moment or moment awareness. B. is associated with a significant reduction in cortisol levels, blood pressure, and pro- inflammatory cytokines among cancer patients. C. is linked to initial improvements in stress levels that are not maintained one year later. D. has a high incidence of failure. E. produces no physical results and only treats the psychological symptoms of stress.

47.

According to studies by Li and Ferraro (2005) and C. Schwartz, Meisenhelder, Ma, and Reed (2003), evidence suggests that on the whole, people who provide support to others A. suffer from poor health. B. enjoy better health overall. C. have a higher level of self-esteem. D. receive physiological benefits but suffer in regards to their mental health. E. have a lower level of self-esteem.

48.

Researchers investigating disclosure have found that subjects who freely express their feelings about traumatic events A. show increased levels of physiological arousal. B. have difficulty maintaining adequate levels of social support. C. are no longer upset about the events after expressing themselves. D. are less likely to have subsequent health problems. E. All of these answers are correct.

49.

Research indicates that exercise may be a useful resource for combating the adverse effects of stress. Your text suggests this may be because exercise A. appears to suppress the immune system. B. appears to modulate immune activity during stress. C. decreases exogenous opioids. D. always increases cognitive processes. E. increases endorphin levels, thus masking the effects of stress.

50.

Stress management programs A. are best conducted on an individual basis by a licensed psychotherapist. B. are effective in relieving psychological distress but are seldom used in the treatment of stress-related illnesses. C. may be beneficial in controlling stress-related disorders and reducing risk factors associated with coronary heart disease. D. may be beneficial in controlling stress-related disorders and psychological distress, but have not yet been proven to be cost effective. E. are best conducted in a support group environment, led by a licensed psychotherapist.

51.

Relaxation training therapies include A. reduces physiological arousal. B. allows the person to return to pre-stress activities (when appropriate). C. reduces psychological distress. D. progressive muscle relaxation training, yoga and hypnosis among other techniques. E. All of these are included in relaxation training therapies.

52.	Stress management programs typically involve _______________ phases. A. two B. three C. four D. five E. six

53.

Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides a variety of ways Sarah can combat her stress. Sarah is instructed to try several of these techniques in order to discover the skills that work best for her. The instructor is using _______________ training. A. positive self-talk B. relaxation C. time management D. stress inoculation E. inoculation management

54.	Relaxation training is designed to A. provide cognitive insights into the nature and control of stress. B. reduce the physiological arousal associated with stress. C. mitigate the effect of stress carriers. D. train individuals not to overcommit. E. reduce negative dyadic support interactions.

55.	Individuals that cause you special stress are A. stress carriers. B. not important to you. C. easily ignored. D. stress aggregators. E. not to be confronted.

56.	Explain what is meant by the term stress moderator. Identify three psychological variables and three social variables that have been found to moderate stress. Citing research from the text, explain the relationship between these variables and the experience of stress.

57.	Explain how individual differences in personality are related to coping, and in turn health.

58.	Explain how coping styles and coping strategies moderate the experience of stress. Citing research from the text, evaluate the effectiveness of each in terms of the type of stressor with which a person might be faced.

59.	What is social support? What are the benefits of having a sufficient amount of social support? What are the costs of being in a dense social network?

60.	Your dormitory suitemate is suffering from stress due to final exams. Using the techniques described in the text, design a simple stress management program. Explain the function of each component and why it should be included in the program.

c7 Key

1.	According to the textbook, in the coping process any new event or change in the environment prompts the individual to make secondary appraisals of the significance of the event. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #1

2.	Negative affectivity (or neuroticism) has been related to alcoholism, depression, and suicidal behaviour, but not poor health. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #2

3.	External coping resources may include time, money, education, a decent job and the absence of other life stressors. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-02 Know the role of external coping resources Taylor – Chapter 07 #3

4.	Psychological resilience means being able to bounce back from stressful situations relatively quickly. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-02 Know the role of external coping resources Taylor – Chapter 07 #4

5.	Refusing to tolerate negative events is an important coping outcome. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-03 List coping outcomes Taylor – Chapter 07 #5

6.	Coping efforts are considered successful when they reduce the arousal related to stress. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-03 List coping outcomes Taylor – Chapter 07 #6

7.	Poor social relationships, and especially poor social integration, are major risk factors for death. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-04 Explain how social support affects stress Taylor – Chapter 07 #7

8.	Whereas social support is associated with physical and psychological well-being, research has failed to establish a relationship between social support and good health habits. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-04 Explain how social support affects stress Taylor – Chapter 07 #8

9.	Overall, research investigating the effectiveness of social support fails to support the matching hypothesis. FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-04 Explain how social support affects stress Taylor – Chapter 07 #9

10.	Ancillary skills of stress management include time management, good health habits, and social skills. TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-05 Describe coping interventions Taylor – Chapter 07 #10

11.

Moderators of the stress experience may have an impact on A. stress itself. B. the relationship between stress and illness. C. the relationship between stress and psychological responses. D. how much a stressful experience effects other aspects of a person’s life. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #11

12.

Coping can be thought of as A. the thoughts and behaviours used to manage internal and external demands of a situation appraised as stressful. B. a one-time transaction between a person and their environment. C. unaffected by the external resources available to an individual. D. a positive reaction to stress. E. unrelated to the personality of the individual.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #12

13.

Research on the effects of procrastination on health has found that A. the stress associated with procrastination is tied to more health problems B. the stress associated with procrastination is tied to fewer health-promoting behaviours C. procrastinating on going to the doctor is linked to more health problems D. procrastination is associated with engaging in health-compromising behaviours E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #13

14.

Current research suggests that perfectionism A. is associated with high stress. B. is associated with the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours. C. increases risk for mortality among older adults. D. is harmful for health regardless of what form it takes. E. is associated with high stress, the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours, and increase the risk of mortality among older adults.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #14

15.	The process of _______________ involves an individual’s efforts to manage internal or external demands that tax his or her resources. A. primary appraisal B. secondary appraisal C. coping D. self-pacification E. meditation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #15

16.

The consideration of coping as a dynamic process implies that A. coping involves a wide range of actions and reactions to stress. B. coping efforts are moderated by personal resources. C. coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person continues to act on the environment. D. coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person and the environment are involved in a reciprocal interaction. E. coping is a particular action that can fluctuate depending on mood.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #16

17.	Negative affectivity A. may compromise overall health. B. can sometimes create a false impression of poor health when none exists. C. predicts risk for certain chronic health conditions over time. D. is directly linked to higher risk for mortality in old age. E. is impacted by gluten sensitivity.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #17

18.	Individuals who are high in negative affectivity A. are less likely to use health services. B. are more prone to have genetic markers linked to alcohol dependence. C. suppress symptoms of psychological distress and physical illness. D. are not prone to anxiety. E. have a decreased risk of suicide.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #18

19.	An individual with a pessimistic explanatory style is more likely to interpret negative events in terms of _______________ factors. A. external, unstable, specific B. external, stable, global C. internal, unstable, global D. internal, stable, global E. internal and unstable

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #19

20.

Wilma has experienced increasing levels of stress due to her deteriorating test scores in psychology. She complains to her friend Betty, “I can’t seem to get the hang of this stuff. I’m just not smart enough. I may have to drop out of the university.” Betty replies, “You’re smart enough, Wilma, but you’re just not spending enough time studying.” Betty is trying to change Wilma’s attributions of A. internality. B. stability. C. globality. D. externality. E. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #20

21.

A study of post-menopausal women conducted by O’Donovan and colleagues (2009) found that pessimistic explanatory style is associated with A. reduced cell-mediated immunity. B. higher rates of physical illness. C. increased use of health facilities. D. reduced energy levels. E. a lack of physical symptoms.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor – Chapter 07 #21