Description

Section 1 Physical Development……………………………………………………………………….. 606

Test Item File………………………………………………………………………………………………… 606

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 606

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 626

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 627

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank………………………………………………………………… 629

Pre-test……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 629

Post-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 631

Chapter Exam……………………………………………………………………………………………. 633

Quick Review……………………………………………………………………………………………. 635

Video Guide Questions………………………………………………………………………………….. 638

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 638

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 638

Section 2 Cognitive Development……………………………………………………………………… 641

Test Item File………………………………………………………………………………………………… 641

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 641

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 667

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 669

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank………………………………………………………………… 670

Pre-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 670

Post-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 672

Chapter Exam……………………………………………………………………………………………. 674

Quick Review……………………………………………………………………………………………. 677

Video Guide Questions………………………………………………………………………………….. 680

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 680

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 680

Section 3 Emotional and Social Development……………………………………………………. 678

Test Item File………………………………………………………………………………………………… 678

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 678

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 713

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 714

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank………………………………………………………………… 713

Pre-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 713

Post-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 715

Chapter Exam……………………………………………………………………………………………. 717

Quick Review……………………………………………………………………………………………. 720

Video Guide Questions………………………………………………………………………………….. 722

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 722

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 722

Section 1 Physical Development

Test Item File

Difficulty

1=Easy; 2=Moderate; 3=Difficult

Learning Objective number refers to the textbook’s learning objectives.

MDL Parallel Question ID refers to the correlating question found in MyDevelopmentLab. For your convenience, the MyDevelopmentLab items for this chapter are included in this document after the Test Item File.

Pre=Pre-Test

Post=Post-Test

CE=Chapter Exam

QR=Quick Review

Multiple Choice Questions

1. From ages 3 to 6 the typical American child grows ____ inches per year and adds ____ pounds.
2. 1–3; 1–5
3. 2–3; 5–7
4. 6–9; 7–10
5. 9–12; 9–12

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 231

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.1

1. When Andrew turns 3 years old, one can expect him to weigh ____.
2. 20 pounds
3. 30 pounds

Correct. The typical 3-year-old weighs about 30 pounds.

1. 40 pounds

Incorrect. The typical 3-year-old weighs about 30 pounds.

1. 50 pounds

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 231

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.8, CE 6.1.1

1. The typical 6-year-old is about how tall?
2. 15 inches
3. 30 inches
4. 45 inches
5. 60 inches

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 231

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.1.2

1. The typical 6-year-old weighs about ____.
2. 25 pounds
3. 35 pounds
4. 45 pounds
5. 55 pounds

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 231

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Mehrak lives in America and is 45 inches tall and weighs 45 pounds. She is in good health and her pediatrician says she is developing at a normal pace. Knowing her height and weight it is safe to say that Mehrak is around ____.
2. 2 years old
3. 4 years old
4. 6 years old

Correct. The typical American 6-year-old child is about 45 inches tall and weighs about 45 pounds.

1. 8 years old.

Incorrect. Children in developing nations tend to be a little smaller; therefore a child in Cambodia who was 8 years old could be 45 inches tall and 45 pounds in weight, but it is not likely in the U.S.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 231

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.2

1. During childhood, boys are slightly ____ than girls.
2. shorter and lighter
3. taller and heavier
4. fatter and smaller
5. more sympathetic and sensitive

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 231

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.1.3

1. ____ in developing countries causes a considerably lower average for height and weight during early childhood.
2. Higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases
3. Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid

Incorrect. In developing countries, average heights and weights in early childhood are considerably lower, due to lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases.

1. Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases

Correct. Due to these reasons, as seen in Bangladesh, a 6-year-old child is comparable in physical size to that of an average 4-year-old in Sweden.

1. Higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 231

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.2

1. Why are the average heights and weights of children in early childhood in developing countries considerably lower than developed countries?
2. poor nutrition and diseases

Correct. In developing countries, average heights and weights in early childhood are considerably lower, due to lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases.

1. poor school lunches and poorly trained teachers
2. children in developing countries are obese

Incorrect. Although many children in developed countries are obese, children in developing countries do not have access to good nutrition or medical care

1. genetically the heights of these children are at maximum

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 231

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.1.10

1. Compared to the average 4-year-old in Sweden, how tall is the average 6-year-old in Bangladesh?
2. four times taller
3. three times taller
4. twice as tall
5. the same height

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 231

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.3

1. Wealthier parents have children who weigh more and are taller because ____.
2. they can pay maids to feed their children
3. have access to more nutritional foods

Correct. Wealthier people have more access to nutritional foods, so their children are taller and weigh more than poorer children of the same age.

1. allow their children to eat at fast-food restaurants
2. wealthier parents are generally genetically much taller

Incorrect. Genetics do not explain these differences. Wealthier people have more access to nutritional foods, which affect child growth.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 231

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.1

1. How many teeth does the average 3-year-old have?
2. 12
3. 20
4. 32
5. 40

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 231

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.2

1. Layla is 3 years old. How many teeth would you expect her to have?
2. 10

Incorrect. By their third birthday, most children have a full set of 20 teeth.

1. 15
2. 20

Correct. By their third birthday, most children have a full set of 20 teeth.

1. 25

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 231

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.3

1. Children begin to lose their “baby teeth” around age ____.
2. 2
3. 4
4. 6
5. 8

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 231

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Vladimir is 3 years old and preparing for his first dental visit. Beyond a routine cleaning Vladimir may also be given ____.
2. Novocain for his incoming molars
3. a fluoride rinse and sealants

Correct. In developed countries, it is increasingly common for children’s dental care to include fluoride rinses and sealants.

1. water that is fortified with calcium

Incorrect. Fluoride, not calcium, is added to most metropolitan water systems in developed nations, but it is not routinely issued at a dental visit.

1. teeth-whitening gum

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What percentage of North American children have at least one dental cavity by age five years?
2. 5%
3. 10%
4. 20%
5. 40%

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.4

1. Your neighbor’s daughter seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals. Her parents are worried about this and ask you. What would you tell her parents?
2. She is very likely to get cavities.

Correct. Eating sweets is not only likely to cause cavities, but is also related to nutritional deficiencies.

1. Sugar and starches are good for growing children.
2. Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development.
3. Most children today eat like this and it is not likely to be a problem.

Incorrect. Eating sweets is not only likely to cause cavities, but is also related to nutritional deficiencies.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.9

1. By age 3, the brain is about ____ of its adult weight, and by age 6 it is ____.
2. 50%; 70%
3. 60%; 80%
4. 70%; 90%
5. 80%; 100%

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 232

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. _____ lobe grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood.
2. The frontal
3. The parietal
4. The occipital
5. The temporal

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your brother is very impressed with his 4-year-old daughter’s development, particularly in emotional regulation. He asks your opinion about his observations and you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to ____.
2. superior genetics
3. growth in her frontal lobe

Correct. The advances are due to maturation of the neurological system.

1. superior parenting

Incorrect. The advances are due to maturation of the neurological system.

1. the new preschool that she is now attending

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.5, QR 6.1.7

1. Increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to ____?
2. cerebral spinal fluid
3. the increase in blood volume
4. the number of neurons
5. dendritic connections and myelination

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. ____ is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.
2. Corpus callosum
3. Reticular formation
4. Hippocampus
5. Amygdala

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 94 a= 94 b= 0 c= 6 d= 0 r = .42

1. Which of the following is a structure at the base of the brain that is involved in balance and motor movement?
2. cerebellum
3. reticular formation
4. hippocampus
5. corpus callosum

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.1.4

1. Yvette was diagnosed with Lyme disease and is having difficulty with balance, walking a straight line, and simple motor movements. Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing the above mentioned symptoms?
2. the cerebellum

Correct. Lyme disease is known for its effect on the cerebellum which in turn impedes motor movement and balance.

1. the reticular formation
2. the hippocampus
3. the corpus callosum

Incorrect. The cerebellum is a structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movements.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.9

1. Four-year-old Heinz is getting much better at jumping, running, climbing, and throwing a ball. It is clear that his ___ is developing.
2. hippocampus
3. reticular formation
4. temporal lobe

Incorrect. The temporal lobe is more so implicated with auditory processing, for the auditory cortex is located here.

1. cerebellum

Correct. The cerebellum is primarily responsible for balance and motor movement.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 232

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is the brain system that is involved in attention?
2. cerebellum
3. hippocampus
4. reticular formation
5. corpus callosum

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 232

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.3

1. Your neighbor has a 5-year-old son. He has been taking him to story time at the library, but his son is having a very difficult time sitting still even for ten minutes. What would you tell him about his son’s brain development? He should be able to sit through the entire story time once what brain structure develops more fully?
2. reticular formation

Correct. The reticular formation is a part of the brain involved in attention.

1. hippocampus

Incorrect. This system is involved in memory.

1. corpus callosum
2. cerebellum

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 232

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.10

1. Which of the following is a part of the brain that is involved in attention and is responsible for an increased attention span during early childhood?
2. orbital cortex
3. reticular formation
4. limbic system
5. cerebellum

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 232

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. On average, a 4- or 5-year-old child has an attention span of ____.
2. 1–2 minutes
3. 5–10 minutes
4. 10–15 minutes
5. 15–30 minutes

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 233

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.6

1. ____ is involved in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
2. The hippocampus
3. The reticular formation
4. The temporal lobe
5. The cerebellum

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 233

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.1.1

1. _____ is the inability to remember anything prior to age 2.
2. Infantile amnesia
3. Childhood disease
4. Toddler amnesia
5. Baby amnesia

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 233

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.5, Post 6.1.10

1. Your roommate and you are discussing your early childhoods. She is getting very frustrated because she cannot remember anything that happened to her before about age 2. She remembers stories that her parents told her about when she was younger, but she does not actually remember those memories herself. What would you tell her? The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is common and is referred to as ____.
2. brain damage
3. false memories
4. childhood forgetfulness

Incorrect: The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is known as infantile amnesia.

1. infantile amnesia

Correct. The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is known as infantile amnesia.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 233

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00

1. As the rate of physical growth ____ in early childhood, food consumption ____.
2. increases; grows as well
3. remains the same; is constant
4. slows down; diminishes as well
5. increases; slows down

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 233

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your 5-year-old daughter has really not eaten very much during the past couple of days. You are a bit worried, but after thinking about your developmental course, you remember that 5-year-old children ____.
2. rarely eat until their 6th birthday
3. sometimes do not really eat very much. She will probably be eating quite a bit tomorrow

Correct. Appetites vary a lot from day to day in early childhood, so there is no need to worry.

1. experience serious changes in their taste buds during this time and might avoid eating

Incorrect. No changes in taste occur during this time.

1. are likely sneaking in snacks between meals. You will need to watch her carefully

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 233–234

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 63 a= 5 b= 63 c= 21 d= 0 r = .42

1. Your 5-year-old son has not been eating a balanced diet lately even though you provide well-balanced meals for him. To get him to eat his vegetables, you tell him that if he eats all of his vegetables you will let him have his dessert. Although many parents in American culture bribe their children in this manner, what is the likely result?
2. Children learn to eat a balanced diet.
3. Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables.

Incorrect. Children do not start eating more vegetables as a result

1. Bribing children to eat their vegetables actually contributes to childhood obesity.

Correct. The assumption that young children like only high fat and sugar foods also leads parents to bribe their children to eat healthier foods, which leads the children to view healthy foods as a trial and unhealthy foods as a reward—a practice that contributes to childhood obesity.

1. Children refuse to eat vegetables unless they get sweet treats before eating vegetables.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 234

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. ____ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in the United States.
2. Fluoride
3. Folic acid
4. Calcium
5. Iron

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 234

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.1.5

1. What proportion of 3-year-old American children receive less than the recommended amount of calcium?
2. 1/3
3. 1/4
4. 2/3
5. 1/2

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 234

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Which of the following elements is responsible for the growth of strong bones and teeth?
2. calcium
3. zinc
4. fluoride
5. potassium

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. As a result of children in the United States drinking more soft drinks, they are drinking ____.
2. less milk, which is contributing to calcium deficiencies
3. more fruit juice, which is very healthy
4. kinderbeer, which contributes to alcoholism later in life
5. less fruit juice, which leads to vitamin deficiencies

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is the percentage of children in developing countries who are malnourished?
2. 80%
3. 60%
4. 40%
5. 20%

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.15

1. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that ____ of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients.
2. 40%
3. 60%
4. 80%
5. 100%

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.4

1. Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations?
2. lack of protein and lack of iron
3. lack of calcium and lack of iron
4. lack of potassium and lack of zinc
5. lack of folic acid and lack of fat

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.4

1. Iron deficiency is also known as ____.
2. kwashiorkor
3. anemia
4. osteoporosis
5. marasmus

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What deficiency is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries and leads to fatigue, irritability, and difficulty sustaining attention?
2. iron
3. calcium
4. phosphorus
5. beta carotine

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Fatigue, irritability, and difficulty sustaining attention are all symptoms of ____.
2. kwashiorkor
3. anemia
4. osteoporosis
5. marasmus

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.14

1. Pneumonia, malaria, and measles are common causes of death for children in ____.
2. developing nations

Correct. The most common cause of death for children in developing nations is illness and disease.

1. developed nations

Incorrect. In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is accidents.

1. collective cultures
2. individualistic cultures

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.1.6, QR 6.1.8

1. Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths. Why? Because lack of sufficient food ____.
2. slows the development of myelination
3. increases the likelihood of failure to thrive

Incorrect. Failure to thrive occurs in addition to adequate food sources

1. reduces the effectiveness of the immune system

Correct. Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths, because lack of sufficient food reduces the effectiveness of the body’s immune system.

1. increases competition for calories and children lose out

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.6

% correct 75 a= 13 b= 13 c= 75 d= 0 r = .33

1. The mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced in developing nations as a result of which of the following factors?
2. increased parental education and increased level of income
3. increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations
4. increased parental income and increased level of education
5. increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.13

% correct 69 a= 6 b= 19 c= 6 d= 69 r = .19

1. A friend is worried about his son who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. What would you tell him to help him worry less? This behavior is very typical because his son’s ____.
2. motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous

Correct. Children in early childhood have high activity levels and their motor development is advanced enough for them to be able to run, jump, and climb, but their cognitive development is not yet advanced enough for them to anticipate situations that might be dangerous.

1. motor development is not yet very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents

Incorrect. Motor development has advanced enough at this point; his son’s lack of cognitive development does not allow him to foresee situations that might lead to injury.

1. visual processing is lagging behind his motor development and he simply cannot see very well
2. attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father’s warnings to be careful

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.12

% correct 53 a= 53 b= 42 c= 0 d= 0 r = .41

1. In the United States, each year ____ of children under age 10 become injured badly enough to need medical attention.
2. 1/4
3. 1/2
4. 1/3
5. 2/3

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In developed countries what is the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood?
2. falling down stairs
3. parental abuse
4. electric shock
5. motor vehicle accidents

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235–236

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Gunther is 5 years old and is in a hospital emergency room. Based upon statistics, which of the following is the most likely cause?
2. a playground accident
3. a fall

Incorrect. In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is motor vehicle accidents.

1. a motor vehicle accident

Correct. In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is motor vehicle accidents.

1. a bicycle accident

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 235–236

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.11

1. Rates of early childhood injury and death due to accidents are ____.
2. lower in developing countries than in developed countries
3. higher in developing countries than in developed countries
4. higher in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures
5. lower in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 236

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In developing countries what is the most common cause of death in early childhood?
2. parental abuse
3. motor vehicle accidents
4. illness and disease
5. accidental burning

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 236

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.10

1. Which of the following best describes gross motor development in early childhood?
2. Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood.

Correct. In many ways, gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appeared in toddlerhood.

1. Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state.
2. Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable.

Incorrect. Gross motor development is predictable during early childhood.

1. Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent upon fine motor development.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 236

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.1.9

1. Kicking a soccer ball is an example of ____.
2. gross motor skills

Correct. Larger motions such as moving one’s leg are gross motor skills.

1. fine motor skills

Incorrect. Fine motor skills consist of fine movement, such as using one’s fingers.

1. ambidextrous motor skills
2. elementary motor skills

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 237

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.7

1. Using a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper is an example of a ____.
2. gross motor skill

Incorrect. A large sweeping circle would be gross motor skill.

1. fine motor skill

Correct. The fine details of a smiley face require fine motor skills.

1. ambidextrous motor skill
2. elementary motor skill

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 237

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.9

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

1. Your older brother’s college roommate is an artist. He was very much hoping that his 5-year-old daughter would grow up to be artistic as well. At this point, she can draw some shapes pretty well, like circles and triangles, but that is about it. He is a bit worried. What would you tell him?
2. She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing.
3. She probably will be a gifted athlete.

Incorrect. There is no relationship between early motor skills and later advances in these skills.

1. She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills.

Correct. By age 6, most children can draw shapes such as a circle or triangle.

1. She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 237

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.1.8

1. Gross motor skills are to ____ as fine motor skills are to ____.
2. throwing; writing

Correct. Making sweeping motions with one arm is a gross motor skill, whereas using your fingers to write is a fine motor skill.

1. writing; throwing

Incorrect. This is the opposite of what is correct.

1. running; jumping
2. jumping; running

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 237

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.6

1. ____ is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities.
2. Dominancy
3. Digital choice
4. Handedness
5. Ambidextrous

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 237

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.5

1. When is the preference for using a particular hand first developed?
2. during early childhood
3. in infancy
4. prenatally
5. during middle childhood

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 237

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.8

% correct 21 a= 53 b= 21 c= 21 d= r = .21

1. Similar to the percentage of right-handed adults, what percentage of fetuses use their right hand when sucking their thumb?
2. 30%
3. 50%
4. 70%
5. 90%

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 237

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In regards to handedness, adopted children show a greater resemblance to ____.
2. their biological parents
3. their adoptive parents
4. their biological siblings
5. their adoptive siblings

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 238

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.1.7

1. Identical twins have a _____ genetic similarity and are more likely than ordinary siblings to ____.
2. 50%; differ in handedness
3. 100%; differ in handedness

Correct. Identical (monozygotic) twins share a 100% genetic similarity but surprisingly are more likely to differ in handedness. This may be due to their positioning in vitro.

1. 50%; be similar in handedness
2. 100%; be similar in handedness

Incorrect. Identical (monozygotic) twins share a 100% genetic similarity but surprisingly are more likely to differ in handedness. This may be due to their positioning in vitro.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 238

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. The preference for using a particular hand probably occurs as a function of ____.
2. genetics
3. training
4. observational learning
5. the fetus leaning on a particular side that frees up one hand or the other for movement

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 238

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In many cultures left-handedness is ____.
2. only appropriate for males
3. acceptable for childhood but not adulthood
4. regarded with acceptance and equality

Incorrect. In modern America left-handedness is more acceptable; however, historically, left-handedness is viewed as taboo and inferior.

1. regarded with fear and contempt

Correct. Many cultures regard left-handedness with fear and contempt.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 238

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.1.7

% correct 75 a= 19 b= 6 c= 0 d= 75 r = .20

Short Answer Questions

1. 6 Are there sex differences in height and weight between the ages of 3-6 years? Explain.

Answer: Yes, boys are slightly taller and heavier than girls, but the average girl and the average boy are similar in height & weight.

Page: 231

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

1. Describe two changes in the brain that explain why Jamil, a 6-year-old, can listen attentively during library story hour and participate in the craft activity that follows it, but his 3-year-old sister, Anna, is more interested in walking around and exploring various sections of the library.

Answer: Growth of the frontal lobe allows Jamil to plan and organize, skills that will help him make an art project.

-he reticular formation is experiencing rapid myelination which leads to an increase in attention span. This explains why Jamil can focus on the story, whereas Anna moves from one stimulus to another.

Page: 232-233

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

1. Describe a nutritional problem that is more likely to be experienced in a developing country than a developed country. Include the consequences and what, if anything, can be done to avoid this problem.

Answer: Anemia- caused by a lack of protein, this deficiency causes fatigue, irritability, and cognitive problems. If a child eats iron-rich foods such as meats, grains, brown rice, and certain vegetables such as beets and potatoes, this problem can be avoided.

Page: 234

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

1. Sabine is a 6-year-old girl from Great Britain: she has two siblings: Shiloh, her 3-year-old sister and Shamus, her 5-year-old brother. Describe one fine motor skill and one gross motor skill that Sabine is better at than her younger sister. Describe one skill that her brother is better at than his older sister. Explain.

Answer: Sabine has much better fine motor coordination and can draw most letters in the alphabet and is especially good at writing her name. Shiloh is just beginning to try to try color inside lines, but she is still very messy and most of what she draws is unrecognizable. Sabine is able to cut using small scissors, but her sister can’t do this. Shamus is stronger than his older sister and can throw a ball harder and further.

Page: 236-237

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

1. Being right-handed is more common in Western countries such as the U.S. and Canada. Is this also the case in other parts of the world? Explain.

Answer: Yes, being right handed is more common all over the world. In many cultures, the left hand is believed to be evil or dangerous. For example, in many Asian and Middle Eastern cultures, the left hand is supposed to be used for cleaning oneself after going to the bathroom. It may be that the left was considered inferior to the right because left-handedness is correlated with a number of problems, such as birth complications and learning disabilities.

Page: 237-238

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

Essay Questions

1. What are two explanations for the inability to remember anything before age 2?

Answer: Awareness of the self is not stable before this age, therefore information can not be effectively organized in a self-schema.

-Memories are encoded in a narrative form; without words to describe events, the memories cannot be stored. Language development accelerates after age 2.

-The hippocampus is not fully myelinated until age 5.

Page: 233

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

1. If you were a 3-year-old living in a developing country, such as Africa, what would be the most likely cause of death as a toddler? Is this different from the leading cause of death for toddlers in the U.S.? Explain.

Answer: In developing countries, the leading cause of death in early childhood is disease. This is due to a number of factors: lack of medical care, poor nutrition that leads to a weak immune system and poor sanitation that increases chances of infection and death. Although young children in developing countries have higher rates of accidents than their age mates in developed countries, they are still most likely to die of some type of disease. The leading cause of death in developed countries is accidents.

Page: 235-236

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

Pre-test

Pre 6.1.1. From ages 3 to 6 the typical American child adds ____ pounds per year and grows ____ inches.

1. 5-7, 2-3
2. 1-5, 1-3
3. 7-10, 6-9
4. 9-12, 9-12

Answer: a

Page: 231

Pre 6.1.2. In developing countries, which of the following causes a considerably lower average height and weight during early childhood?

1. Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases
2. Higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases
3. Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid
4. Higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid

Answer: a

Page: 231

Pre 6.1.3. According to the text, compared to the average 4-year-old in Sweden, how tall is the average 6-year-old in Bangladesh?

1. The same height
2. Twice as tall
3. Three times taller
4. Four times taller

Answer: a

Page: 231

Pre 6.1.4. According to the World Health Organization, what percent of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients?

1. 80%
2. 60%
3. 40%
4. 100%

Answer: a

Page: 235

Pre 6.1.5. Which of the following is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities?

1. Handedness
2. Dominancy
3. Digital choice
4. Ambidextrous

Answer: a

Page: 238

Pre 6.1.6. Fine motor skills are to ____; whereas, gross motor skills are to ____.

1. writing; throwing
2. throwing; writing
3. jumping; running
4. running; jumping

Answer: a

Page: 237

Pre 6.1.7. According to the text, in many cultures left-handedness is ______.

1. regarded with fear and contempt
2. regarded with acceptance and equality
3. acceptable for childhood but not adulthood
4. only appropriate for males

Answer: a

Page: 238

Pre 6.1.8. When LaMar turns 3 years old, one can expect him to weigh ______.

1. 30 pounds
2. 15 pounds
3. 45 pounds
4. 60 pounds

Answer: a

Page: 231

Pre 6.1.9. Your niece seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals. Your sister and brother-in-law are worried about this and ask you what you think. What would you tell them?

1. She is very likely to get cavities.
2. Sugar and starches are good for growing children.
3. Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development.
4. Most children today eat like this and it is not likely to be a problem.

Answer: a

Page: 232

Pre 6.1.10. Your neighbor has a five-year-old son. He has been taking him to story time at the library, but his son is having a very difficult time sitting even for ten minutes. You know his son’s brain is still maturing and has not fully developed. Different areas of the brain develop at different times. Such areas are the prefrontal cortex, reticular formation, hippocampus, and the corpus callosum. His son should be able to sit through the entire story time once what brain structure develops more fully?

1. Reticular formation
2. Hippocampus
3. Corpus callosum
4. Cerebellum

Answer: a

Page: 232

Post-Test

Post 6.1.1. Why do wealthier and higher SES people have children who weigh more and are taller?

1. They have access to more nutritional foods.
2. They can pay maids to feed their children.
3. They allow their children to eat at more nutritious fast-food restaurants.
4. Wealthier parents are genetically taller than non-wealthy parents.

Answer: a

Page: 231

Post 6.1.2. The average three-year old has ____ teeth.

1. 20
2. 14
3. 26
4. 32

Answer: a

Page: 231

Post 6.1.3. According to the text, what brain structure plays the greatest role with attention?

1. Reticular formation
2. Cerebellum
3. Hippocampus
4. Corpus callosum

Answer: a

Page: 232

Post 6.1.4. Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations?

1. Lack of protein and iron
2. Lack of calcium and iron
3. Lack of potassium and protein
4. Lack of folic acid and fat

Answer: a

Page: 235

Post 6.1.5. Which of the following is the inability to remember anything prior to age 2?

1. Infantile amnesia
2. Toddler amnesia
3. Baby amnesia
4. Subcortical amnesia

Answer: a

Page: 233

Post 6.1.6. Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths. Why? Because malnourishment ______.

1. reduces the effectiveness of the immune system
2. slows the development of myelination
3. increases the likelihood of failure to thrive
4. increases competition for calories and children lose out

Answer: a

Page: 235

Post 6.1.7. Playing soccer and kicking a ball are examples of _____.

1. gross motor skills
2. fine motor skills
3. ambidextrous motor skills
4. elementary motor skills

Answer: a

Page: 237

Post 6.1.8. You neighbor is a successful artist. He would love for his 5 year-old daughter to grow up to be artistic as well. At this point, she can draw some shapes, like circles and triangles, but that is about it. Your neighbor is a bit worried. What would you tell him?

1. She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills.
2. She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing.
3. She probably will be a gifted athlete.
4. She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing.

Answer: a

Page: 237

Post 6.1.9. Karen was diagnosed with Lyme Disease and is having difficulty with balance, walking a straight line, and simple motor movements. Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing the above mentioned symptoms?

1. The cerebellum
2. The pons
3. The hippocampus
4. The amygdala

Answer: a

Page: 232

Post 6.1.10. Your college roommate was born in war-torn Cambodia and immigrated to America at the age of two. Trying to understand his life you ask him what it was like in Cambodia. In response, he says he only knows what he has been told by his older brothers and sisters and cannot remember anything himself. You are not worried by his amnesic state because it is common for individuals not to recall the first few years of life due to infantile amnesia. What is clear is that your roommate’s siblings are older than him and can recall their time in Cambodia. In regards to brain development and the encoding and retrieval of long-term memories, your roommate’s siblings are at least ____ years older than him.

1. 3
2. 5
3. 7
4. 9

Answer: a

Page: 233

Chapter Exam

CE 6.1.1. One can expect the average 3 year-old to weigh:

1. 30 pounds.
2. 20 pounds.
3. 40 pounds.
4. 50 pounds.

Answer: a

Page: 231

CE 6.1.2. Savannah lives in America and is 45 inches tall and weighs 45 pounds. Knowing her height and weight, it is safe to say that Savannah is around:

1. 6 years old.
2. 2 years old.
3. 4 years old.
4. 8 years old.

Answer: a

Page: 231

CE 6.1.3. Shameeka is 3 years old. How many teeth would you expect her to have?

1. 20
2. 10
3. 16
4. 26

Answer: a

Page: 231

CE 6.1.4. According to the text, what percent of North American children have at least one dental cavity by their fifth birthday?

1. 40%
2. 20%
3. 60%
4. 80%

Answer: a

Page: 232

CE 6.1.5. Your brother is very impressed with his daughter’s development, particularly in emotional regulation. He asks your opinion about his observations. Having just completed your reading on brain development, you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to her ______.

1. growth in the frontal lobe
2. superior genetics
3. advanced temporal lobe
4. rapidly developing occipital lobe

Answer: a

Page: 232

CE 6.1.6. _____ are primarily responsible for the increase in brain size and weight during early childhood.

1. Dendritic connections and myelination
2. The number of neurons
3. The increase in blood volume
4. Cerebral spinal fluid

Answer: a

Page: 232

CE 6.1.7. In regards to handedness, adopted children show a greater resemblance to their ______.

1. biological parents
2. adoptive parents
3. biological siblings
4. adoptive siblings

Answer: a

Page: 238

CE 6.1.8. One can see a preference for the use of a particular hand, handedness, over another as early as ______

1. the prenatal period
2. in infancy
3. during early childhood
4. during middle childhood

Answer: a

Page: 237

CE 6.1.9. A child using a pencil to draw a picture of his or her family on a sheet of paper is an example of ______.

1. fine motor skills
2. gross motor skills
3. conditioned motor skills
4. superficial motor skills

Answer: a

Page: 237

CE 6.1.10. In developing countries, _____ is/are the most common cause of death in early childhood.

1. illness and disease
2. parental abuse
3. motor vehicle accidents
4. accidental burning

Answer: a

Page: 236

CE 6.1.11. Gunther is 5 years old, lives in a developed nation, and is in a hospital emergency room. Statistically speaking, which of the following is the most likely cause?

1. a motor vehicle accident
2. a fall
3. a bicycle
4. a playground

Answer: a

Page: 235–236

CE 6.1.12. Your friend is worried about his son who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. What would you tell him to help him worry less? This behavior is very typical because his son’s ______.

1. motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous
2. motor development is not very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents
3. visual processing is lagging behind his motor development and he simply cannot see very well
4. attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father’s warnings to be careful

Answer: a

Page: 235

CE 6.1.13. In developing nations the mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced due to ______.

1. increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations
2. increased parental income and increased level of education
3. increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations
4. increased parental education and increased level of income

Answer: a

Page: 235

CE 6.1.14. According to the text, symptoms of _____ include fatigue, irritability, and difficulty sustaining attention.

1. anemia
2. osteoporosis
3. marasmus
4. lime-tic disease

Answer: a

Page: 235

CE 6.1.15. What is the percent of children in developing countries that are malnourished?

1. 80%
2. 60%
3. 40%
4. 20%

Answer: a

Page: 235

Quick Review

QR 6.1.1. Which of the following structures of the brain is directly involved in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

1. The hippocampus
2. The reticular formation
3. The temporal lobe
4. The pons

Answer: a

Page: 233–234

QR 6.1.2. Based on the text, the typical 6 year-old is about ____ inches tall.

1. 45
2. 30
3. 60
4. 75

Answer: a

Page: 231

QR 6.1.3. For the time period of 3 to 6 years, boys are slightly ____ than girls.

1. taller and heavier
2. fatter and smaller
3. shorter and lighter
4. more sympathetic and sensitive

Answer: a

Page: 231

QR 6.1.4. What is the brain structure located at the base of the brain that is involved in balance and motor movements?

1. Cerebellum
2. Prefrontal cortex
3. Temporal lobe
4. Corpus callosum

Answer: a

Page: 232

QR 6.1.5. ____ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in the United States.

1. Calcium
2. Iron
3. Folic acid
4. Vitamin C

Answer: a

Page: 234

QR 6.1.6. Pneumonia and ____ are common causes of disease for children in ____.

1. malaria; developing nations
2. measles; developed nations
3. HIV; individualistic cultures
4. tuberculosis; collective cultures

Answer: a

Page: 235

QR 6.1.7. Based upon the reading, identical twins have _____ genetic similarity and are more likely to ____.

1. 100%; differ in handedness
2. 50%; be similar in handedness
3. 50%; differ in handedness
4. 100%; be similar in handedness

Answer: a

Page: 238

QR 6.1.8. In _____, pneumonia, malaria, and measles are common causes of children’s death.

1. developing nations
2. developed nations
3. collective cultures
4. individualistic cultures

Answer: a

Page: 235

QR 6.1.9. Based upon the text, which statement best describes gross motor development in early childhood?

1. Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood
2. Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state
3. Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable
4. Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent upon fine motor development

Answer: a

Page: 236

QR 6.1.10. Which of the following is a cause for why the average heights and weights of children in early childhood in developing countries are considerably lower than developed countries?

1. Poor nutrition and diseases
2. Poor school lunches and poorly trained teachers
3. Children in developing countries tend to be obese
4. Genetically the heights of these children are at maximum

Answer: a

Page: 231

Video Guide Questions

Short Answer Questions

1. In this video, the narrator mentions skills that children are better able to complete due to automaticity. Explain automaticity and list at least three activities that children are better able to perform.

Answer: Automaticity is the ability to perform behaviors and actions without thinking about them. Three activities that children are better able to perform with automaticity include walking, running, and skipping.

1. What are some benefits of children gaining hand preference?

Answer: Writing, using utensils independently (feeding, scissors, etc.), basically once hand preference is achieved the children continue toward the path of becoming more independent.

Learning Objective: 6.5

1. The narrator of this video tells us that the rate of physical growth slows in the early childhood years. What impact would this have on the food and nutritional requirements of children in this age group?

Answer: When growth slows, then the food intake and nutritional needs will slow as well.

Learning Objective: 6.3

Multiple Choice Questions

1. During which of the following developmental periods is the child’s rate of growth the fastest?
2. the first 2 years
3. ages 2-3
4. ages 3-4
5. ages 5-6

Answer: A

Learning Objective: 6.1

1. The development of “automacity” allows the child to _________.
2. perform behaviors without thinking about them
3. develop a “handedness” preference for the right or the left hand
4. speak in full sentences, rather than in short words interspersed with pauses
5. deal with separation anxiety from the parent or caregiver

Answer: A

1. Children’s activity levels generally peak between the ages of _________.
2. 6 months and 1 year
3. 1 year and 2 years
4. 2 years and 3 years
5. 4 years and 5 years

Answer: C

Section 2 Cognitive Development

Test Item File

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Piaget, it is not until _____ that we truly become representational thinkers.
2. early infancy
3. early toddlerhood

Incorrect. It is not until early childhood that language becomes strong enough to where individuals become truly representational in their thinking.

1. early childhood

Correct. It is not until early childhood that language becomes strong enough to where individuals become truly representational in their thinking.

1. early teens

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 240

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.2.7

1. What marks the beginning of representational thought? When children begin to ____.
2. remember where they left play objects
3. recognize their family members
4. internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities

Correct. Gradually toward the end of the sensorimotor period, in the second half of the second year, children begin to internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities, marking the beginning of representational thought.

1. externalize their true wishes and desires

Incorrect. Gradually toward the end of the sensorimotor period, in the second half of the second year, children begin to internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities, marking the beginning of representational thought.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 240

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.2.1

% correct 53 a= 11 b= 5 c= 53 d= 32 r = .21

1. The preoperational stage of cognitive development occurs between the ages of ____.
2. birth–2
3. 2–7
4. 7–11
5. 11–adulthood

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 240

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.2.1

1. According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.
2. sensorimotor
3. preoperational
4. concrete operations
5. formal operations

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 240

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.2.4, CE 6.2.1

1. What stage emphasizes that children were unable yet to perform mental operations?
2. sensorimotor
3. preoperational
4. concrete operational
5. formal operational

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 240

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What term did Piaget use to describe cognitive procedures that followed certain logical rules?
2. operations
3. constructions
4. scaffolds
5. stages

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 240

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.2.2

1. _____ is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.
2. Animism
3. Egocentrism
4. Reversibility
5. Conservation

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 241

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.2.2, QR 6.2.8

1. You are visiting your sister who has 4-year-old twins. They ask if they can have some milk and you are pouring it for them. One glass that you chose was tall and thin and the other was short and wide. After you poured the milk your niece is very unhappy because you gave “more” milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to ____.
2. conserve

Correct. Conservation is the mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes.

1. operate
2. center

Incorrect. Conservation is the mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes.

1. tertiary operate

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 241

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.2.8, Pre 6.2.10

% correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .45

1. Which of the following statements best captures why a child may fail the conservation task?
2. “They can reverse the action mentally and can see that the amount of water is the same.”

Incorrect. Children often fail the conservation task for two reasons: Their thinking is centered (only focusing on one property of a problem) and they lack reversibility.

1. “They fail to understand that the amount of water remains the same even though the appearance of the water changes.”

Correct. Children often fail the conservation task for two reasons: their thinking is centered (only focusing on one property of a problem) and they lack reversibility.

1. “They tend to pick the photo that matches their own perspective, not the dolls.”
2. “They frequently attribute human thoughts and feelings to stuffed animals and dolls, often thoughts and feelings they have themselves.”

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 241

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 6.2.7

1. What is the term that is used to describe young children’s thinking in which they often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects?
2. conservation
3. egocentrism
4. centration
5. animism

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 241

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.2.3

% correct 75 a= 13 b= 0 c= 75 d= 0 r = .44

1. Which of the following best describes a child, in Piagetian terms, who is centered?
2. “They lack the ability to distinguish between their own perspective and another person’s perspective.”
3. “They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.”
4. “They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.”

Correct. Centration is 1 of 2 hallmarks of why a child may fail the conservation task. They focus on one aspect of a problem and cannot weigh or mange two aspects simultaneously.

1. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.”

Incorrect. Centration means that young children’s thinking is centered or focused on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 241

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.2.6

1. What is the term that is used to describe young children’s thinking in which they are mentally able to change an object’s characteristics back to its original form?
2. conservation
3. animism
4. centration
5. reversibility

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. _____ is the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective.
2. Reversibility
3. Intuitive thought
4. Egocentrism
5. Conservation

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is the term that is used to describe when individuals are unable to distinguish between their own perspective and another person’s perspective?
2. conservation
3. egocentrism
4. centration
5. reversibility

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is the task that Piaget and Inhelder devised to demonstrate egocentrism during the preoperational stage?
2. three mountains task
3. “it is about me” task
4. self-centered task
5. ego-stability task

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 69 a= 69 b= 0 c= 13 d= 0 r = .40

1. The child who is experiencing egocentrism and completing the three mountains task will describe ____ perspective.
2. their own

Correct. Hallmark of the egocentrism in the three mountains task the child will give their own perspective. This occurs at early preoperational stage.

1. the doll’s
2. the researcher’s
3. their mother’s

Incorrect. The hallmark of egocentrism in the three mountains task is that the child will give his or her own perspective.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 242

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.2.4

1. You just came back from class in which the topic was egocentrism in the preoperational stage. You have a 4-year-old and thought that you would see if what you learned was accurate. You are sitting directly across from her and ask her to look at the front and back cover of her favorite book. After she did this you asked her to describe “the part of the book I am looking at.” What does she tell you?
2. how many pages there are in the book
3. what you see

Incorrect: She would be telling you what she is seeing because she is not capable of taking another’s point of view.

1. what she sees

Correct. She would be telling you what she is seeing because she is not capable of taking another’s point of view.

1. what the story is about

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.2.10

% correct 90 a= 10 b= 0 c= 90 d= 0 r = .21

1. The child who lacks egocentrism when completing the three mountains task will describe ____ perspective.
2. their own

Incorrect. Giving their own perspective is an illustration of egocentrism.

1. the doll’s

Correct. Describing the doll’s perspective is an illustration that the child has overcome or lacks egocentrism.

1. the researcher’s
2. their mother’s

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 242

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.2.14

1. Animism is ____.
2. the ability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective
3. attributing human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces
4. focusing on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects
5. difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one “class” or group

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.2.15

1. What is the term that describes the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces?
2. humanitarianism
3. egocentrism
4. animism
5. socialism

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. You are visiting your sister and she has a 4-year old daughter. You have not been around young children very much except for your niece and you are fascinated with her. You notice that while she plays, she acts like her dolls are real. What type of thinking is your niece demonstrating?
2. humanitarianism
3. egocentrism

Incorrect. Animism is the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.

1. animism

Correct.

1. socialism

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 242

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Emma is having a tea party with her stuffed animals and dolls, and pretends that they love the tea and cookies she prepared. Emma’s belief that her stuffed animals and dolls are alive and hold human qualities is an example of ____.
2. conservation
3. egocentrism

Incorrect. Animism is the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.

1. classification
2. animism

Correct. Animism is common for children in later preoperational thought and is a cornerstone of pretend and imaginative play.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 6.2.9

1. Having received a new bike for his birthday, Grant tells his mother that the bike needs to come inside the house at night because it might get lonely in the garage by itself. Grant’s rationale for why his bike needs to come inside the house is best explained by Piaget’s concept of ____.
2. egocentrism

Incorrect. Animism is the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.

1. centration
2. animism

Correct. Grant is placing a live quality (emotions) to his bike (an inanimate object)

1. reversibility

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 242

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.2.5

1. ____ is when preoperational children understand that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one “class” or group.
2. Egocentrism
3. Conservation
4. Reversibility
5. Classification

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Preoperational children lack the ability to comprehend that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one group. Piaget referred to this as a lack of a capacity for ____.
2. transference
3. sorting
4. configuring
5. classification

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 6.2.6

1. Which of the following best describes a child who lacks classification?
2. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.”

Correct. Classification is the ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group.

1. “They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.”

Incorrect. Classification is the ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group.

1. “They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.”
2. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.”

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 242

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development has ____ substages.
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is the name of the Piagetian substage in which children are first capable of representational thought and of using symbols to represent the world?
2. formal operations
3. representational operations
4. systematic thought
5. symbolic function

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 242

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. According to Piaget, children begin using their new cognitive skills as they acquire them, and many times these new cognitive skills can be witnessed during play. What would be an example of children using symbolic functioning during play?
2. using a stick as a “magic wand” turning rocks into dolls

Correct. The symbolic function substage refers to children using symbols to represent the world around them.

1. leaving their footprints in the dirt

Incorrect. The symbolic function substage refers to children using symbols to represent the world around them.

1. pretending that they are on a different planet
2. engaging in play in which there are two or more teams

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 242–243

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.2.9

1. Which of the following are the substages of Piaget’s preoperational thought?
2. sensorimotor and concrete operations
3. symbolic function and intuitive thought
4. egocentrism and reversibility
5. formal operations and abstract thought

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 242–243

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 6.2.3

1. The substage of intuitive thought lasts from the ages of ____.
2. 2 to 4
3. 4 to 7
4. 7 to 11
5. 11 to adulthood

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 243

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is the name of the substage in which Piaget indicated that children seem to ask the question “Why?” very frequently?
2. formal operations
3. representational operations
4. intuitive thought
5. symbolic function

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 243

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your neighbor has a 4-year-old son who is driving her crazy. He is constantly asking “Why?” about everything. She knew that children asked questions, but she was surprised to learn how frequently the question arose and that her answers seemed to only lead to another “Why?” According to Piaget, her son has developed a more complex way of thinking. Which of Piaget’s substages would you tell her that her son is probably in?
2. formal operations
3. representational operations

Incorrect. During the intuitive thought substage, children become highly curious about the world, frequently asking “Why?” when others provide them with information.

1. intuitive thought

Correct. During the intuitive thought substage, children become highly curious about the world, frequently asking “Why?” when others provide them with information.

1. symbolic function

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 243

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is one of the criticisms that other cognitive theorists and researchers have regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage?
2. Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities.
3. Piaget overestimated children’s capabilities.
4. Piaget did not really like children.
5. Piaget was biased since his theory was mostly based on observation of his children.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 243

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .47

1. What is one of the criticisms that other cognitive theorists and researchers have regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage? They believe that development is actually much more ____.
2. vacillating and not predictable
3. stable and rarely changed
4. stage-like and less continuous
5. continuous and much less stage-like

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 243

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Researchers have found that 2- to 7-year-old children are actually less egocentric than Piaget thought. What is an example of a toddler understanding the perspective of someone else?
2. when a toddler breaks the favorite toy of an older sibling to annoy him or her

Correct. Doing something to annoy a sibling, such as breaking a favorite toy of theirs, is an example of a toddler showing the beginnings of an ability to take others’ perspectives.

1. when a toddler dreams that he or she is someone else
2. when a toddler speaks in long sentences to babies

Incorrect. Doing something to annoy a sibling, such as breaking a favorite toy of theirs, is an example of a toddler showing the beginnings of an ability to take others’ perspectives.

1. when a toddler eats his or her meal as quickly as possible

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 243

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. ____ is the ability to understand the thinking process in oneself and others.
2. Theory of mind
3. Unconscious cognition
4. Subliminal thought
5. Hypothesis of thinking

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 243

Chapter 7 Middle Childhood

Section 1 Physical Development……………………………………………………………………….. 726

Test Item File………………………………………………………………………………………………… 726

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 726

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 755

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 756

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank………………………………………………………………… 757

Pre-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 757

Post-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 759

Chapter Exam……………………………………………………………………………………………. 761

Quick Review……………………………………………………………………………………………. 763

Video Guide Questions………………………………………………………………………………….. 766

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 766

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 766

Section 2 Cognitive Development……………………………………………………………………… 768

Test Item File………………………………………………………………………………………………… 768

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 768

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 801

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 802

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank………………………………………………………………… 804

Pre-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 804

Post-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 806

Chapter Exam……………………………………………………………………………………………. 808

Quick Review……………………………………………………………………………………………. 811

Video Guide Questions………………………………………………………………………………….. 813

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 813

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 813

Section 3 Emotional and Social Development……………………………………………………. 815

Test Item File………………………………………………………………………………………………… 815

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 815

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 852

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 853

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank………………………………………………………………… 855

Pre-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 855

Post-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 857

Chapter Exam……………………………………………………………………………………………. 859

Quick Review……………………………………………………………………………………………. 862

Video Guide Questions………………………………………………………………………………….. 857

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 857

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 857

Section 1 Physical Development

Test Item File

Difficulty

1=Easy; 2=Moderate; 3=Difficult

Learning Objective number refers to the textbook’s learning objectives.

MDL Parallel Question ID refers to the correlating question found in MyDevelopmentLab. For your convenience, the MyDevelopmentLab items for this chapter are included in this document after the Test Item File.

Pre=Pre-Test

Post=Post-Test

CE=Chapter Exam

QR=Quick Review

Multiple Choice Questions

1. During middle childhood, children become ____ susceptible to disease, ____ vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition, and ____ likely to have accidents that result in injury or death.
2. less; less; less

Correct. Globally speaking, middle childhood is a time of greater physical stability and individuals during this time period are less likely to die due to malnutrition disease and accidents.

1. less; less; more

Incorrect. Middle childhood is an exceptionally healthy time of life, as children become less susceptible to disease, less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition, and less likely to have accidents that result in injury or death.

1. less; more; more
2. more; more; more

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 286

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 56 a= 56 b= 38 c= 6 d= 0 r = .52

1. In middle childhood physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many inches per year does the average child gain in height during this time?
2. 2 to 3 inches
3. 5 to 6 inches
4. 8 to 9 inches
5. 11 to 12 inches

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 286

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.1

1. In middle childhood physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many pounds per year does the average child gain in weight during this time?
2. 2 to 4 pounds
3. 5 to 7 pounds
4. 7 to 9 pounds
5. 10 to 12 pounds

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 286

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.1

1. During which of the following time periods of life are boys and girls most likely to be the slimmest?
2. infancy
3. middle childhood
4. adolescents
5. late childhood

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 286

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.1

% correct 81 a= 0 b= 81 c= 13 d= 6 r = .79

1. What is the measure of the ratio of weight to height called?
2. growth index
3. body fat index
4. body mass index
5. W-H index

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 286

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.1

1. ____ is a measure of the ratio of weight to height.
2. Body growth scale
3. Body mass index
4. Progressive development index
5. Physiological rating

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 286

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Children during middle childhood can run faster and longer. What allows children to achieve these results during this time in the lifespan?
2. The heart grows 80% larger during this time.

Incorrect. Lung capacity leads to better endurance during this time in the lifespan.

1. Competition leads to increased willingness to put forth more effort.
2. Cognitive desire increases.
3. Lung capacity expands.

Correct. Lung capacity leads to better endurance during this time in the lifespan.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 286

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. When he was 6 years old, Perry used to chase his older brother, Marcus, in the backyard, but got winded sooner than Marcus did. Now that Perry is a 9-year-old, he can run faster and longer than ever before and has less trouble keeping up with Marcus’s pace. This is a result of increased ____ in middle childhood.
2. lung capacity

Correct. Beyond physical and neurological growth, increased lung capacity helps Perry to run faster.

1. fine motor movement

Incorrect. Children run faster and longer over the course of middle childhood, as lung capacity expands.

1. flexibility
2. myopic vision

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 286

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.2

1. From ages 6 to 12 years, how many primary teeth do children lose?
2. a quarter of them
3. half of them
4. three-quarters
5. all of them

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 286

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. How many primary teeth do children have?
2. 10
3. 20
4. 30
5. 40

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 286

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your sister has an 8-year-old who seems to be losing his teeth at a rapid pace. This is her first child and she is concerned. What would you tell her? From age 6 to 12 years, children ____.
2. lose all of their primary teeth—this is normal

Correct. From age 6 to 12, children lose all 20 of their primary teeth and new, permanent teeth replace them.

1. lose some of their teeth, but at a very slow rate
2. do not lose any teeth—she needs to consult a dentist immediately

Incorrect. From age 6 to 12, children lose all 20 of their primary teeth and new, permanent teeth replace them.

1. only lose the front few teeth

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 286

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Hearing improves in middle childhood because the tube in the inner ear that is often the site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured to be longer and narrower than it was before. How does this help with ear infections?
2. The tympanic membrane becomes less permeable.
3. It allows the immune system to concentrate its efforts on this area.
4. Children develop immunity to the bacteria that cause ear infections during this time.

Incorrect. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes inner ear infections less likely.

1. Less bacteria-containing fluid flows from the mouth to the ear.

Correct. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes inner ear infections less likely.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 287

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your 4-year-old niece has inner ear infections fairly often. What is a bit of good news that you could tell her mother? In middle childhood ____.
2. she will have more ear infections, but the infections build a stronger immune system
3. she will have fewer ear infections, and the earlier infections might lead to improved hearing later
4. changes in the ear will help children become better listeners

Incorrect. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes inner ear infections less likely.

1. changes in the ear will result in fewer ear infections

Correct. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes inner ear infections less likely.

Answer D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 287

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.2

1. What terms describes nearsightedness?
2. myopia
3. presbyscusis
4. hyperopia
5. protanopia

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.2, CE 7.1.3

1. Myopia is also known as ____.
2. farsightedness
3. nearsightedness
4. binocular vision
5. monocular vision

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.2

1. Your sister came home from a pediatrician’s visit with your 9-year-old nephew and was very worried because the doctor told her that your nephew has myopia. She was also very unhappy because the pediatrician failed to give her medication to treat it. What would you tell her about myopia?
2. It simply means nearsightedness.

Correct. Myopia is nearsightedness.

1. It is an intense fungal infection of the sclera.
2. It results in permanent retinal damage.

Incorrect. Myopia is nearsightedness.

1. It is a disease of the eye that occurs only in children with cancer.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is a factor that can lead to children developing nearsightedness?
2. reading

Correct. Reading, writing, and using computers often are factors that can lead to children developing myopia.

1. watching movies

Incorrect. Reading, writing, and using computers often are factors that can lead to children developing myopia.

1. bird watching
2. batting at the batting cage

Answer A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your sister is happy that your niece loves to read and she reads constantly. What is a potential problem that can occur as a function of reading?
2. hyperopia

Incorrect. Reading is associated with nearsightedness—myopia.

1. protanopia
2. myopia

Correct. Reading is associated with nearsightedness—myopia.

1. retinopathy

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Myopia is more likely to occur in _____ as it is positively correlated with _____.
2. developed countries; reading, writing, and using computers

Correct. The rate of nearsightedness is higher in developed countries, and the problem is more likely to occur when the rate of reading, writing, and the use of computers increases.

1. developing countries; reading, writing, and using computers

Incorrect. Myopia is a problem that is more likely to occur in developed countries than in developing countries. The more children read, write, and use computers, the more likely they are to develop myopia.

1. developed countries; hunting, farming, and gathering
2. developing countries; hunting, farming, and gathering

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 287

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 88 a= 88 b= 0 c= 0 d= 13 r = .55

1. Which of the following pairs has the highest concordance rate for myopia?
2. monozygotic twins in a developed nation

Correct. Myopia being partly genetic and partly environmental, monozygotic twins in a developed nation are more likely to have a closer concordance rate.

1. monozygotic twins in a developing nation
2. dizygotic twins in a developed nation
3. dizygotic twins in a developing nation

Incorrect. Myopia is a problem that is more likely to occur in developing countries than in developing countries, and in MZ twins more than DZ twins since it is also partly genetic.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 287

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.4

1. According to Mutti et al. (2002), what percentage of children in developed countries need glasses by the end of middle childhood?
2. 15%
3. 25%
4. 35%
5. 45%

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. When are children less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition?
2. infancy
3. early childhood
4. middle childhood
5. adolescence

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. As compared to earlier times, physical development during middle childhood is best described as ____.
2. “Bodies are stronger and immune systems are better developed.”

Correct. Body strength and a better developed immune system contribute to a higher rate of survival during middle childhood.

1. “Bodies are much more susceptible to disease and illness.”
2. “Bodies are much pudgier with a higher body mass index.”
3. “Bodies are much weaker and immune systems are stressed and taxed.”

Incorrect. In middle childhood, bodies are stronger and more resilient, and immune systems are better developed.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.3

% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

1. Barrett and Frank (1987) studied children from Guatemala who were classified as having high nutrient levels or low nutrient levels. Compared to children with low nutrient levels, children with high nutrient levels were ____.
2. more likely to persist in a frustrating situation

Correct. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels were more likely than children with low nutrient levels to explore new environments in middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation. They were also more energetic, less anxious, and showed more positive emotion.

1. likely to cling to their mothers more

Incorrect. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels were more likely than children with low nutrient levels to explore new environments in middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation. They were also more energetic, less anxious, and showed more positive emotion.

1. significantly more anxious
2. less likely to be energetic

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.3

1. In a Guatemalan study that examined nutrition and development, children who were classified as having ____ were more likely than children with ____ to explore new environments in middle childhood and persist in a frustrating situation.
2. low body mass index; high body mass index
3. high body mass index; low body mass index

Incorrect. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels were more likely than children with low nutrient levels to explore new environments in middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation.

1. low nutrient levels; high nutrient levels
2. high nutrient levels; low nutrient levels

Correct. From this study it was clear that higher nutritional levels led to a greater degree of exploration and positive emotions; physiological development correlates to stronger cognitive and social measures.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Internationally, children aged 6 to 10 years are considered to be overweight if ____.
2. they eat more than 2,000 calories a day
3. fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day
4. have a BMI that exceeds 18
5. have 20% or more body fat

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287–288

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.5, QR 7.1.3

1. Internationally, children aged 6 to 10 years are considered to be obese if ____.
2. they eat more than 4,000 calories a day
3. fail to exercise for more than 10 minutes per day
4. have a BMI that exceeds 21
5. have 40% or more body fat

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287–288

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your little brother, who is 8 years old, has gained a lot of weight over the past couple of years and your parents are concerned. At his annual physical exam, the doctor indicated that he had a BMI of 23. This means that your brother ____.
2. is obese

Correct. A BMI of 23 for children this age indicates obesity.

1. is overweight

Incorrect. A BMI of 23 for children this age indicates obesity.

1. is of normal weight
2. is actually underweight for his age

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287–288

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Internationally, children ages 6 to 10 are considered to be ____ if their BMI exceeds 18 and ____ if their BMI exceeds 21.
2. overweight; obese
3. obese; overweight
4. underweight; emaciated
5. emaciated; underweight

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 287–288

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most ____ regions and lowest in the ____ regions.
2. affluent; poorest
3. poorest; affluent
4. largest; smallest
5. smallest; largest

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 75 a= 75 b= 0 c= 19 d= 6 r = .25

1. In the U.S., rates of overweight and obesity are higher in ____.
2. ethnic minority groups
3. high income families
4. first-generation families
5. White American families

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Which of the following changes is the largest contributor to the increased rate of overweight and obese children?
2. dietary change
3. genetic change
4. chromosomal change
5. biological change

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 288

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.6

1. You are a single parent of two children who are 7 and 9 years old. You have noticed that both of them are starting to look like they are gaining weight. According to the text, what is the most important thing that you can do to insure that they will not become overweight or obese?
2. prepare healthy foods for meals

Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising because more and more parents have become less likely to prepare meals at home and more likely to buy meals away from home, especially “fast foods” that are high in fat content.

1. never let them eat desserts

Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising because more and more parents have become less likely to prepare meals at home and more likely to buy meals away from home, especially “fast foods” that are high in fat content.

1. increase their activity levels
2. allow them to snack while playing video games

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.4

1. As a contributor to the ____ rate of obesity, over recent decades people have become ____ likely to prepare meals at home and ____ likely to buy meals away from home.
2. increased; less; more

Correct. The rate of obesity has increased; dietary behaviors such as eating out have been isolated as a contributing factor

1. increased; more; less

Incorrect. The most important contribution to the rise in childhood obesity is the change in diets. Over recent decades people have become less likely to prepare meals at home and more likely to buy meals away from home, especially “fast foods” that are high in fat content.

1. decreased; less; more
2. decreased; more; less

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Why are the rates of overweight and obese children in developing countries rising?
2. There is a worldwide shortage of protein.

Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in developed countries—fewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more “fast foods” that are high in fat content.

1. Their children are becoming lazy.
2. Their diets are becoming more like the diets of developed countries.

Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in developed countries—fewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more “fast foods” that are high in fat content.

1. They are also acquiring the technology to play games on the Internet for hours.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.4

1. Your roommate and you are having a discussion of the “Westernization” of many developing countries. You are concerned about the ill effects of some of Western culture. In terms of healthy weight of children in developing countries, why would you be concerned about the potential changes in their diets that can come with Westernization? Children in developing countries ____.
2. can now get pre-packaged Western foods that contain precisely the nutrients that they require

Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in developed countries—fewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more “fast foods” high in fat content.

1. require that their diets contain fluoride because of the great risk of tooth decay
2. need extra calories to be healthy and Western diets are not sufficient
3. are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets

Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in developed countries—fewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more “fast foods” high in fat content.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11, TV-watching predicted gains in ____.
2. body fat
3. academic scores
4. cognitive ability
5. socioemotional maturity

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 288

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.7

% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

1. In a longitudinal study, Proctor et al. (2003) found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day ____.
2. gained 40% more body fat than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day

Correct. The study found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.

1. earned better grades than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day

Incorrect. The study found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.

1. increased their reaction time scores by 35% compared to children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
2. were more likely to develop Type II diabetes than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.4

1. Your brother was happy to report to you that your 7-year-old niece and 8-year-old nephew both watch about three hours of educational television per day. He is convinced that this is a great way for his children to learn additional information that is not presented in school. What do you think? Your niece and nephew are likely to ____.
2. develop technical skills that other children their ages do not possess
3. skip a grade level soon

Incorrect: Proctor et al. found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.

1. be on their way to becoming overweight or obese

Correct. Proctor et al. found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.

1. be two of the smartest children at their schools

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11, TV watching predicted gains in body fat. The study found that these were ____.
2. positively correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat increased

Correct. The longitudinal study by Roberts and Foehr, 2004 illustrated a positive correlation between TV consumption and body fat.

1. negatively correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat decreased
2. uncorrelated—there is no relationship between TV consumption and body fat
3. neutrally correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat remained the same

Incorrect. The study showed that children who watched at least 3 hours of TV a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. As children spend more time watching TV they are more likely to be____ and spend less time ____.
2. overweight or obese; exercising

Correct. TV consumption is negatively correlated with exercise.

1. underweight or thin; using a computer
2. of average weight; reading

Incorrect. Studies have shown that the amount of television watching is positively correlated to childhood obesity and negatively correlated with the amount of time spent in physical exercise.

1. overweight or underweight; in school

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Why are rates of overweight and obese children especially high among African American and Latino children?
2. they have no place to play outside
3. they are genetically more likely to become overweight and obese

Incorrect: These children watch more television than other groups. Amount of time viewing television is related to gaining body fat.

1. their mothers are less likely to prepare nutritious meals
2. they tend to watch the most television per day

Correct. These children watch more television than other groups. Amount of time viewing television is related to gaining body fat.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 288

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.5

1. What has research discovered regarding childhood obesity in children who were adopted? Adopted children ____.
2. have BMIs that are more similar to their adoptive parents
3. are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents

Incorrect. Adopted children tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.

1. crave sweets and fats like their biological parents
2. have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents

Correct. Adopted children tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 289

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.8

1. Adopted children tend to have a ____ that is closer to their ____ than to their ____.
2. BMI; biological parents; adoptive parents

Correct. Genetics has been shown to be contributor to obesity; the closer the genetic relationship, the greater the similarity.

1. BMI; adoptive parents; biological parents

Incorrect. Genetics make a contribution to obesity, as adopted children tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.

1. blood glucose level; biological parents; adoptive parents
2. blood glucose level; adoptive parents; biological parents

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 289

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What can be said regarding the relationship between genetics and obesity?
2. Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.

Correct. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, as genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.

1. Genetics is destiny. If an individual has the FTO gene, he or she will become obese.

Incorrect. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, as genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.

1. There really is no genetic relationship, only environment.
2. Eating sweets and carbs changes chromosome so that the individual’s offspring will have difficulties with obesity.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 289

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.5, Pre 7.1.5

1. You have a friend whose parents are obese. Since he graduated from college he has devoted a significant amount of his efforts to doing well in his new job, leaving him with less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals. Consequently, he has gained weight. He is concerned that since he must have the FTO gene, that he is doomed to be obese like his parents are. What would you tell him?
2. Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. If he eats nutritious meals and begins to exercise, he should lose the weight.

Correct. Recent research has identified a specific gene, called FTO, that sharply increases children’s risk for obesity. However, genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.

1. Genetics is destiny. He might as well not worry about becoming obese since he is definitely going to be obese no matter what he does.

Incorrect. Recent research has identified a specific gene, called FTO, that sharply increases children’s risk for obesity. However, genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.

1. His weight gain has nothing to do with his parents. There really is no genetic relationship.
2. His parents must have eaten quite a bit of sweets and carbs before he was conceived and he now has the genes for obesity.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 289

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. A compelling study of the Pima Indians in Arizona and Mexico was conducted. The Pima Indians who live in Mexico continue to eat a diet that is high in vegetables and low in fat and sugars, while the Pima Indians who live in Arizona eat more like mainstream Americans. Which of the following best describes the result of this study?
2. The Mexican Pima Indians have a BMI that is 80% higher than the American Pima Indians.

Incorrect. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than their counterparts in Mexico.

1. The Mexican and American Pima Indians have equal BMIs.
2. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than the Mexican Pima Indians.

Correct. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than their counterparts in Mexico.

1. The study was a hoax to argue that eating a traditional diet was healthier, which is not true.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 289

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Socially, being obese ____ the likelihood that a child will be socially ____ and the object of ____ by peers.
2. decreases; accepted; envy

Incorrect. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and the object of ridicule by peers.

1. decreases; rejected; ridicule
2. increases; included; envy
3. increases; excluded; ridicule

Correct. Obese children tend to have a lower self-worth and more often are the target of other children’s teasing.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 289

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

% correct 85 a= 0 b= 8 c= 8 d= 85 r = .51

1. By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for ____.
2. not being popular in middle school
3. ADHD, primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type
4. schizophrenia
5. a variety of emotional and behavior problems

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 289

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.9

% correct 63 a= 6 b= 13 c= 19 d= 63 r = .57

1. Your roommate believes that overweight children are happy children. What is the truth about this myth?
2. Not only are they the happiest, they have the most friends.

Incorrect. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and the object of ridicule by peers. By middle childhood obesity is a risk factor for a variety of emotional and behavioral problems.

1. Obese children, not overweight children, are the happiest children in most cultures.
2. Overweight children are at risk for a variety of emotional and behavior problems.

Correct. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and the object of ridicule by peers. By middle childhood obesity is a risk factor for a variety of emotional and behavioral problems.

1. Although overweight children tend to be happier compared to their peers, this is only true in adolescence, not earlier in childhood.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 289

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Even in middle childhood, obesity can result in ____.
2. diabetes
3. nephrosis
4. stroke
5. cardiac arrest

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 289

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.6

1. What percentage of children remain obese in adulthood?
2. 20%
3. 40%
4. 60%
5. 80%

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 289

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What are some of the health problems that obese adults have?
2. high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer
3. insomnia, incontinence, and bowel obstruction
4. halitosis, male pattern baldness, and trichophyton
5. chronic fever, hunger, and flatulence

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 289

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.10

1. Your brother and sister-in-law do not like to cook and neither one of them seems to have a very good understanding of nutrition. Their 9-year-old son has a BMI of 24, but they are not concerned because they feel that he will simply outgrow being overweight. Why should they be more concerned? As adults, overweight and obese individuals ____.
2. spend a considerable amount of their budget on fast food
3. are more likely to have high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer

Correct. The major risk factors for adults who are overweight or obese are high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer.

1. are more likely to have ADHD

Incorrect. The major risk factors for adults who are overweight or obese are high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer.

1. to be married to their jobs and ignore their families

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 289

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.6

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

1. _____ of parents of obese children view their children as overweight.
2. 90 to 95%
3. 80 to 85%
4. 70 to 75%
5. Less than 50%

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 289

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In developed and developing countries, middle childhood is ____.
2. the most dangerous period of life
3. the safest and healthiest time of life
4. a time when there is a spike in injury due to accidents
5. equal in safety to infancy and early childhood

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 289

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your sister constantly worries about your nephew, who is currently a toddler. She knows that this is a time of important physical and behavioral development and worries that every bump, bruise, or sniffle could negatively affect his future health and well being. What can you tell her as your nephew approaches middle childhood?
2. It is the safest and healthiest time of life.

Correct. Middle childhood is in many ways the safest, healthiest time of life.

1. She needs to be very careful because there is a spike in injury rates during this time.
2. More children get sick and injured during this time than when they were younger.

Incorrect. Middle childhood is in many ways the safest, healthiest time of life.

1. Most children suffer no illnesses or injuries during this time.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 289

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Which of the following stages of life has the lowest death rate?
2. infancy
3. late toddlerhood
4. middle childhood
5. early adolescence

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 289

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. During middle toddlerhood more children have received ____ and their _____ stronger, which contributes to a lower death rate.
2. vitamin B; lungs are
3. calcium; heart is

Incorrect. In both developed and developing countries, by middle childhood a great proportion of children have received vaccinations against diseases. Even children who have not received vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development because their natural immune systems have become stronger.

1. immunizations; immune system is

Correct. In both developed and developing countries, by middle childhood a great proportion of children have received vaccinations against diseases. Even children who have not received vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development because their natural immune systems have become stronger.

1. viral infections; muscles are

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 289

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.6

1. In 1978 nearly 30% of children aged 5 to 10 years had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood, which can cause brain damage. What was the rate in 2001?
2. 1%
3. 11%
4. 21%
5. 31%

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 290

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.7

1. According to national U.S. studies, in 1978 nearly ____ of children ages 5-10 had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood, which can cause brain damage; by 2001, the rate had fallen to ____.
2. 30%; 1%
3. 40%; 5%
4. 50%; 10%
5. 60%; 15%

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 290

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.7

1. ____ is a chronic illness of the lungs characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Asthma
3. Eczema
4. Allergies
5. Psoriasis

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 290

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.11

1. An asthma attack can be triggered by ____
2. an immunization
3. exercise or emotional stress
4. high levels of lead in gasoline
5. a genetic predisposition to heart disease

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 290

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. When are the rates of asthma the highest?
2. infancy
3. early childhood
4. middle childhood
5. adolescence

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 290

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Your family has a history of asthma and allergies. Your brother is a smoker and he and his wife have a 6-year-old son. What do you need to tell him regarding smoking and asthma?
2. If he wants his child to have asthma, keep smoking.

Correct. Having a parent who smokes is a risk factor for a child to develop asthma.

1. Smoking will reduce the likelihood that his child will have asthma.
2. Although many people think that there is a link between smoking and asthma, there is not.
3. Children of smoking parents have been found to have unusually strong lung capacities.

Incorrect. Having a parent who smokes is a risk factor for a child to develop asthma.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 290

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is a risk factor associated with childhood asthma?
2. postmaturity at birth
3. high SES status
4. parental smoking
5. a BMI that is too low

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 290

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Why are there higher rates of asthma in developing countries than there used to be?
2. air pollution

Correct. In developing countries, air pollution has become worse as a result of increased industrialization, and air pollution can trigger asthma.

1. poor water quality

Incorrect. In developing countries, air pollution has become worse as a result of increased industrialization, and air pollution can trigger asthma.

1. increased number of fast-food restaurants
2. living in close proximity to animals in rural areas

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 290

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.7

1. What ethnic group is especially likely to have childhood asthma?
2. Asian Americans
3. African Americans
4. Hispanic Americans
5. White Americans

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 290

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What is the most common cause of injury in middle childhood?
2. sports-related injuries
3. accidental poisoning
4. bicycle accidents
5. automobile accidents

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 290

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.8

1. Improvements in _____ in middle childhood allow a child to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.
2. balance

Correct. Improved balance is 1 of many physical abilities that further develop during middle childhood.

1. strength
2. hand-eye coordination

Incorrect. From early to middle childhood, children’s balance improves, allowing them to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.

1. reaction time

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 291

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Agility is ____.
2. synchronization of different body parts
3. moving quickly and precisely
4. a response to changing information
5. the ability to manage equilibrium

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 291

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.12

1. At age 7, Felix is a much better soccer player than he was at age 4. Not only is he a fast runner but he can dribble the soccer ball down the field by alternating right-foot, left-foot kicks. He can also fake out defenders by pretending to kick the ball with his right foot but actually using his left foot. Felix’s improvement in soccer illustrates growth in which of the following areas?
2. balance
3. agility

Correct. Agility is the ability to move quickly and precisely.

1. reaction time

Incorrect. Agility is the ability to move quickly and precisely.

1. strength

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 291

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.8

1. Development in what allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly to changing information, like hitting a tennis ball or catching a baseball?
2. reaction time

Correct. Improvements in reaction time allow children to respond rapidly to changing information, for example when hitting a tennis ball over the net or when catching or hitting a baseball.

1. eye-hand coordination

Incorrect. Improvements in reaction time allow children to respond rapidly to changing information, for example when hitting a tennis ball over the net or when catching or hitting a baseball.

1. myelination
2. muscular virility

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 291

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.8

1. ____ is the ability to move quickly and precisely, whereas ____ is the response to changing information.
2. Agility; reaction time
3. Reaction time; agility
4. Coordination; strength
5. Strength; coordination

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 291

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In the United States and Canada, what percentage of children between the ages of 5 and 14 are involved in organized sports?
2. 10%
3. 30%
4. 50%
5. 70%

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 291

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.13

1. In ____, about ____ of children are involved in organized sports at least once between the ages of 5 and 14.
2. China and Taiwan; 1/4
3. the U.S. and Canada; 1/2
4. India and Pakistan; 3/4
5. Nicaragua and Colombia; 1/2

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 291

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. What percentage of American middle school children in 1969 participated in daily physical education?
2. 80%
3. 60%
4. 40%
5. 20%

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 292

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In the United States in 1969, 80% of children were involved in daily physical education programs. What was the percentage in 2005?
2. 8%
3. 24%
4. 56%
5. 80%

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 292

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. In the U.S., the percentage of children involved in daily physical education programs during middle childhood decreased from ____ in 1969 to just ____ in 2005.
2. 80%; 8%
3. 70%; 7%
4. 60%; 6%
5. 50%; 5%

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 292

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Not many 3- or 4-year-olds can ____ successfully, but nearly all ____-year-olds can.
2. tie their shoe; 8–9
3. kick a ball; 5–6
4. pet a dog; 8–9
5. run and jump; 6-7

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 292

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.10

1. In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their ____.
2. abilities to perform gross motor tasks such threading a needle on a sewing machine

Incorrect. In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their abilities to perform intricate fine motor skills such as weaving rugs.

1. cognitive abilities to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products
2. emotional stability because some adult factory employees are hot-tempered
3. abilities to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs

Correct. Smaller, agile, and nimble fingers tend to be beneficial in the factories of developing nations.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 292

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.9

1. Across cultures, advances in fine motor development are especially evident in two areas—what are they?
2. throwing and catching
3. drawing and writing
4. jumping and hopping
5. walking backwards and rolling

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 292

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 7.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.9, QR 7.1.10

1. Which of the following fine motor tasks is within the appropriate developmental age range for a 6-year-old?
2. writing the letters of the alphabet, their name, and numbers from 1 to 10

Correct. Fine motor skills of a 6-year-old have developed to a point to where they can write the alphabet, their name, and 1-10.

1. writing complete sentences, reading a 2nd-grade level book, and spelling words such as “hippopotamus”
2. running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles, and dribbling a soccer ball
3. writing in cursive, drawing in three-dimensional shapes, and using symbolism in storytelling

Incorrect. By age 6 most children are able to write the letters of the alphabet, their own names, and numbers from 1 to 10.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 293

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.9, CE 7.1.14

1. 6-year-olds can ____, whereas 8-year-olds can ____.
2. divide numbers in their head; add numbers in their head
3. add numbers in their head; divide numbers in their head
4. write in cursive; write letters of the alphabet

Incorrect. By age 6 most children are able to write the letters of the alphabet, their own names, and numbers from 1 to 10. By age 8 or 9 most children can learn to write in cursive.

1. write letters of the alphabet; write in cursive

Correct. Fine motor skills have developed to a point to where they can a can write the alphabet; by age 8 it has developed to where they can write in cursive.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 293

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. By the end of middle childhood what abilities have nearly reached adult maturity?
2. gross motor skills

Incorrect. By the end of middle childhood fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to come.

1. psycho-motor skills
2. vestibular-motor skills
3. fine motor skills

Correct. By the end of middle childhood fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to come.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 293

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.10, CE 7.1.15

1. Your brother was an All-American baseball shortstop. His 8-year-old son is not nearly as good at catching a baseball as your brother would like. He was hoping that your nephew would also be interested in and good at baseball. Although you think that your brother should support his son’s interests rather than have your nephew pursue what your brother wants him to do, what can you tell your brother about his son’s athletic abilities?
2. Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while, he should be patient.

Correct. Gross motor development continues to advance for many years to come after middle childhood.

1. His son is probably not going to be athletic. He is too clumsy.

Incorrect. Gross motor development continues to advance for many years to come after middle childhood.

1. Perhaps your brother should enroll his son in gymnastics to help him improve his coordination.
2. His son’s chance of being a great baseball player are doomed. Your nephew’s fine motor skills seem to be abnormal.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 293

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 7.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

1. Generally, by the end of middle childhood the fine motor abilities have ____, whereas gross motor development ____.
2. remained the same; has grown exponentially
3. reached their pinnacle; grew very little

Incorrect. By the end of middle childhood fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to come.

1. nearly reached adult maturity; will continue to advance for many years to come

Correct. By the end of middle childhood fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to come.

1. tripled in strength; has declined rapidly.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 293

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 7.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

Short Answer Questions

1. What is myopia and what is one reason that it increases in middle childhood?

Answer: Myopia is nearsightedness. It is more common in developed countries and can be caused by tasks that require perceiving details up close, such as reading (on a computer and in books) and writing.

Page: 287

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

1. Based on research, is there a sensitive period for long-term effects of malnutrition? Provide an example to support your response.

Answer: Yes, the sensitive period seems to be between the second trimester of pregnancy through age 3. This is based on findings in poor countries comparing those who were malnourished in early childhood to those who were not. The malnourished children scored lower on cognitive tests and were higher in anxiety.

Page: 287

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

1. There are many obvious environmental influences on obesity; is there any evidence for a genetic/biological explanation? Use research evidence to support your answer.

Answer: Yes, genetics plays a role. MZ twins show higher concordance rates for obesity than do DZ twins. Children who were adopted are more like their biological parent in weight than their adoptive parents. There is evidence for a specific gene that increases risk of obesity.

Page: 289

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

1. What are two risk factors for Asthma?

Answer: Being male, low birth weight, having a parent who smokes, obesity, African American heritage are risk factors.

Page: 290

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

1. Explain why rates have continued to rise over time in developed and developing countries?

Answer: The hygiene hypothesis, being so clean that the immune system does not develop properly, is one explanation for increases in developed countries. The rise in pollution as a result of modernization is an explanation for the rise in developing countries.

Page: 290

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

Essay Questions

1. Overall, how would researchers characterize the period of middle childhood in terms of health and safety? Explain, using at least one example to address illness and one to address injuries.

Answer: Middle childhood is considered the healthiest and safest time of life and mortality rates are lowest during this developmental period. In both developed and developing countries, rates of illness are lower due to stronger immune systems, even among those who are not vaccinated. Injury rates are also lower than they were earlier because of better motor skills and better judgment that comes with more sophisticated cognitive development. They are also less likely to get involved in risky situations than they will in adolescence because they have less freedom than they will in their teen years.

Page: 290

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

1. Imagine that you asked a 3-year-old and a 7-year-old from a developed country to draw a picture of herself. Besides the older child being neater, what are three differences you would see?

Answer: The older child will draw with greater detail (showing facial features, multiple colored clothing, various items in the background), the proportions will be more accurate, and sand depth cues will be used.

Page: 292

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

Pre-Test

Pre 7.1.1. When are boys and girls most likely to be the slimmest?

1. infancy
2. middle childhood
3. adolescence
4. late childhood

Answer: b

Page: 286

Pre 7.1.2. What is the medical term for nearsightedness?

1. prebyscusis
2. hyperopia
3. myopia
4. Pretanopia

Answer: c

Page: 287

Pre 7.1.3. Children participating in a study in Guatemala were classified into high nutrient level or low nutrient level groups (Barrett and Frank, 1987). Compared to children with low nutrient levels, children with high nutrient levels ____.

1. clinged to their mothers more
2. were more likely to persist in a frustrating situation
3. were significantly more anxious
4. were less likely to be energetic

Answer: b

Page: 287

Pre 7.1.4. Why are rates of overweight and obese children rising in developing countries?

1. Their diets are becoming more like the diets in developed countries.
2. There is a worldwide shortage of protein.
3. Their children are becoming lazy.
4. They are also acquiring the technology to play games on the Internet for hours.

Answer: a

Page: 288

Pre 7.1.5. What is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity?

1. Genetics can explain recent rises in obesity rates and this mystery is now solved.
2. Genetics only explains obesity with regard to females.
3. Genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood; however it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood.
4. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates. Genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.

Answer: d

Page: 289

Pre 7.1.6. Your neighbors eat out quite a bit and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter has a BMI of 24, but they are not concerned because they feel that she will simply outgrow being overweight. Why should they be more concerned? As adults, overweight and obese individuals ____.

1. tend to spend a considerable amount of their budget on fast food
2. are more likely to have high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer
3. are more likely to have ADHD
4. are more likely to be married to their jobs and ignore their families

Answer: b

Page: 289

Pre 7.1.7. In 1978 what percentage of children aged 5 through 10 years had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood?

1. 30%
2. 40%
3. 50%
4. 60%

Answer: a

Page: 290

Pre 7.1.8. Your 9-year-old niece is a much better soccer play than she was at age 4. She is a lot faster and has much better ball control. Her improvement in her soccer skills illustrates growth in ____.

1. balance
2. agility
3. reaction time
4. strength

Answer: b

Page: 291

Pre 7.1.9. Your sister-in-law has been frustrated with your 6-year-old nephew’s writing skills and development. He is able to write the letters of the alphabet, but cannot write in cursive. She believes that she was able to do so by her son’s age. Given your evaluation of the situation, what do you think?

1. He is doing fine for a 6-year-old. He should not be able to write in cursive for another two years.
2. He probably needs more practice with fine motor skills because he is delayed in his development.
3. He probably has no desire to please his mother and do what she requests.
4. Inability to write in cursive is a symptom of a serious developmental disorder.

Answer: a

Page: 293

Pre 7.1.10. By the end of middle childhood, gross motor development will ____.

1. nearly reach adult maturity
2. begin to plateau
3. continue to advance for many years yet
4. accelerate in development and then fade

Answer: c

Page: 293

Post-Test

Post 7.1.1. How many pounds per year does the average child gain in weight during middle childhood?

1. 2 to 4 pounds
2. 5 to 7 pounds
3. 7 to 9 pounds
4. 10 to 12 pounds

Answer: b

Page: 286

Post 7.1.2. Your neighbor’s daughter had quite a few ear infections during early childhood. What could you tell her about her daughter, middle childhood, and ear infections?

1. She will have more ear infections, but the infections build a stronger immune system.
2. She will have fewer ear infections, but the earlier infections might have caused permanent hearing loss.
3. Changes in the ear will result in fewer ear infections during middle childhood.
4. Changes in the ear will help children become better listeners.

Answer: c

Page: 287

Post 7.1.3. During middle childhood physical development is best described as ____.

1. bodies are much pudgier with a higher body mass index
2. bodies are stronger and the immune systems are better developed
3. bodies are much more susceptible to disease and illness
4. bodies are much weaker and immune systems are stressed and taxed

Answer: b

Page: 287

Post 7.1.4. Your 7-year-old niece and 9-year-old nephew are starting to look like they are gaining weight. According to the text, what is the most important thing that you can do to insure that they will not become overweight or obese?

1. prepare healthy foods for meals
2. never let them eat desserts
3. increase their activity levels
4. allow them to snack while playing video games

Answer: a

Page: 288

Post 7.1.5. The rates of overweight and obese children are especially high among African American and Latino children. Why?

1. They have no place to play outside.
2. They are genetically more likely to become overweight and obese.
3. Their mothers are less likely to prepare nutritious meals.
4. They tend to watch the most television per day.

Answer: d

Page: 288

Post 7.1.6. What medical condition can occur in middle childhood as a result of obesity?

1. nephrosis
2. diabetes
3. stroke
4. cardiac arrest

Answer: b

Page: 289

Post 7.1.7. What percentage of children aged 5 to 10 years in 2001 had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood?

1. 1%
2. 11%
3. 21%
4. 31%

Answer: a

Page: 290

Post 7.1.8. During middle childhood, what is the most common cause of injury?

1. sports-related injuries
2. automobile accidents
3. accidental poisoning
4. bicycle accidents

Answer: b

Page: 290

Post 7.1.9. Children from developing countries become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their ____.

1. abilities to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs
2. emotional stability because some adult factory employees are quick-tempered
3. cognitive abilities to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products
4. abilities to perform gross motor tasks such threading a needle on a sewing machine

Answer: a

Page: 292

Post 7.1.10. Your neighbor’s daughter can write the letters of the alphabet, her name, and the numbers from one to ten. However, her mother is upset that her daughter is not performing at what she believes to be at a gifted level. In terms of development during middle childhood, what evaluation of the situation do you have? Your neighbor’s daughter is ____.

1. probably not going to be gifted based on your observations
2. that the mother is probably helping her child’s efforts to be gifted by worrying about her performance
3. doing exactly what she should be doing and that her mother needs to relax
4. likely developmentally delayed

Answer: c

Page: 293

Chapter Exam

CE 7.1.1. How many inches per year does the average child gain in height during middle childhood?

1. 2 to 3″
2. 5 to 6″
3. 8 to 9″
4. 11 to 12″

Answer: a

Page: 286

CE 7.1.2. Because of an increase in ____, middle childhood children can run faster than they could in early childhood.

1. fine motor movement
2. flexibility
3. lung capacity
4. visual acuity

Answer: c

Page: 286

CE 7.1.3. What is the technical term for nearsightedness?

1. presbyscusis
2. myopia
3. hyperopia
4. pretanopia

Answer: b

Page: 287

CE 7.1.4. What type of twins have the highest concordance rate for myopia?

1. monozygotic twins in a developed country
2. monozygotic twins in a developing country
3. dizygotic twins in a developed country
4. dizygotic twins in a developing country

Answer: a

Page: 287

CE 7.1.5. Children aged 6 to 10 years of age are considered to be overweight if they ____.

1. eat more than 2,000 calories a day
2. fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day
3. have 20% or more body fat
4. have a BMI that exceeds 18

Answer: d

Page: 287–288

CE 7.1.6. What is the major contributor to the increase of overweight and obese individuals?

1. genetic changes
2. dietary changes
3. chromosomal changes
4. biological changes

Answer: b

Page: 288

CE 7.1.7. In a study that assessed American children aged 4 to 11 years of age, watching television predicted gains in ____.

1. body fat
2. academic scores
3. cognitive ability
4. socio-emotional maturity

Answer: a

Page: 288

CE 7.1.8. In terms of childhood obesity, adopted children ____.

1. crave sweets and fats like their biological parents
2. have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to the adoptive parents
3. have BMIs that are more similar to their adoptive parents
4. are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents

Answer: b

Page: 289

CE 7.1.9. Beginning in middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for ____.

1. a variety of emotional and behavioral problems
2. not being popular in school
3. ADHD, primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type
4. schizophrenia

Answer: a

Page: 289

CE 7.1.10. Obese adults are more likely to have what health problems?

1. insomnia, incontinence, and bowel obstruction
2. halitosis, male pattern baldness, and trichophyton
3. high blood pressure, heart attack, and cancer
4. chronic fever, hunger, and flatulence

Answer: c

Page: 289

CE 7.1.11. What is a chronic illness of the lungs characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath?

1. eczema
2. allergies
3. asthma
4. psoriasis