Human Development A Life Span View 6th Edition By Kail -Test Bank A+

Description

1. Dee used to think that everyone else liked the same people she did and hated the same people she did. She now realizes that different people have different opinions toward others. Piaget would suggest that Dee has recently become a ____ thinker.

a.	preoperational	c.	concrete operational
b.	formal operational	d.	sensorimotor

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. Tara is a normally-developing eight-year-old. According to Piaget, over the next few years, Tara’s egocentrism will likely

a.	disappear.	c.	increase gradually.
b.	wane gradually.	d.	increase significantly.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. Though Mabel is unable to think in abstract terms, she is beginning to understand that because 3 + 5 = 8, 8 – 5 must equal 3. Mabel has begun to exhibit Piaget’s ____ stage of thinking.

a.	sensorimotor	c.	preoperational
b.	concrete operational	d.	formal operational

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. As a Piagetian, Faye would believe that a concrete operational child’s ability to reverse thought is due to their acquisition of

a.	language.	c.	self-efficacy.
b.	mental operations.	d.	convergent thinking.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Larry notices that his son Tate is having a great time playing near the kitchen sink. When Larry asks Tate what he is doing, Tate responds, “It is fun to look at two different-size glasses, imagine water pouring back and forth between them, and knowing that the amount of water stays the same even though the glass shapes differ.” Piaget would describe Tate’s comments as indicating that he has acquired

a.	animism.	c.	irreversibility.
b.	egocentrism.	d.	a mental operation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. The main limitation of concrete operational thinking is that such thought is limited to

a.	hypothetical situations.
b.	tangible, real-life examples.
c.	emotional issues.
d.	long-term memories.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. .Which reflects a basic ability available only to a formal operational thinker?

a.	“Realistically speaking …”
b.	“Hypothetically speaking …”
c.	“Speaking from experience, I …”
d.	“Speaking on behalf of others, I …”

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. A formal operational thinker and a concrete operational thinker are both presented with three beakers containing red liquid and are told that some combination of the liquids will produce a green liquid. How would the manner in which the formal thinker solves the problem most likely differ from that of the concrete thinker?

a.	Formal thinkers would do the problem entirely in their head and not actually pour any liquid.
b.	The formal thinkers’ approach would be significantly more haphazard.
c.	Formal thinkers would apply both animism and centration when solving the task.
d.	Formal thinkers would be more systematic when combining the liquids and eliminating combinations.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. Angelica and her younger brother Houston are both given three fountain pens, each containing clear ink, and are informed that some combination of ink will yield a color. Because Angelica is a formal operational thinker and Houston is a concrete operational thinker, how will their behavior likely differ?

a.	Angelica will spend more time thinking about the task and be more systematic when attempting to solve it.
b.	Angelica will use a piece of paper to draw out the problem.
c.	Houston will only use two of the pens.
d.	Houston will watch how Angelica solves the problem and then repeat her steps.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. Who is most likely the formal operational thinker?

a.	Kula, who thinks nickels are worth more than dimes because they are bigger
b.	Fran, who has just mastered conservation
c.	Ollie, who is capable of using and understanding symbols
d.	Sherri, who can use combinatorial reasoning

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. Text author Robert Kail won tickets to the Indianapolis 500 auto race by listing all the possible words that could be created from the words “SAFE RACE”, which is an example of

a.	combinatorial reasoning.
b.	animism.
c.	functional fixedness.
d.	object permanence.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Factual

1. How could Erbert use combinational reasoning to determine how many different types of sandwiches could be made from eight available condiments?

a.	He could map out all possible combinations on a sheet of paper.
b.	He could move a slice of onion back and forth between two sandwiches until he can mentally visualize the action.
c.	He could use both animism and egocentric thought to help him out.
d.	He could visualize how a sandwich with one condiment would differ from one with all the condiments.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. A concrete operational thinker and a formal operational thinker are given the following logical statements: (1) If you drop a 20-pound bowling ball on your foot, it will tickle. (2) You drop a 20-pound bowling ball on your foot. What reaction would you expect?

a.	Only the concrete operational thinker would conclude that “your foot would tickle.”
b.	Only the formal operational thinker would conclude that “your foot would tickle.”
c.	Both would conclude that “your foot would tickle.”
d.	Both would conclude that “your foot would never tickle” after having a 20-pound bowling ball dropped on it.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. Which describes one of the major criticisms of Piaget’s theory concerning formal operational thought?

a.	Adolescent thinking is not as irrational as Piaget predicted.
b.	The belief that only males could think abstractly was sexist.
c.	Adolescents do not appear as cognitively competent as Piaget thought.
d.	Piaget argued that cognitive development continues to advance into old age, while research has found little change after age 20.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. Which is one of the more questionable aspects of Piaget’s theory?

a.	It places too much emphasis on biology as the mechanism of change
b.	It does not account for variability in performance
c.	It overestimates the intelligence of adults
d.	It overvalues the influence of the sociocultural environment

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. Who would be most likely to emphasize the important role that changes in memory efficiency plays in cognitive development?

a.	Louie, who is a social-learning theorist
b.	Elaine, who is a sociobiologist
c.	Alex, who is Piagetian
d.	Latka, who is an information-processing theorist

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Working memory is best described as being

a.	temporary and limited in capacity.
b.	permanent and limited in capacity.
c.	temporary and unlimited in capacity.
d.	permanent and unlimited in capacity.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. If you are reading this test question for the first time, it is

a.	currently stored in sensory memory.
b.	currently stored in long-term memory.
c.	currently stored in working memory.
d.	not currently stored in any memory system.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which most accurately describes long-term memory?

a.	Temporary and limited capacity
b.	Permanent and limited capacity
c.	Temporary and unlimited capacity
d.	Permanent and unlimited capacity

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. When 80-year-old Marques is asked about his life, he is able to vividly recall his high school graduation party that occurred 60 years ago. Where was this information stored just before it was recalled by Marques?

a.	Sensory memory
b.	Working memory
c.	Short-term memory
d.	Long-term memory

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Long-term memory is to working memory as

a.	organized is to unorganized.
b.	permanent is to temporary.
c.	weigh station is to destination.
d.	biology is to psychology.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. The first memory strategy acquired by most children is

a.	chunking.	c.	verbal elaboration.
b.	use of abstraction.	d.	rehearsal.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Factual

1. Memory organization is defined as

a.	any embellishment on some existing memory.
b.	structuring related items together in memory.
c.	the active portion of working memory.
d.	any memory that involves a personal experience.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Donovan is really into football and is able to remember all of the professional teams because he has mentally sorted them by division. This indicates that Donavan is using ____ to help him recall the information.

a.	divergent thinking	c.	abstract thinking
b.	organization	d.	rehearsal

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. During ____, information is always embellished.

a.	rehearsal	c.	metacognition
b.	elaboration	d.	combinatorial reasoning

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Francisco is having a hard time remembering that Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. He also knows that his father will be upset if Francisco flunks his test of state capitals. Suddenly, Francisco sees a connection between these two events and realizes that he can recall the capital of Wisconsin by remembering that his dad will be mad at him if he can’t remember (mad at son = Madison). In this example, Francisco is clearly using ____ to aid in his memory.

a.	rehearsal	c.	elaboration
b.	centration	d.	irreversibility

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. After studying for a significant period of time, Maria is having her roommate test her to determine whether her study strategies are working. Maria is

a.	bypassing working memory.	c.	using abstraction.
b.	a concrete operational thinker.	d.	monitoring.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Application

1. Metamemory is defined as an individual’s

a.	intuitive understanding of memory.
b.	level of semantic memory.
c.	sensory memory speed.
d.	short-term memory capacity.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. The best example of metamemory would involve knowing that

a.	whales are mammals, not fish.
b.	a 10-word list of unfamiliar foreign words will be harder to recall than a 20-word list of familial words.
c.	10 + 20 = 30.
d.	foreign words come from another country.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Theresa has just come to realize that in order to learn, she must focus her attention on her teacher, not her classmates. This indicates an advance in Theresa’s ____ skills.

a.	divergent thinking
b.	scaffolding
c.	sensory memory
d.	metacognitive knowledge

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. ____ are key elements of effective metacognitive knowledge.

a.	Egocentrism and convergent thinking
b.	Centration and animism
c.	Goal selection and strategy monitoring
d.	Divergent thinking and a lack of object permanence

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Elmer has discovered that in order to be successful in college, he must both pay attention to his instructor and take good notes. If Elmer is successful at engaging in both of these behaviors, he is demonstrating effective

a.	abstract thinking.
b.	cognitive self-regulation.
c.	overregularization.
d.	one-to-one principle understanding.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which provides the best example of cognitive self-regulation?

a.	Having a short-term memory for a phone number you just heard
b.	Realizing that some inanimate object may be capable of self-movement
c.	Deciding that using flashcards helps memorization of vocabulary terms
d.	Knowing that 4 + 4 = 8

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which provides the best example of active reading?

a.	Having a short-term memory for a large number of words
b.	Realizing that some words have multiple meanings
c.	Periodically summarizing what was just read
d.	Knowing that sentences are organized into groups within paragraphs

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. When asked to describe his specialization, Oscar says, “I am mainly interested in developing ways of measuring intelligence and personality factors.” Given this description, Oscar is most likely a

a.	classical conditioning theorist.	c.	psychometrician.
b.	Freudian.	d.	social-learning theorist.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. If a person believes in “general intelligence,” then he or she believes that

a.	some people are smart, no matter the situation, task, or problem.
b.	whether people are smart depends on the situation, task, or problem.
c.	intelligence cannot be assessed psychometrically.
d.	fourth-graders will be smarter than third-graders.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. Thurstone and Thurstone (1941) identified seven distinct abilities that they believed formed the basis of intelligence. One of these abilities was

a.	musical ability.	c.	interpersonal intelligence.
b.	perceptual speed.	d.	“street smarts.”

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Factual

1. Which best describes the hierarchical view of intelligence?

a.	It consists entirely of general intelligence
b.	It consists entirely of broad categories of intelligence
c.	It consists entirely of specific skills
d.	It consists of general intelligence, categories, and specific skills

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. Who is best associated with a theory of “multiple intelligences?”

a.	John Carroll	c.	Howard Gardner
b.	Alfred Binet	d.	Jean Piaget

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Factual

1. Tyree is extremely good at identifying the motivations and intentions of the people he meets. According to Gardner, Tyree would most likely score very well on a test of ____ intelligence.

a.	intrapersonal	c.	logical-mathematical
b.	bodily-kinesthetic	d.	interpersonal

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Application

1. Bea has tremendous insight into “deep” questions like, “Why are we born to die?” According to Gardner, Bea would rate high on a scale of ____ intelligence.

a.	bodily-kinesthetic	c.	interpersonal
b.	existential	d.	logical-mathematical

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Application

1. Which of Gardner’s types of intelligences is least likely to be found on a traditional psychometric theory-based test of intelligence?

a.	Linguistic	c.	Musical
b.	Logical-mathematical	d.	Spatial

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. Ginny is an architect who is excellent at picturing what an existing building would look like with certain modifications. This ability is probably most reflective of a high level of _____ intelligence.

a.	personal	c.	spatial
b.	bodily-kinesthetic	d.	intrapersonal

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Application

1. Omega scored very high on a measure of emotional intelligence. This means that Omega would definitely

a.	score high on a traditional test of general intelligence.
b.	be described as very dysphoric.
c.	have the ability to effectively use his emotions to help solve problems.
d.	score low on a test of naturalistic intelligence.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which type of intelligence is best associated with Daniel Goleman?

a.	Musical	c.	Naturalistic
b.	Emotional	d.	Bodily-kinesthetic

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. According to Sternberg, ____ ability is most heavily focused on problem analysis.

a.	analytical	c.	practical
b.	creative	d.	familial

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Which cooking-related behavior is the best indicator of a high level of analytical ability?

a.	Knowing that the reason a cake did not turn out could be the lack of a key ingredient, the stove being too hot, or bad eggs
b.	Being able to create a cake flavor that has never before existed
c.	Realizing that if you follow the directions on a cake box, the cake will turn out okay
d.	Visualizing what a cake will look like before it is baked

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. The issue of novelty of thinking is best associated with ____ ability.

a.	analytical	c.	practical
b.	creative	d.	familial

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Tarzan is building a cage for his pet monkey when his hammer breaks. The fact that Tarzan is able to realize that he might be able to use a frozen banana as a substitute for a hammer indicates that he has a high level of ____ ability.

a.	analytical	c.	practical
b.	creative	d.	familial

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Albert just thought of a novel way to consider the relationship between matter and the speed of light. According to Sternberg, this action best exemplifies _____ ability.

a.	familial	c.	creative
b.	practical	d.	analytic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. ____ ability involves the realization that a solution will actually work.

a.	Analytical	c.	Practical
b.	Creative	d.	Familial

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Waldo loves to play hide-and-seek. While he is capable of generating a good list of places to hide and he often comes up with novel hiding spots, the truth of the matter is that none of his spots are ever that good, and he is always found almost immediately. This indicates that on this task, Waldo would rate poorly in ____ ability.

a.	analytical	c.	practical
b.	creative	d.	familial

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Binet and Simon developed the first objective intelligence test in order to

a.	rank-order the intellectual capacities of different races.
b.	identify children who would need special help in school.
c.	help the military select soldiers for important tasks.
d.	test their theory of intelligence.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Factual

1. Newt has a mental age of 10. That means Newt

a.	is 10 years old.
b.	has an IQ of 100.
c.	is a genius.
d.	passed test problems that an average 10-year-old would pass.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Binet and Simon originally developed the concept of “mental age” as a criterion for helping them distinguish

a.	children with high IQs from children with low IQs.
b.	children who would be able to learn in school from those who needed special instruction.
c.	white children from black children.
d.	economically disadvantaged children from the “select few” who previously attended school.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Whose intelligence test was the first to use the concept of an intelligence quotient?

a.	Alfred Binet	c.	Jean Piaget
b.	Howard Gardner	d.	Lewis Terman

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Tabitha’s intelligence quotient is 100. She is 12 years old, so her mental age must be ____.

a.	6	c.	12
b.	10	d.	24

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Eight-year-old Harvey has a mental age of four. What is his intelligence quotient?

a.	200	c.	50
b.	150	d.	32

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. If the following children all have a mental age of 10, who has the highest IQ?

a.	Norm, who is 5 years old	c.	Cliff, who is 20 years old
b.	Woody, who is 10 years old	d.	Carla, who is 25 years old

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. On modern tests of intelligence, IQ scores are determined

a.	by comparing a child’s score with the average score of other children of the same age.
b.	by using the same IQ calculation as on the original Stanford-Binet exam.
c.	based on a child’s gender and race.
d.	by subtracting a child’s chronological age from their mental age.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Conceptual

1. The typical correlation between a child’s IQ test score and his or her classroom grade is about _____.

a.	+.2	c.	+.6
b.	+.4	d.	+.8

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Factual

1. IQ scores are

a.	good predictors of school success and occupational success.
b.	good predictors of school success but bad predictors of occupational success.
c.	bad predictors of school success but good predictors of occupational success.
d.	poor predictors of school success and occupational success.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Factual

1. Self-discipline is a

a.	good predictor of school success but not better than IQ test scores.
b.	good predictor of school success but often better than IQ test scores.
c.	bad predictor of school success but a good predictor of occupational success.
d.	poor predictor of school success but better than an IQ test score.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. The basic premise of a hereditary view concerning the nature of intelligence is that

a.	the more closely related two individuals are, the more positively correlated their scores will be.
b.	the correlation between biological sibling’s IQ scores will be about 0.0.
c.	parents’ IQ scores are not very predictive of children’s IQ scores.
d.	experience plays a major role in determining a person’s IQ score.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. Which data suggest the strongest link between heredity and intelligence?

a.	Identical twins whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level
b.	Fraternal twins whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level
c.	Biological siblings whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level
d.	Adoptive siblings whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Factual

1. Which evidence best demonstrates an environmental impact on intelligence?

a.	A high correlation between the IQ scores of identical twins
b.	A low correlation between the IQ scores of strangers
c.	The rapid increase in average WISC scores seen during the past 25 years
d.	The stability of WISC scores seen during the past 25 years

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. The fact that children with higher IQ scores tend to come from homes that contained age-related play materials best supports the theory that

a.	intelligence and poverty are highly positively correlated events.
b.	environmental factors impact intelligence.
c.	genes determine intelligence.
d.	identical twins are more intellectually similar than any random set of siblings.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. Data from Project Head Start

a.	supported the belief that environmental factors can impact an individual’s IQ.
b.	found that daycare aimed at improving the linguistic and social development of infants and preschoolers is ineffective.
c.	showed that through an improved diet, a typical child’s IQ scores could be doubled.
d.	discovered that the average IQ score of a child has decreased steadily since 1960.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Factual

1. In the United States, ____ Americans tend to score highest on intelligence tests.

a.	European	c.	Asian
b.	African	d.	Hispanic

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Factual

1. Which statement concerning ethnicity and intelligence is most accurate?

a.	The recent discovery of a “smart gene” has led most to believe that intelligence has a strong genetic component.
b.	Even if ethnic groups differ significantly in intelligence, the difference could be the result of environmental factors.
c.	Being economically disadvantaged is related to ethnicity but not to intelligence.
d.	If intelligence differences within an ethnic group are due to genetics, then intelligence differences between the group and other ethnic groups must be due to genetics.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. A culture-fair intelligence test

a.	contains items that require no linguistic knowledge.
b.	ensures that individuals of all races will receive similar scores.
c.	is designed to reduce biases due to differential experience.
d.	is impossible to develop.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Dr. Jourdan is devising an intelligence test containing items that relate to experiences common to all people around the world. Dr. Jourdan is most likely attempting to develop

a.	a test of multiple intelligences.
b.	an intelligence quotient.
c.	a spatial intelligence test.
d.	a culture-fair intelligence test.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. The term “stereotype threat” is best associated with the concept of

a.	the self-fulfilling prophecy.	c.	cognitive dissonance.
b.	convergent thinking.	d.	obedience.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Morris, a 17-year-old African American, is taking an intelligence test during his senior year of high school. Which of his current thoughts would indicate that he is experiencing stereotype threat?

a.	“I wonder if my Asian friends do better than everyone else.”
b.	“If I don’t do well, my mom and dad will be very disappointed.”
c.	“As an athlete, a good score on this will open up a lot of scholarship opportunities, so I must do well even though I am not that smart.”
d.	“If I do badly on this test, they may think that all black kids are stupid, and this thought is making me nervous and negatively impacting my performance.”

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. By traditional definition, how many of the following eight-year-old children would be considered “gifted”: Darcy, IQ = 100; Peggy, IQ = 120; Kelly, IQ = 140; Al, IQ = 160?

a.	1	c.	3
b.	2	d.	4

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Application

1. In recent years, the definition of “gifted” has

a.	broadened to include all IQ tests.
b.	broadened to include areas like dance and music.
c.	narrowed to include only those in the top 5 percent of their graduating class.
d.	narrowed to include only scores from the Stanford-Binet test.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. To be considered gifted usually requires an intelligence test score of at least _____.

a.	120	c.	140
b.	130	d.	150

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. Exceptional talent is the product of

a.	both nature and nurture.	c.	nurture.
b.	nature.	d.	education.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Conceptual

1. Which is not a prerequisite for exceptional talent in childhood?

a.	Support from parents	c.	Early instruction
b.	Child’s love for the subject	d.	Talented parents

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. Alicia is a “gifted” child. Compared to her peers, Alicia most likely

a.	is more socially inept.	c.	has fewer emotional problems.
b.	is physically larger.	d.	is less mature.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Application

1. Intelligence is to creativity as

a.	convergent thinking is to divergent thinking.
b.	componential is to contextual.
c.	spatial intelligence is to musical intelligence.
d.	universe is to stars.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Which question is best answered through convergent thinking?

a.	“What is life?”
b.	“How is knowledge of developmental psychology useful?”
c.	“Who is the best football player of all time?”
d.	“What is 5 + 5?”

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Convergent thinking focuses on generating the most _____ answer.

a.	Novel	c.	correct
b.	impractical	d.	creative

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. A child with outstanding divergent thinking skills would definitely have a lot of

a.	anxiety.	c.	knowledge.
b.	originality.	d.	friends.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Who would most likely do the best job of playing a game in which the goal was to list as many novel ways to use a banana as possible?

a.	Dole, who is a very good divergent thinker
b.	Kong, who is a very good convergent thinker
c.	Terk, who is a preoperational thinker
d.	Kala, who is a concrete operational thinker

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which best exemplifies a test of divergent thinking?

a.	Naming all the state capitals
b.	Listing the possible uses of a marshmallow
c.	Identifying the exact distance from the Earth to the Moon
d.	The test question you are currently reading

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. What advice would you give to a teacher trying to encourage creativity in his or her students?

a.	“Emphasize rote memorization.”
b.	“Provide them with items from standardized IQ tests and help them work through each problem.”
c.	“Encourage them to explore possibilities and not worry about getting the correct answer.”
d.	“Since creative ability appears to be innate, there is not a lot you can do.”

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Application

1. By definition, intellectual disability involves both a below-average intelligence and

a.	low standardized IQ scores.
b.	a known genetic defect.
c.	poor adaptive behaviors.
d.	emotional problems.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. By traditional definition, how many of the following 16-year-old children could be classified as “intellectually disabled” (Note: all IQ scores based on Stanford-Binet test results.): Kirk, IQ = 120; McCoy, IQ = 100; Chekhov, IQ = 80; Sulu, IQ = 60?

a.	1	c.	3
b.	2	d.	4

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which of the following statements best describes the impact of various factors (i.e. biomedical, social) on intellectual disability?

a.	Some factors affect intellect and other factors affect daily functioning.
b.	These factors affect adults with intellectual disabilities differently than children with intellectual disabilities.
c.	Certain factors guarantee an intellectual disability and others just contribute to its severity.
d.	No individual factor guarantees an intellectual disability.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Which of the following children most likely has a learning disability?

a.	Charlie, who has difficulty learning to read
b.	Paul, who has experienced a poor learning environment
c.	Andrew, who has Down syndrome
d.	Glen, who has Muscular Dystrophy

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. The definition of a “learning disability” always includes

a.	mild mental retardation.	c.	a sensory problem.
b.	attention deficit.	d.	normal intelligence.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Yaakov has a problem. Though he is of normal intelligence and does well in most classes, he struggles tremendously in math. Yaakov is most likely suffering from

a.	an intellectual disability.
b.	attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
c.	a learning disability.
d.	Down syndrome.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Phonological processing involves the conversion of

a.	spoken sound into memories.	c.	numbers into letters.
b.	memories into words.	d.	printed letters into sound.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Conceptual

1. In a research study on reading disabilities, _____ served as the independent variable.

a.	the font size of a word	c.	reading speed
b.	the amount of the word presented	d.	reading accuracy

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. A key finding from research on reading disabilities was that

a.	some biologically based disabilities are very difficult to treat.
b.	some children must hear more of a word before they are able to recognize it.
c.	in some cases, correlational studies can determine the cause of a behavior.
d.	in some cases, reading difficulties are the result of visual problems.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. Which appears to be the most critical element underlying mathematical learning disabilities?

a.	Mild mental retardation
b.	Visual impairments
c.	Undetected reading problems
d.	Difficulty in comparing and understanding quantities

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Comprehension

1. If asked to list key symptoms for ADHD, you should avoid saying,

a.	“inarticulation.”	c.	“inattention.”
b.	“ hyperactivity.”	d.	“impulsivity.”

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. Which best exemplifies an impulsive child?

a.	Not concentrating on his homework
b.	Shouting out an answer when he is supposed to raise his hand before answering
c.	Fidgeting in his chair while eating
d.	The inability to read a simple book despite significant intervention

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Application

1. Which statement concerning the diagnosis of ADHD is true?

a.	About 20 percent of school-age children are diagnosed with ADHD.
b.	Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls.
c.	Racial minority status is a good predictor of being diagnosed with ADHD.
d.	Most children “outgrow” symptoms of ADHD.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. What is the causal relationship between food additives, sugar consumption, and ADHD?

a.	Both have been shown to be major causes of ADHD.
b.	Only food additives have been shown to be a major cause of ADHD.
c.	Only sugar consumption has been shown to be a major cause of ADHD.
d.	Neither are major causes of ADHD.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. One myth concerning ADHD is that

a.	it is typically “outgrown” in adolescence.
b.	its symptoms can be treated using stimulants.
c.	it can involve both hyperactivity and impulsivity.
d.	it is currently significantly underdiagnosed.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. The drug Ritalin that is often prescribed for children with ADHD is a type of

a.	antidepressant.	c.	antipsychotic.
b.	stimulant.	d.	hallucinogen.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. According to the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD, the most effective single treatment for hyperactivity is through the use of

a.	medication.
b.	tough love.
c.	parental modeling.
d.	behavior modification (i.e., reward and punishment).

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. Who is most likely to be diagnosed and treated for ADHD?

a.	African-American children
b.	Hispanic-American children
c.	European-American children
d.	There are no racial/ethnic differences in the rate of diagnosis.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

MSC: Factual

1. In reading, the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters is called

a.	intonation.	c.	word recognition.
b.	phonological awareness.	d.	divergent thinking.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Takeo is a Japanese individual trying to learn English. The first time he sees the word “psychology,” he has no idea what this combination of letters means. Takeo’s difficulties are best described as centering on

a.	divergent thinking.	c.	intonation.
b.	word recognition.	d.	syntax.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. In reading, ____ is defined as the ability to extract meaning from a sequence of words.

a.	phonological awareness	c.	intonation
b.	Animism	d.	comprehension

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. _____ is defined as the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters.

a.	Phonological awareness	c.	Syntax
b.	Elaboration	d.	Comprehension

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. A native English speaker is given the following sentence, “Cat at makeup potato breath.” Which aspect of reading best explains the difficulty the speaker is most likely to experience when reading the sentence?

a.	A lack of comprehension
b.	A lack of phonological awareness
c.	A lack of word recognition
d.	A lack of object constancy

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. If you lacked phonological awareness, you would have great difficulty in

a.	believing that a rocking chair cannot move on its own.
b.	writing the word “cat” even if you knew how it was spelled.
c.	understanding that words are symbolic representations of objects.
d.	hearing the difference between the words “putt” and “butt.”

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which child is best characterized as having a phonological awareness disorder?

a.	Larry, who squirms around in his seat and does not pay attention to what his teacher is saying
b.	Moe, who has trouble understanding his teacher because many of the words she says sound alike
c.	Shemp, who is deaf in his left ear
d.	Curly, who is slightly mentally retarded

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Two big challenges to learning English versus other languages lay in the

a.	large number of letters in the English alphabet and the inconsistent way letters are pronounced.
b.	inconsistent way letters are pronounced and the same sound is spelled.
c.	inconsistent way the same sound is spelled and long length of the average English word.
d.	long length of the average English word and the large number of letters in the English alphabet.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Conceptual

1. Beginning readers tend to

a.	only use the “sound it out” method.
b.	only use the “retrieve the word directly from memory” method.
c.	use the “retrieve word from memory””strategy first and the “sound it out” method second.
d.	use the “sound it out” strategy first and the “retrieve word from memory” method second.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. In which would the letter “p” be fastest recognized by an individual who spoke English?

a.	Pelh	c.	Help
b.	Elhp	d.	Pleh

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Application

1. When reading the sentence, “Elmer was hunting rabbits in the forest,” the fact that a young reader is able to retrieve the word “rabbit” faster because a rabbit is a huntable animal speaks directly to the important role that _____ plays in reading.

a.	metamemory	c.	phonetics
b.	context	d.	elaboration

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Application

1. Researchers identified several factors that contribute to improved reading comprehension in children. Which factor was not on their list?

a.	Increased capacity of working memory
b.	Increased general knowledge
c.	Increased effectiveness in monitoring of comprehension
d.	Increased levels of divergent thinking

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Factual

1. When reading a book for his psychology exam, Wilhelm knows that it is important to focus on the summary sections at the end of the chapter. This attempt to improve comprehension is best associated with

a.	improved ability to recognize words.
b.	an increased working memory.
c.	the use of an appropriate reading strategy.
d.	a divergent thinking strategy.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Application

1. Knowledge-telling and knowledge-transforming are types of _____ strategies.

a.	reading	c.	spelling
b.	speaking	d.	writing

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Who would be most likely to use a knowledge-telling strategy when working on a school paper?

a.	Mary, who is in second grade
b.	Barry, who is in eighth grade
c.	Teri, who is a high school junior
d.	Kari, who is a college senior

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which best describes a knowledge-telling strategy?

a.	Write anything and then check back to find main points.
b.	Write down themes first and facts second.
c.	Write down anything on the topics as it pops into memory.
d.	Decide on key information and write it first.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. When considering the theme paper his teacher just assigned, Theodore says to himself, “Before I start writing, I need to decide what I am going to write about and come up with a general organizational plan.” Given this description, Theodore appears to be using a ____ strategy in planning his theme.

a.	componential subtheory
b.	knowledge-telling
c.	phonological awareness
d.	knowledge-transforming

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which behavior indicates that Mandy is using a knowledge-transforming strategy when writing her psychology term paper?

a.	When she sounds out the letters to words that she does not know how to spell
b.	When she begins by writing down any ideas about psychology that pop into her mind
c.	When, before she writes anything, she decides that the point of the paper would be to make her psychology teacher mad
d.	When she considers how fun it would be to skip the paper and head to the beach

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which strategy tends to be most common in young writers?

a.	Read a little, write a little, revise a lot
b.	Write a lot, revise a little, write a lot
c.	Write a little, revise a lot, write a little
d.	Write a lot, revise nothing

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Factual

1. What is the most simplistic strategy for adding/counting?

a.	Simultaneously extending the number of fingers on one hand that corresponds to one number to be added and doing the same with the second hand concerning the second number to be added
b.	Count by extending one finger for each item and then counting the total number of fingers extended on each hand
c.	Count in your head after looking at a picture of the items
d.	Count in your head without using a concrete example

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Factual

1. Which statement concerning math and culture is true?

a.	American children score near the top on international tests assessing math.
b.	Japanese and Taiwanese students spend significantly more time in school and have more homework than do children in the United States.
c.	American parents tend to set higher academic achievement standards than Asian parents.
d.	Japanese and Taiwanese parents more likely tend to believe that heredity (not hard work) leads to mathematic success.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Factual

1. Which of the following statement is false regarding the difference in academic achievement between American and Asian children?

a.	Japanese and Taiwanese students spend significantly more time in school and spend more of that time on academic content.
b.	American students have less homework to do than Japanese and Taiwanese students.
c.	American parents tend to set higher academic achievement standards than Asian parents.
d.	Japanese and Taiwanese parents are more likely to believe that hard work leads to academic success.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Factual

1. Which is not a typical characteristic of a school that produces high-achieving students?

a.	Highly involved parents
b.	Effective monitoring of teachers’ performance
c.	A well-defined goal of academic excellence
d.	A heavy emphasis on nonacademic activities

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Factual

1. You are a principal who is interviewing potential teachers for your school. Because your highest priority is student achievement, you should be most concerned that the teachers you hire

a.	de-emphasize “hands-on” experience in the classroom.
b.	earned high grades in college.
c.	have good classroom management skills.
d.	discourage the practice of peer tutoring.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Application

1. A good teacher

a.	takes responsibility for what their students learn.
b.	does not push for “mastery” of subject matter.
c.	will not repeat past material.
d.	relies on handouts and not lecturing.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

MSC: Conceptual

1. If Fiona is a typical six-year-old, she would most likely

a.	weigh about 45 pounds and be about 45 inches tall.
b.	weigh about 60 pounds and be about 45 inches tall.
c.	weigh about 45 pounds and be about 60 inches tall.
d.	weigh about 60 pounds and be about 60 inches tall.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

MSC: Application

1. Which statement concerning sex differences in height at age 11 is most accurate?

a.	At age 11, females tend to be slightly taller than males.
b.	At age 11, females and males are exactly the same size.
c.	At age 11, males tend to be slightly taller than females.
d.	At age 11, males tend to be significantly taller than females.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

MSC: Factual

1. You are the parent of a normal-size nine-year-old boy. As such, how many calories should you ensure that your child consumes each day so that he maintains a normal rate of development?

a.	600 calories	c.	2,400 calories
b.	1,200 calories	d.	4,800 calories

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

MSC: Application

1. Which task would an average elementary-age girl perform better than an average elementary-age boy?

a.	Jumping over a bar
b.	Writing her name in cursive
c.	Hanging from the monkey bars
d.	Throwing a softball

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

MSC: Factual

1. In which physical activity would the average 11-year-old prepubescent girl have a distinctive advantage over an 11-year-old prepubescent boy?

a.	Catching a ball	c.	Climbing a rope
b.	Throwing a ball	d.	Jumping a rope

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

MSC: Application

1. As an average fifth-grader in the United States, Landon would most likely be described as

a.	physically fit.	c.	physically unfit.
b.	underweight.	d.	overweight.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

MSC: Application

1. Which statement about youth sports is true?

a.	Participating in sports and cheerleading seems to significantly decrease involvement in delinquent behaviors.
b.	When teens find a sport “stressful,” they tend to compensate with greater effort.
c.	The greatest benefit of involvement is found with coaches who rely heavily on criticism and punishment.
d.	Sports involvement can lead to improved social skills.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

MSC: Factual

TRUE/FALSE

1. Concrete operational thinkers are unable to reverse their thinking.

ANS: F REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

1. Formal operational thinkers often utilize combinatorial reasoning.

ANS: T REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

1. When engaging in deductive reasoning, you draw conclusions from facts.

ANS: T REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

1. When engaging in elaboration, you embellish on information in order to make it more memorable.

ANS: T REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

1. Goal identification and effective strategy selection are examples of cognitive self-regulation.

ANS: T REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

1. Psychometricians specialize in the biology of the brain.

ANS: F REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. Gardner’s types of intelligences include existential, naturalistic, and musical.

ANS: T REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. Analytic ability involves the ability to know that a plan will work.

ANS: F REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. Terman originally calculated IQ using the formal: IQ = CA/MA * 100.

ANS: F REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. The correlation between a child’s IQ and his or her biological parents IQ gets stronger as the child gets older.

ANS: T REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. Culture-fair tests contain numerous items that refer to cultural concepts.

ANS: F REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. The traditional definition of giftedness was an IQ of 130 or greater.

ANS: T REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

1. By definition, a child with a learning disability must have some kind of sensory impairment.

ANS: F REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

1. The three key symptoms of ADHD are hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.

ANS: T REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

1. Reading comprehension occurs when an individual extracts meaning from a sequence of words.

ANS: T REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

1. Readers often use sentence context to help increase the speed of word recognition.

ANS: T REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

1. Increases in working memory size can positively impact reading comprehension.

ANS: T REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

1. The knowledge-transforming strategy involves a determination of how best to organize your written project to convey a point.

ANS: T REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

1. On standardized tests of math and science, the very best American students tend to score at the level of an average student from Asian countries like Korea.

ANS: T REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

1. Japanese parents are more likely than American parents to believe that genetic factors determine mathematical ability.

ANS: F REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

1. Good teachers value tutoring, emphasize mastery of topics, and effectively manage their classrooms.

ANS: T REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

1. During their elementary school years, the average child gains about 8 pounds a year.

ANS: T REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

1. Several studies have linked participation in sports with antisocial and delinquent behavior.

ANS: T REF: 6.5 OBJ: 6.5

COMPLETION

1. Most human thought takes place in _____ memory, where a few items can be stored for a brief period of time.

ANS: working

REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

1. The memory strategy of _____ involves structuring information so that related information is placed together.

ANS: organization

REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

1. The intuitive understanding of memory is called _____.

ANS: metamemory

REF: 6.1 OBJ: 6.1

1. _____ are psychologists who specialize in measuring traits like personality and intelligence.

ANS: Psychometricians

REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. ________ intelligence is the ability to use one’s own and others’ emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily.

ANS: Emotional

REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

1. According to Sternberg, _____ ability is defined as knowing that a solution will actually work.

ANS: practical

REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. The formula used for calculating IQ is _____.

ANS: MA/CA * 100

REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. Critics suggest that test score differences are the result of ___ in the tests themselves.

ANS: bias

REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. A(n) _____ intelligence test contains items based on experiences common to people from many cultures.

ANS: culture-fair

REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. The self-fulfilling prophecy in which knowledge of a stereotype actually leads to increased anxiety and poorer performance consistent with the original stereotype is referred to as _____ threat.

ANS: stereotype

REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. On a(n) _____ thinking test, the goal is to use information to come to the one standard, correct answer.

ANS: convergent

REF: 6.2 OBJ: 6.2

1. Intellectual disability can be traced to four factors, including ______, social, behavioral, and educational factors.

ANS: biomedical

REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

1. A child of normal intelligence with no sensory impairments who is having trouble mastering one or more academic subjects is best classified as having a(n) _____.

ANS: learning disability or learning disorder

REF: 6.3 OBJ: 6.3

1. The ability to hear the distinctive sounds of each letter in language is known as ______ awareness.

ANS: phonological

REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

1. When a child writes a paper by jotting down ideas as they are retrieved from memory with no overall organizational plan, he or she is said to be using a knowledge-_____ strategy.

ANS: telling

REF: 6.4 OBJ: 6.4

ESSAY

1. The Turners have two children. Their son Ike is a 10-year-old concrete operational thinker. Their daughter Tina is a 14-year-old formal operational thinker. Describe three different situations in which Ike and Tina would respond differently based on their current stages of thinking. Be sure to describe both the situation and the responses.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.1

1. Describe the development of memory strategies, metacognition, and self-regulation during the early childhood years.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.1

1. During a conversation, your neighbor proclaims, “I don’t know why my kid is forced to take IQ tests at school. Everyone knows that intelligence tests don’t really measure anything, and everyone also knows that intelligence is simply inherited.” Enlighten your neighbor by discussing the nature of intelligence testing and by discussing the nature and/or nurture of intelligence.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.2

1. A newspaper headline reads, “IQ scores of Asian student superior to those of students from the United States. Difference appears to be the result of differential education.” Respond to the headline by describing data concerning both ethnic differences in intelligence and differences in educational practices between the United States and countries in Asia.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.2

1. Compare and contrast the characteristics of gifted and creative children.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.3

1. Describe why the statement, “Children with ‘learning disabilities’ are identical to those with ‘intellectual disability’” is false. In doing so, be sure to provide definitions of both cognitive categories.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.3

1. What are the main symptoms of ADHD? What causes this disorder and how is it most effectively treated?

ANS:

No answer provided.

OBJ: 6.3

1. Describe the skills that elementary school-age children develop as they learn to read, comprehend, and write effectively.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.4

1. You have been asked to serve on a committee charged with providing a school district with advice on how to build the most effective school that will have the most effective teachers. What specific advice on these two topics would you provide to this committee?

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.15

1. As the parent of a third-grader, you are growing concerned about your daughter’s level of fitness and are considering putting her into an organized sports program. If your daughter is a typical American child, why would your concern over lack of fitness likely be warranted? Also, what are the pros and cons of placing a child into organized sports?

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 6.5

1. Describe any six of Gardner’s types of intelligences.

ANS:

Gardner’s nine types of intelligences included linguistic (understand vocabulary and language), logical-mathematics (understand math), spatial (understand spatial relations), musical, bodily-kinesthetic (understand body position), interpersonal (understand others), intrapersonal (understand self), naturalistic (understand nature), and existential (understand one’s existence in the universe).

OBJ: 6.2

1. The Binet-Simon test was the first to assess cognitive skills of children. Describe the intent of this test and the scoring schemes that were developed to quantify intelligence.

ANS:

Binet and Simon’s test was to determine who might need special assistance in school. Their test generated a mental age score for each child that was an estimate of the level of difficulty of problems that he or she could successfully solve. Lewis Terman of Stanford University created an American version of this test (known as the Stanford-Binet). His test used a different scoring system in which a child’s intelligence quotient was said to be equal to his or her mental age divided by chronological age and that score times 100 (i.e., IQ = (MA/CA)*100.

OBJ: 6.2

Chapter 7—Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Liam is learning the values, behaviors, and roles of his culture. In other words, Liam is experiencing

a.	direct instruction.	c.	authoritative parenting.
b.	counterimitation.	d.	socialization.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Early psychologists like Watson viewed _____ as “all powerful” concerning the development of a child.

a.	parents	c.	teachers
b.	peers	d.	siblings

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. According to the systems view of families, how many of the following influence a child’s development: neighborhood, school, religious organizations, extended family?

a.	1	c.	3
b.	2	d.	4

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Marissa is a researcher who believes that to understand childrearing, you must get beyond looking solely at how parents treat their children and look at the behavior of the children, the behavior of their siblings, the behavior of the parents toward each other, and the neighborhood in which the child lives. It is most likely that Marissa supports a ____ view of childrearing.

a.	psychodynamic	c.	systems
b.	blended family	d.	counterimitation

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. The two main dimensions of parental behavior are

a.	dominance and counterimitation.	c.	warmth and control.
b.	counterimitation and warmth.	d.	control and dominance.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Which parenting style might best be described as “low warmth and high control?”

a.	Authoritarian	c.	Uninvolved
b.	Permissive	d.	Authoritative

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Dick and Wendy want their children to work hard. They have rules and expect their children to obey them without question. Dick and Wendy are most likely _____ parents.

a.	uninvolved	c.	authoritative
b.	authoritarian	d.	permissive

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. The _____ parenting style is best described as both controlling and warm.

a.	authoritarian	c.	permissive
b.	authoritative	d.	uninvolved

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. When Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style best describes Ki-Jana’s parents?

a.	Authoritarian	c.	Uninvolved
b.	Permissive	d.	Authoritative

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. A permissive parent is best thought of as

a.	cold and controlling.	c.	cold and uncontrolling.
b.	warm and controlling.	d.	warm and uncontrolling.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Sally and Dan are quick to express affection toward their son, Zach, and accept most of his behavior. In fact, Zach has never once been punished. Sally and Dan are exhibiting a(n) ____ style of parenting.

a.	authoritative	c.	uninvolved
b.	authoritarian	d.	permissive

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. When all of his buddies call home to tell their parents they will be getting home late from the game, Dieter doesn’t bother, saying, “My mom and dad are too busy to care about me. They don’t care how late I’m out—in fact, they never even ask where I’m going.” If Dieter is right, his parents are most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ parenting style.

a.	uninvolved	c.	permissive
b.	authoritarian	d.	authoritative

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. When you hear someone say, “Those neighbor kids are neglected. Even when the parents are home, they do virtually nothing,” which parenting style should come to mind?

a.	Authoritarian	c.	Uninvolved
b.	Permissive	d.	Authoritative

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which parenting style is best characterized as “indifferent?”

a.	Authoritarian	c.	Permissive
b.	Authoritative	d.	Uninvolved

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. After having read a book on parenting styles, if you wished to raise a friendly and self-reliant child, you would try to adopt a(n) _____ parenting style.

a.	permissive	c.	uninvolved
b.	authoritative	d.	authoritarian

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Because they have a permissive parenting style, you would predict that Alan and Sue’s son would

a.	earn high grades in school.	c.	be self-reliant.
b.	have limited self-control.	d.	have control over his behavior.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Children who are aggressive tend to come from families with _________ parenting styles.

a.	authoritarian or authoritative	c.	authoritative or permissive
b.	uninvolved or authoritarian	d.	permissive or uninvolved

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Matthew’s parents are very warm and exert a moderate amount of control over his life. Matthew’s parents are most likely

a.	Latin American.	c.	European American.
b.	Chinese.	d.	immigrant Chinese.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. In which country would individuality in children be most acceptable to parents?

a.	Panama	c.	Taiwan
b.	China	d.	The United States

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. As a typical parent in Latin America, Maria would place great emphasis on developing a strong sense of _____ in her children.

a.	self-reliance	c.	emotional restraint
b.	family ties	d.	free-thinking

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. What basic premise underlies Chinese parenting?

a.	Love is more important than control.
b.	Scream but never hit.
c.	Keep your emotions in check.
d.	Children are not responsible for their actions.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. Which parenting style tends to be most common for American parents of lower socioeconomic status?

a.	Permissive	c.	Authoritarian
b.	Authoritative	d.	Uninvolved

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. _____ occurs when a parent tells a child what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done.

a.	Counterimitation	c.	Infant-directed language
b.	Punishment	d.	Direct instruction

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Rather than simply ordering his son to take out the garbage, Ahmad says, “Son, take out the garbage now. It’s really full and I’m getting ready to make dinner, so I’ll need more space in the garbage bags.” Ahmad’s statement is an example of

a.	direct instruction.	c.	disinhibition.
b.	counterimitation.	d.	negative reinforcement trap.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which technique is always based on modeling?

a.	Negative reinforcement trap	c.	Instrumental aggression
b.	Counterimitation	d.	Direct instruction

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Fugi watches her older sister getting yelled at after she throws an apple across the kitchen. Fugi is now less likely to throw an apple across the kitchen herself. This kind of learning through observation would be best described as

a.	time-out.	c.	counterimitation.
b.	direct instruction.	d.	a negative reinforcement trap.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Julie watches her sister swing her pet cat by the tail and sees her gets punished by her parents for that behavior. Consequently, Julie learns not to swing her pet cat by the tail. Which term best describes this scenario?

a.	A negative reinforcement trap	c.	Indulgent parenting
b.	Counterimitation	d.	Direct instruction

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Whenever Roger says “please,” his father gives Roger what he asks for. This in turn increases Roger’s use of the word “please.” Giving in to Roger’s requests appears to be a form of

a.	reinforcement.	c.	counterimitation.
b.	punishment.	d.	inhibition.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. After his mother hears him swear, Conrad gets his mouth washed out with soap. If this led to reduction in swearing, his mom’s strategy would be described as a form of

a.	counterimitation.	c.	punishment
b.	time-out.	d.	negative reinforcement trap.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which pairing is most likely to fall victim to the “negative reinforcement trap”?

a.	Mother and daughter	c.	Father and daughter
b.	Mother and son	d.	Father and son

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. The main problem with a negative reinforcement trap is that it

a.	is only effective with very young children.
b.	involves aversive consequences.
c.	ends up increasing the incidence of an unwanted behavior.
d.	requires an age-peer model.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Ian’s mother tells him to stop watching TV and do his homework. Ian then begins to whine about wanting to watch more TV to the point that his mother gives in and lets him watch more TV as long as he stops whining. Consequently, Ian’s whining behavior increases in frequency. This sequence is best described as

a.	punishment.	c.	direct instruction.
b.	counterimitation.	d.	a negative reinforcement trap.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Simon spanks his son Paul in order to get him to stop acting aggressively. Which outcome is least likely in the long term?

a.	Paul will become fearful of Simon.
b.	Paul will become more aggressive.
c.	Paul will stop being aggressive.
d.	Paul will not internalize the social rules concerning aggressive behavior.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. What statement about time-out is true?

a.	It is based on modeling.
b.	It is a reinforcement technique.
c.	It bypasses many of the pitfalls of punishment.
d.	It produces disinhibition.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. When Esther misbehaves, her mother makes her go sit by herself in a small, quiet, unstimulating area of the house. Esther’s mother is probably using

a.	direct instruction.	c.	time-out.
b.	socialization.	d.	an indifferent parenting style.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. If you’re going to use time-out, make sure that

a.	the time-out location is close to where the child misbehaved.
b.	you explain the reasons for the time-out to the child.
c.	the time-out period is at least a half-hour long.
d.	you model the appropriate behavior to the child.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Parental conflict

a.	usually has no negative effects on children.
b.	can make a child feel that the family is unstable.
c.	often has positive effects on a child’s development.
d.	is not a normal part of most marriages.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Which statement about marital issues and child development is true?

a.	Chronic parental conflict seldom spills over into child-parent relationships
b.	Parental conflict cannot positively impact a child
c.	Children’s self-esteem typically raises when a parent becomes unemployed
d.	Parents can act as gatekeepers who deny or limit the participation of the other parent

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Which best describes the relationship between parenting styles and children’s temperaments?

a.	Parenting styles cause temperaments.
b.	Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament.
c.	Temperaments develop as the result of parenting styles.
d.	Temperament and parenting styles are unrelated.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. Which six-year-old is most likely to be distressed by the fact that she has a new baby brother?

a.	Annabella, whose parents pay less attention to her
b.	Noni, who has two older sisters
c.	Monique, who has one older brother
d.	Patsy, whose dad has become more involved in parenting

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Once the youngest sibling gets to be about ____, he or she will start talking more to older siblings than to mom.

a.	6 months old	c.	2 years old
b.	1 year old	d.	4 years old

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Which pair of siblings is most likely to get along very well?

a.	William (a boy) and Beth (a girl)
b.	Mary (who is temperamentally emotional) and Lisa (who is not temperamentally emotional)
c.	Ruth (a girl) and Greta (a girl)
d.	Sam (who is temperamentally emotional) and Trevor (who is also temperamentally emotional)

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Which advice should you give to parents who are trying to reduce their children’s sibling conflict?

a.	“Admit that you have a ‘favorite.’”
b.	“Try to keep your marital problems to yourself.”
c.	“Next time try and not have your children so close together in age.”
d.	“It would be helpful if you didn’t have all girls.”

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Research on sibling relationships in African-American families indicates that these relationships are most positive when children have

a.	many siblings.	c.	sisters.
b.	high IQs.	d.	a strong sense of ethnic identity.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. In which way are adopted children different from children living with their biological parents?

a.	They have different temperaments.
b.	They have more maladjusted mother-infant attachments.
c.	They are more likely to have problems adjusting to school.
d.	They are delayed in terms of cognitive development.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Which adopted child is most likely to have the most problems?

a.	Steve, who was adopted right after birth
b.	Chuck, who was adopted when he was two years old
c.	Ann, who was adopted when she was four years old
d.	Lydia, who was adopted when she was eight years old

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Priscilla is pregnant. She and her husband Elvis have very high expectations for this child and will be more affectionate, but also more punitive, toward this child than they will toward any other. This is most likely this couple’s _____ baby.

a.	first	c.	third
b.	second	d.	fourth

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. As the third child born in his family, Fletcher should expect that his parents will ____ than they did with his oldest sibling.

a.	use stiffer disciplinary methods	c.	be more affectionate
b.	set higher academic goals	d.	set more realistic expectations

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Which child is most likely to succeed academically and go to college?

a.	Teri, who is first born
b.	Martha, who is second born
c.	Dorothy, who is third born
d.	Vanessa, who is the youngest child

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Which is true of only children relative to children with siblings?

a.	They are more likely to be “spoiled brats.”
b.	They are more selfish.
c.	They are more egotistical.
d.	They are smarter and more mature.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. In China, only children are most accurately described as

a.	“rejected.”	c.	“great wall flowers”
b.	“little emperors.”	d.	“similar to kids with siblings.”

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. The impact of being a child of divorced parents often persists into adulthood and includes the greater likelihood of

a.	never marrying.
b.	marrying at a young age.
c.	being less satisfied with life.
d.	being more optimistic about marriage.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Why did the harmful impacts of divorce appear to have increased in the 1990s?

a.	Divorce was so uncommon that children of divorce were seen as very different.
b.	Divorce settlements were more “vicious” than they were in the past.
c.	Joint versus single custody had become more of the norm.
d.	The gap between single- and two-parent family incomes was widening.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Anjali’s parents are divorced. Anjali spends weekends with his father and the rest of the week with his mother. In legal terms, this arrangement is an aspect of what is known as

a.	an indifferent-uninvolved parenting style.
b.	direct instruction.
c.	a blended family.
d.	joint custody.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which statement concerning divorce is true?

a.	Children tend to fare best with opposite-sex custodial parents.
b.	Predivorce family conflict has little impact on development; it is what happens after the divorce that matters.
c.	In recent years, the number of fathers being granted custody has decreased.
d.	The reduction of income in the post-divorce single parent family can have a negative impact on development.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Which is the most effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child?

a.	Reinforce the idea that in life you cannot control what happens to you
b.	Make sure that only one parent is actively involved with the child’s life
c.	Ask the child to help mediate disputes between you and your ex-spouse
d.	Don’t view the love of your child as a competition between you and your ex-spouse

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. Brooke’s family consists of her biological mother, biological sister, and step-father. This kind of unit is known as

a.	a clique.
b.	a negative reinforcement trap.
c.	a blended family.
d.	joint custody.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which best exemplifies a “blended family?”

a.	A family with two parents and one child, where one parent is Caucasian and the other is African American
b.	A family with two adopted children, where one child is Caucasian and the other is African American
c.	A family in which parents have joint custody of at least one child
d.	A family in which a divorced mom with a son marries a widowed dad with two daughters

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Doreen is a single, divorced mother of a five-year-old boy. Will remarrying be good for her son?

a.	No, as he will more likely feel rejected by his mother
b.	No, as step-fathers are typically a burden for the boy
c.	Yes, if the step-father is warm and involved
d.	Yes, no matter what the step-father is like

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Olivia was divorced three years ago and has custody of her preadolescent children (one boy and one girl). Olivia is now planning to remarry. Who will have the most difficulty adjusting to this new blended family?

a.	Olivia’s son	c.	Olivia
b.	Olivia’s daughter	d.	The new step-father

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. As a new step-father, Jackson should

a.	show interest, but not get too involved in the lives of his new step-children.
b.	establish clear boundaries with both his step- and biological children.
c.	establish himself as the authority with both his step- and biological children.
d.	show affection first toward his children, then his new spouse.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Concerning blended families,

a.	children in blended families tend to experience fewer incidence of depression but more anxiety.
b.	the likelihood of divorce is slightly lower than for first marriages.
c.	children often fear that the step-parent will disturb their relationship with the biological parent.
d.	noncustodial fathers tend to maintain closer contact with their children.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. Marcia’s parents frequently tell her she is “an idiot” and often make her look foolish in front of her friends. This sort of abuse would best be described as

a.	psychological.	c.	socialization.
b.	physical.	d.	neglect.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Authorities will sometimes find children near death due to the fact that their parents have not fed them or protected them from environmental conditions such as the weather. These children are most accurately labeled as victims of

a.	physical abuse.	c.	psychological abuse.
b.	neglect.	d.	negative reinforcement trap.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Five-year-old Badia’s parents are not taking care of his medical needs. Badia is suffering from

a.	physical abuse.	c.	neglect
b.	psychological abuse.	d.	hostile aggression.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. When George gets angry with his children, he cannot control his emotions and he often strikes them, causing bruises and even broken bones. George is guilty of ____ his children.

a.	sexually abusing	c.	psychologically abusing
b.	neglecting	d.	physically abusing

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. By far the most frequent sort of child abuse would be categorized as

a.	neglect.	c.	physical.
b.	sexual.	d.	psychological.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Who is most likely to spank her child?

a.	Rose, who is a Swedish parent
b.	Tulip, who is an American parent
c.	Lilly, who is a Japanese parent
d.	Blossom, who is a Chinese parent

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. Which social condition appears to foster maltreatment of children?

a.	Fragile-X syndrome	c.	Alcoholism
b.	Poverty	d.	ADHD

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. Who is most likely to abuse his child?

a.	Louis, who relies on the time-out technique to punish his children
b.	Derek, who was never abused when he was a child
c.	Joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives
d.	Scott, who is wealthy

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. How many of the following would be at risk for child abuse: a step-child, a sick child, a child with a parent deployed in a combat zone?

a.	0	c.	2
b.	1	d.	3

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Application

1. What is not one of the effects of being an abused child?

a.	Better emotional regulation
b.	Delayed cognitive development
c.	Aggressive behavior toward peers
d.	Depression

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. The odds of ____ increase in a person who has been abused as a child.

a.	divorce
b.	attempting suicide
c.	being an authoritative parent
d.	high academic performance

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. A child who is able to respond resourcefully in a new situation is said to have high levels of

a.	ego resilience.	c.	counterimitation.
b.	instrumental aggression.	d.	co-rumination.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Which statement best exemplifies ego resilience?

a.	“I am a good person.”
b.	“Parents should be able to discipline their children any way they see fit.”
c.	“Even though I have never been in this situation before, I can handle it.”
d.	“It is hard for me to take the point of view of someone who thinks differently than I do.”

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which would likely lead to a significant drop in the incidence of physical child abuse?

a.	Having the entire world adopt an attitude toward childrearing like that seen in the United States
b.	Wipe out poverty
c.	Eliminate government intervention into parenting issues
d.	Encourage parents to adopt an authoritarian style

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Conceptual

1. What has research shown to be useful in preventing child abuse?

a.	Jail time and censure of abusive parents
b.	Early childhood intervention programs
c.	Encouragement of parents to use more physical punishment
d.	Removal of the father from the lives of the children

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

MSC: Factual

1. A friendship is both

a.	mandatory and independent.
b.	mandatory and mutual.
c.	voluntary and independent.
d.	voluntary and mutual.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Clive says that Erik is his best friend because “we like to play with each other, and Erik always lets me use his soccer ball.” It is most likely that Clive is ______ years old.

a.	2	c.	12
b.	5	d.	16

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Which aspect of friendship tends to be new to children aged 8-11?

a.	Sharing activities	c.	Sharing toys
b.	Trust	d.	Mutual liking

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Factual

1. The statement, “we share our feelings” is most likely to be made by a

a.	3-year-old.	c.	10-year-old.
b.	5-year-old.	d.	15-year-old.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Factual

1. Girls are more likely to be concerned about the faithfulness of their friends because their friendships are more likely based on

a.	socialization.	c.	intimacy.
b.	helping each other.	d.	common interests.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. Pablo is a troubled eight-year-old. He is very upset about the fact that he lost his cap. Pablo is most likely to seek support from

a.	his teacher.	c.	his mother.
b.	his close friends.	d.	a police officer.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Laura is 14 years old, and is extremely upset about the fact that someone made fun of her in class. Laura is most likely to seek support from

a.	her teacher	c.	her mother.
b.	her close friends.	d.	her father.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Tito would be more likely to have friends of a different race if

a.	he lived in a diverse neighborhood.
b.	he attended a segregated school.
c.	his friends were older.
d.	his friends had different attitudes than his own.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Who possesses a characteristic that makes them less likely to be a friend with 12-year-old Isabel, who is Mexican American?

a.	Toni, who is also 12 years old
b.	Bobbi, who is also a female
c.	Roni, who is also Mexican American
d.	Tina, who views school differently

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. The fact that friends spend a lot of time discussing personal problems is referred to as

a.	co-rumination.
b.	ego-resilience.
c.	dominancy hierarchy.
d.	the negative reinforcement trap.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Which statement indicates that co-rumination is occurring?

a.	“I like ice cream.”
b.	“I think that being by myself and drinking this malt is about the best thing I can do for me.”
c.	“I know that you are also having trouble staying slim.”
d.	“When I go out to dinner and order a salad, I always ask for cottage cheese.”

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Co-rumination would most likely take place between

a.	girl friends.	c.	girl acquaintances.
b.	boy friends.	d.	boy acquaintances.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Glenna hangs around two other friends who are the same sex and have similar attitudes and interests. This group of friends would most accurately be described as a

a.	group.	c.	gang.
b.	crowd.	d.	clique.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Crowd is to clique as

a.	set is to subset.	c.	black is to white.
b.	friends are to rivals.	d.	attitude is to behavior.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Jane is identified by others at school as being part of “The Elite,” a fairly large group of students who are very popular, get good grades, and are involved in extracurricular activities. “The Elite” are best described as a

a.	gang.	c.	crowd.
b.	clique.	d.	band.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Sixteen-year-old Yvonne is a member of the “Jocks,” the highest status crowd at school. It is most likely that Yvonne has

a.	low self-esteem.	c.	high self-esteem.
b.	average self-esteem.	d.	no friends.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Who would likely have the highest self-esteem?

a.	Vincent, who has high status in a clique of his school’s most “in” crowd
b.	Kasen, who has high status with one of the most “in” kids in school
c.	Niv, who has high status in her school’s most “in” crowd
d.	Namid, who has high status with teachers in her school

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Anthea’s parents include her in most family discussions. This has to increase the likelihood of Anthea being in the____ crowds.

a.	popular or jock	c.	brainy or druggie
b.	normal or brainy	d.	normal or popular

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Jerry is a member of the “druggie” crowd. His parents were most likely

a.	authoritarian.	c.	permissive.
b.	authoritative.	d.	popular.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. In a group based on a dominance hierarchy, you can expect

a.	increased internal conflict.	c.	a single leader.
b.	equal status for all members.	d.	few active members.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Yuri is the leader of a group called “The Wannabes.” All the other members know that Yuri is in charge, and they respect that. What is the best term to describe this type of group structure?

a.	Clique	c.	Dominance hierarchy
b.	Crowd	d.	Friendship

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. There is a group in town made up of girls who like golf. The leader of the group is most likely to be

a.	Annika, who is the best golfer in the group.
b.	Michelle, who has the most outgoing personality.
c.	Sela, who is the wealthiest person in the group.
d.	Grace, who is the best student in the group.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. In a typical group of six-year-old boys, who would you expect to be the leader?

a.	The smartest kid	c.	The richest kid
b.	The strongest kid	d.	The funniest kid

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. What single factor appears to be most influential in determining whether an adolescent will “cave in” to peer pressure?

a.	The degree to which appropriate standards of behavior are clear-cut
b.	The degree to which you can get into trouble for engaging in the act
c.	The degree to which parents oppose the act
d.	The degree to which the act requires effort

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. In which situation is Rita most likely to be influenced by peer pressure?

a.	Determining what clothes to wear to the prom
b.	Deciding whether to scream “fire” in a crowded movie theater
c.	Determining how she should cook macaroni and cheese
d.	Deciding whether she should sleep at night

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Clyde is quite a character. He is very well liked by some people in his class but is very much disliked by some others. Clyde is a good example of a(n) ____ child.

a.	popular	c.	Average
b.	rejected	d.	Controversial

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Angelica is well liked by most of her classmates. She would be best described as

a.	average.	c.	controversial.
b.	neglected.	d.	popular.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Blake is somewhat liked by some of his classmates and somewhat disliked by others. Blake is probably best described as a(n) _____ child.

a.	average	c.	neglected
b.	controversial	d.	rejected

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which child is best described as an “average child”?

a.	Georgi, who is well liked by most of her classmates
b.	Natalya, who has some classmates that like her somewhat and others that dislike her somewhat
c.	Yuri, who is ignored by his classmates
d.	Donald, who is disliked by most all of his classmates

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. As a “neglected” child, Juno should expect to be _____ by her peers.

a.	bullied	c.	ignored
b.	disliked	d.	feared

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. What type of child is disliked by the majority of their peers?

a.	Rejected	c.	Neglected
b.	Controversial	d.	Average

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Eric’s classmates don’t particularly hate him; they just never pay any attention to him. Eric would probably be best described as

a.	controversial.	c.	neglected.
b.	rejected.	d.	average.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Liked is to popular children as disliked is to ____ children.

a.	controversial	c.	average
b.	rejected	d.	neglected

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. What is the best advice you could give to an adolescent trying to gain popularity among his or her school peers?

a.	“Be quiet.”	c.	“Be subservient.”
b.	“Be nice.”	d.	“Be aggressive.”

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. In which culture would shyness be a predictor of peer popularity?

a.	Israel
b.	Canada
c.	China
d.	Shyness is not valued in any culture

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Factual

1. Children who are rejected by their peers have often been

a.	disciplined inconsistently by their parents.
b.	raised in environments that lacked a sense of intimidation.
c.	raised by parents with an authoritative style.
d.	the victims of time-out procedures.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. A common reason for being a rejected child lies in his or her parent’s

a.	high poverty status.
b.	poor intellect.
c.	inconsistent disciplinary style.
d.	over affection.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Conceptual

1. Sinead is a one-year-old. Which behavior would you most likely see her display?

a.	Relational aggression	c.	Instrumental aggression
b.	Hostile aggression	d.	Prejudice

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Rita is incredibly aggressive on the hockey rink but is very nice to everyone when she isn’t competing. What term best describes Rita’s “on-ice” aggression?

a.	Relational aggression	c.	Neglect
b.	Hostile aggression	d.	Instrumental aggression

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Mabel likes to hit other children for no other purpose than to see them get hurt and feel scared. What term best describes Mabel’s behavior?

a.	Hostile aggression	c.	Relational aggression
b.	Instrumental aggression	d.	Counterimitation

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Application

1. Which best describes hostile aggression?

a.	Provoked attempt to humiliate
b.	Unprovoked attempt to humiliate
c.	Provoked attempt to attain a goal
d.	Unprovoked attempt to attain a goal

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

KEY: Key Term MSC: Factual

1. Randy is a seven-year-old who exhibits a high degree of hostile aggression. What is he most likely to be like when he is in high school?

a.	More hostile aggressive but not greater in instrumental aggression than his same-age peers
b.	About as aggressive as his same-age peers
c.	More aggressive than his same-age peers
d.	More instrumentally aggressive but not greater in hostile aggression than his same-age peers

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Casey is a chronic victim of bullies. What is one way research suggests to decrease the likelihood that Casey will continue to be victimized?

a.	Try to externalize the fear experienced while being bullied
b.	Increase his own hostile aggressiveness
c.	Help him make more friends
d.	Put him in time-out

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

MSC: Application

1. Does watching TV violence really affect the behavior of children?

a.	No, it has no effect on overt violent behavior.
b.	Not really. It may make them a little scared for a while but has no long-term effects.
c.	It might if the children are ADHD before they watch the violence.
d.	Yes, it tends to be associated with more aggressive behavior.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Factual

1. Playing violent video games while identifying with aggressive characters in the game ____ aggressive behavior.

a.	is inversely correlated with
b.	is positively correlated with
c.	is unrelated with
d.	reduces the incidence of

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Factual

1. Graham watches television for many hours every day. Dan does not watch television at all. It is most likely that

a.	Graham has more stereotyped views of men and women.
b.	Dan will be more aggressive.
c.	Dan will be bullied by his peers.
d.	Graham has a more realistic view of the elderly.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Application

1. If he is a typical child, when five-year-old Tonka hears a commercial that says, “This is the best toy in the whole world!” he

a.	would not understand what it means.
b.	knows that the company is simply trying to sell something.
c.	believes that the company is lying.
d.	believes the commercial is telling the truth.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Application

1. Researchers have found that watching _________ increased the likelihood that a child gained important mathematics skills.

a.	Super Why!
b.	Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood
c.	The Dinosaur Train
d.	The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Application

1. Which is not a criticism of the effects of television on children?

a.	Difficulty learning to read
b.	Difficulty concentrating
c.	Short attention spans
d.	Less creative thinking

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Factual

1. Hiroko watches shows that display and encourage being friendly and helpful to other people. After watching this, Hiroko is more likely to

a.	act friendly.
b.	act aggressively.
c.	be depressed.
d.	act the same way she always has.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Application

1. Researchers have found that watching ________ increased the likelihood of a child behaving in a prosocial manner.

a.	Bill Nye the Science Guy	c.	The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
b.	Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood	d.	Friends

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Factual

1. What would be the most effective way to increase the impact of prosocial television programs on children’s behavior?

a.	Put more cartoons on the air
b.	Eliminate commercials
c.	Put more prosocial programs on the air
d.	Eliminate adult-oriented programs

ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Conceptual

1. One of the problems with relying on prosocial television programs to encourage prosocial behaviors in children is that

a.	prosocial programs have no effect on behavior.
b.	children do not like programs that promote prosocial behavior.
c.	prosocial programs only affect the behavior of girls.
d.	prosocial programs are far outnumbered by violent programs.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Factual

1. Children who watch more _____ on TV seem better prepared to enter school than preschoolers who watch less frequently.

a.	News	c.	cartoons
b.	Sesame Street	d.	commercials

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Factual

1. Mary and Orlaith are high school students. Orlaith gets mostly “A” grades, and Mary gets mostly “B”s. Which of these aspects of their pasts is most likely?

a.	Orlaith watched more Sesame Street than Mary.
b.	Mary watched more television than Orlaith.
c.	Orlaith watched more violent programs than Mary.
d.	Mary watched more Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood than Orlaith.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Application

1. Which statement is most accurate regarding the cognitive impact of watching television?

a.	Television causes children to have short attention spans.
b.	There is no strong evidence that TV watching by itself has negative effects on children.
c.	Children who watch television become lazy thinkers.
d.	Watching television leads to increased activity levels and stifles the creativity of children who watch it.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

MSC: Factual

1. Six-year-old Yoko’s description of her friend Gretchen is most likely to include which adjective?

a.	Mean	c.	Funny
b.	Understanding	d.	Tall

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Application

1. The use of ________ in descriptions of people tends to increase as we age.

a.	general information	c.	possessions
b.	personality traits	d.	concrete features

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Factual

1. Amy describes her friend Duffy by saying, “She’s fun to be around because she’s funny and has good ideas, but she’s often insensitive to how others feel.” Amy is most likely about ____ years old.

a.	2	c.	10
b.	7	d.	16

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Application

1. When Sami is asked about what other people think of her, she has a very difficult time answering, because she can’t seem to take her friend’s perspective when looking at herself. What would Piaget call Sami’s difficulty?

a.	Prejudice	c.	Egocentrism
b.	Relational aggression	d.	Inhibition

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Application

1. In what stage of perspective-taking are children most egocentric?

a.	Social-informational	c.	Undifferentiated
b.	Societal	d.	Self-reflective

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Factual

1. Helen is upset because she thinks that her teacher views her argument with Mary as being silly. According to Selman, Helen is most likely in the ____ stage of perspective-taking.

a.	third-person	c.	undifferentiated
b.	societal	d.	self-reflective

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Application

1. Prejudice is best described as

a.	a limitation placed on a person because he or she belongs to some group.
b.	hating yourself because of who you are.
c.	a negative view of others based on their group membership.
d.	the ability to put yourself into the “shoes” of another person.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

KEY: Key Term MSC: Conceptual

1. Once Jim finds out that Henri is from France, he immediately dislikes him because he thinks French people are not trustworthy. What term best describes Jim’s view of Henri?

a.	Relational aggression	c.	Socialization
b.	Hostile aggression	d.	Prejudice

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Application

1. During adolescence, as preference for your own group intensifies, the likelihood of prejudice

a.	gets higher.	c.	stays the same.
b.	gets lower.	d.	reduces to zero.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Conceptual

1. Which explanation best explains the reason for changes in prejudice during adolescence?

a.	Adolescents tend to believe that members of other groups would never be interested in joining their group.
b.	Adolescents tend to believe that members of other groups would never be accepted by members of the other group.
c.	Adolescents develop a more negative view of their own group and a more positive view of other groups.
d.	Adolescents develop a more positive view of their own group and a more negative view of other groups.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Conceptual

1. What advice should you give to a parent who is trying to discourage prejudice in his or her child?

a.	“Simply put your child in contact with individuals from other groups and lets things occur on their own”
b.	“Have your child role-play being members of another group”
c.	“Work on strengthening your child’s feelings toward his or her own group”
d.	“Let things alone, as attempts to reduce prejudice almost always result in increased prejudice”

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

MSC: Application

TRUE/FALSE

1. Authoritarian parents usually produce children who are the best adjusted.

ANS: F REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Parenting styles vary both across cultures and within cultures.

ANS: T REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Direct instruction involves telling a child when, what, and why he should do something.

ANS: T REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. The key to effective use of time-out lies in placing a child in an overstimulating environment.

ANS: F REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. A child’s temperament can impact the type of parenting style exhibited by the parent.

ANS: T REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Parents can reduce sibling issues by showing similar levels of affection and responsiveness to all their children.

ANS: T REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. First-born children score higher on intelligence tests than later-born children.

ANS: T REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Divorce is more difficult for adolescent children than for preschool children.

ANS: T REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. A “blended” family must consist of at least two people from different racial/ethnic backgrounds.

ANS: F REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Child abuse is more prevalent in the United States than in countries that do not condone physically punishing children.

ANS: T REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Poverty is a risk factor for child maltreatment.

ANS: T REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Friendship involves mutual and voluntary liking.

ANS: T REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. Children whose friends are all members of the opposite sex are more likely to be well adjusted than children whose friends are all members of the same sex.

ANS: F REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. A clique is larger than a crowd.

ANS: F REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. Peer pressure is never positive.

ANS: F REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. Controversial children are well liked by some of their classmates.

ANS: T REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. A neglected child is intensely disliked by classmates.

ANS: F REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. Hostile aggression is provoked.

ANS: F REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. Educational television programs have virtually no discernable impact on cognitive development in children.

ANS: F REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

1. Children who watch a lot of television have shorter attention spans than children who do not watch television.

ANS: F REF: 7.3 OBJ: 7.3

1. Children’s descriptions of other people tend to get more conceptual as they get older.

ANS: T REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

1. Egocentrism can negatively impact the ability to understand others.

ANS: T REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

1. In Selman’s initial stage of perspective-taking, children appear unable to understand why someone would want to do something different than they want to do.

ANS: T REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

1. Members of high status groups are more likely to be prejudiced.

ANS: T REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

COMPLETION

1. _____ parenting combines warmth and caring but little parental control.

ANS: Permissive

REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Learning what not to do by observing someone else is called _____.

ANS: counterimitation

REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Any action that discourages the reoccurrence of a response is a(n) _____.

ANS: punishment

REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. When a parent unwittingly reinforces a behavior that he or she is trying to discourage has fallen victim to the _____ trap.

ANS: negative reinforcement

REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. If, after being divorced, both biological parents retain legal custody of their children, they are said to have _____ custody.

ANS: joint

REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. A(n) _____ family minimally consists of a biological parent, a child, and a step-parent.

ANS: blended

REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Ridiculing a child is best described as _____ abuse.

ANS: psychological

REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. The ability of a child to respond adaptively and resourcefully to a new situation is called ego-_____.

ANS: resilience

REF: 7.1 OBJ: 7.1

1. Voluntary and mutual liking between two people is the definition of _____.

ANS: friendship

REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. _____ occurs when two friend spend much of their time discussing each other’s personal problems.

ANS: Co-rumination

REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. A(n) _____ consists of several similar cliques.

ANS: crowd

REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. _____ children are liked by most of their classmates.

ANS: Popular

REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. When aggression is unprovoked and appears to be solely done for the purpose of humiliation, harassment, or intimidation, it is best classified as _____ aggression.

ANS: hostile

REF: 7.2 OBJ: 7.2

1. The concept of “she thinks that he thinks that” is best associated with _____ thinking.

ANS: recursive

REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

1. _____ is having a negative view of others based on their membership in a specific group.

ANS: Prejudice

REF: 7.4 OBJ: 7.4

ESSAY

1. Contrast the following terms: negative reinforcement trap, punishment, and time-out. Which technique seems to be the most effective?

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 7.1

1. Describe how marital relationships, a child’s age, and a child’s temperament all contribute to the manner in which a parent “parents ” a child.

ANS:

No answer provided.

OBJ: 7.1

1. Are only children more like first-borns or later-borns? Explain.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 7.1

1. Doug and Meredith are getting divorced, and they have one son in elementary school and one daughter in middle-school. Explain what they can do to limit the amount of problems their children will have with this impending divorce.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 7.1

1. Describe parental and environmental risk factors for child maltreatment. Then discuss factors that appear to mediate the impact of abuse.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 7.1

1. Clive is a developmentally typical child. Give examples of how the description of his best friend might differ when Clive is 3, 10, and 16 years old.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 7.2

1. Use your own school experiences to provide examples of school-based cliques and crowds and the concept of dominance hierarchy. If you cannot think of a specific instance, make one up.

ANS:

No answer provided.

OBJ: 7.2

1. Compare popular, rejected, controversial, and neglected children. Explain how parenting style contributes to the development of these groups of children.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 7.2

1. Some people have referred to television as the “boob tube,” their point being that too much television will result in cognitive impairments or socially unacceptable behaviors in children and adolescents. Present a fair and balanced response to this notion by first discussing some possible negative effects of television viewing and then evidence suggesting the possibility of positive outcomes from watching television.

ANS:

No answer provided.

OBJ: 7.3

1. Dwight is very prejudiced against African Americans. Use research from your text to describe two methods you might use to attempt to reduce this prejudice.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

OBJ: 7.4

1. Use the dimensions of warmth and control to describe the four major types of parenting. Which style seems to promote the best development in children? Explain.

ANS:

The four parenting styles are authoritarian (high control, little warmth), authoritative (fair degree of control and warmth), permissive (warmth but little control), and neglecting (neither warm nor controlling). If your goal is an independent, intelligent, and self-reliant child, then an authoritative style is the best. In cultures that are looking for more emotional restraint and less individualism, a somewhat more controlling model would be best.

OBJ: 7.1

1. What is the difference between instrumental, hostile, and relational aggression? Also, who are most likely to be victimized by such bullies?

ANS:

Instrumental aggression occurs when a child uses aggressive acts to achieve some specific goal (e.g., takes a ball from another child because she wants to play with the ball). Hostile aggression is committed without provocation and with the intent of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another individual (e.g., hitting a younger child to make him fear you). Relational aggression involves an attempt to undermine some social relationship (e.g., spreading a rumor about a person’s sex habits in order to break up a boyfriend-girlfriend pair). Risk factors for being the victim of a bully include being easily irritated, being withdrawn/submissive, and a lack of friends.

OBJ: 7.2