Chapter 1—A Perspective on Human GeneticsMULTIPLE CHOICE1. The major point of controversy in deCODE’s plan to establish a genetic database of the people of IcelandisA. the large expense and minimal projected benefits.B. the privacy and appropriate use of the information obtained.C. the inadequacy of the database size.D. the genetic isolation of Icelanders.E. all of these.ANS: B PTS: 12. What was deCODE’s stated purpose in wanting to decode the genomes of Icelanders?A. To trace migration patterns from Europe.B. To find unique genes to patent.C. To identify disease-causing genes for the purpose of drug development.D. To learn more about the interaction of genes and proteins.E. More than one of these is the answer.ANS: C PTS: 13. What was a major issue in deCODE’s genomic studies of Icelanders that ultimately led to it filing forbankruptcy?A. Too many Icelanders were reluctant to cooperate with deCODE.B. deCODE did not have the money to invest in the high-tech equipment needed.C. Most diseases are are caused by multiple gene mutations and are therefore too complex fordeCODE’s purposes.D. There was too much criticism from bioethicists, especially from the United Nations.E. Several top executives at deCODE were charged with embezzlement.ANS: C PTS: 14. Genetics is defined as the study of ____.A. DiseasesB. DNAC. HeredityD. chromosome structureE. more than one of theseANS: C PTS: 15. Which is the correct arrangement of the components of a nucleotide in a strand of DNA?A. Bases pair up inside with phosphates and sugars on the outside.B. Phosphates and sugars pair up on the inside with bases pointing to the outside.C. Phosphates, sugars, and bases alternate in a single linear molecule like beads on a string.D. Bases connect with sugars on the inside and phosphate groups are on the outside.E. Phosphates connect on the inside while sugars and bases connect to each other on theoutside.Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th CummingsANS: A PTS: 16. Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide base found in DNA?A. AdenineB. ThymineC. GuanineD. CytosineE. UracilANS: E PTS: 17. Gregor Mendel ____.A. cross-bred pea plants with contrasting traitsB. claimed that each individual carries a pair of “factors” for a given traitC. discovered that genes are on chromosomesD. did all of these thingsE. did most, but not all of these thingsANS: E PTS: 18. Mendel’s work on the transmission of genes in pea plants is applicable to ____.A. only pea plantsB. plants and some animals but not humansC. all plants, but only plantsD. all plants and animals, including humansE. all organismsANS: D PTS: 19. What Mendel called “factors” we now call ____ .A. NucleotidesB. DNAC. ChromosomesD. GenesE. BasesANS: D PTS: 110. Before Mendel, most people would have predicted that a cross of a red rose with a yellow rose wouldproduce ____.A. all red rosesB. all yellow rosesC. all orange rosesD. about half yellow roses and half red rosesE. about three-fourths red roses and one-fourth yellow rosesANS: C PTS: 111. The main purpose of preparing karyotypes is ____.A. to reveal chromosome abnormalitiesB. to determine genderC. to determine which genes are on which chromosomesD. to isolate and analyze genesHuman Heredity Principles and Issues 10th CummingsE. all of theseANS: A PTS: 112. The branch of genetics concerned with the mechanisms by which genes are transferred from parent tooffspring is called ____ .A. transmission genetics D. molecular geneticsB. pedigree analysis E. recombinant DNA technologyC. cytogeneticsANS: A PTS: 113. If you were a geneticist working to clone a woolly mammoth, you would be using ____ technology.A. cytogenetic D. transmission geneticsB. pedigree analysis E. recombinant DNAC. molecular geneticsANS: E PTS: 114. Which one of the following statements about eugenics is UNTRUE?A. It was founded by Charles Darwin.B. It is a dubious method for improving the human species through selective breeding.C. It is based on the assumption that human traits are much less influenced by environmentthan genes.D. It contributed to the Immigration Act of 1924.E. It was used to justify the passage of sterilization laws.ANS: A PTS: 115. Which of the following was a result of the eugenics movement in the United States?A. Individuals thought to be unfit were sterilized.B. Immigration from Itally was curtailed.C. Individuals with desirable traits were encouraged to have large families.D. Contests were held to determine the most fit families.E. All of these were a result of the eugenics movement in the United States.ANS: E PTS: 116. What was Carrie Buck’s significance in the history of genetics?A. She was a famous advocate for eugenics.B. She became the first woman geneticist.C. She was sterilized after the US Supreme Court determined she was feebleminded.D. She discovered how to genetically modify corn to be resistant to herbicides.E. She is the author of the first biography of Gregor Mendel.ANS: C PTS: 117. Hereditarianism is the idea that human traits are ____.A. partly influenced by environment and genesB. influenced mostly by the genetic make-upC. influenced equally by genes and environmentD. determined solely by the genotype or genetic make-upE. none of theseHuman Heredity Principles and Issues 10th CummingsANS: D PTS: 118. The decline of the eugenics movement in the U.S. in the early 20th century resulted from ____.A. its misuse for social and political purposes by the NazisB. the lack of knowledge of the cell theoryC. the lack of understanding of natural selectionD. the idea that most human traits are controlled by single genesE. all of theseANS: A PTS: 119. DNA microarrays (DNA chips) are used to ____.A. cut DNA molecules at specific sitesB. clone DNAC. test an individual for a specific genetic diseaseD. screen an individual’s entire genomeE. produce human embryos in a laboratory dishANS: D PTS: 120. Induced pluripotency is a term related to ___ .A. producing stem cells from normal body cellsB. cloning animals like Dolly the sheepC. the discovery of mutated genes that cause diseaseD. the decoding of the human genomeE. the practice of eugenicsANS: A PTS: 121. Which of the following terms is not closely related to the others?A. HaplotypeB. Single nucleotide polymorphismC. Genome-wide association studyD. Induced pluripotencyE. All of these terms are closely relatedANS: D PTS: 122. Gene therapy can best be described as ____.A. the elimination of a defect (mutation) in a geneB. the insertion of normal genes to act in place of mutant genesC. the insertion of human genes into other organismsD. the cloning of genes to produce and purify therapeutically useful proteinsE. the mapping of all human genetic informationANS: B PTS: 123. One of the properties of genes is that they can “recombine.” This refers to their ability to ____.A. be transmitted from parents to childrenB. move from one chromosome to anotherC. be turned on and offD. undergo changesHuman Heredity Principles and Issues 10th CummingsE. break into pieces and then reassembleANS: B PTS: 124. Which one of the following is the most accurate description of the pedigrees used in human genetics?A. Family tree charts showing who has/had a particular trait.B. Certificates verifying that an individual has a particular trait.C. Certificates of good genetic health.D. Family tree charts showing everyone’s birth and death dates.E. Family tree charts showing photographs of all individuals.ANS: A PTS: 1SHORT ANSWER1. Should information about citizens’ genomes be held by a single private company? By the government? Byanyone?ANS:Answer not provided.PTS: 12. Distinguish between transmission genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and population genetics.Which has had the greatest impact on human genetics in recent years?ANS:Answer not provided.PTS: 13. Distinguish between basic and applied research and discuss how the two are linked in terms of genetics.ANS:Answer not provided.PTS: 14. Discuss the contribution made by Francis Galton to the development of eugenics.ANS:Answer not provided.PTS: 15. What were the benefits envisioned from the Human Genome Project and was this project an appropriateuse of taxpayers’ money?ANS:Answer not provided.Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th CummingsPTS: 16. What are the reasons why Iceland was chosen to have its population’s genome decoded?ANS:Answer not provided.PTS: 17. Explain the connection between single nucleotide polymorphism, haplotype, and genome-wideassociation studies.ANS:Answer not provided.PTS: 1Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th CummingsChapter 2—Cells and Cell DivisionMULTIPLE CHOICE1. The process of meiosis results in ____.A. the production of four identical cellsB. no change in chromosome number from parental cellsC. a doubling of the chromosome numberD. a reduction in chromosome numberE. two diploid cellsANS: D PTS: 12. In the cell cycle, the G2 phase represents ____.A. the stage of DNA synthesisB. splitting of the chromosomes into chromatidsC. a period of growthD. the stage of actual cell divisionE. the stage just prior to meiosisANS: C PTS: 13. Ribosomes are organelles that function in ____.A. plasma membrane selectivityB. cellular energy productionC. synthesis of gene productsD. transport of materials throughout the cytoplasmE. DNA replicationANS: C PTS: 14. Which of the following genetic diseases involve defects in DNA repair, which affects cell division?A. Gaucher disease and Werner syndromeB. Kearns-Sayre syndrome and progeriaC. Progeria and Werner syndromeD. Gaucher disease and cystic fibrosisE. Progeria and Werner syndromeANS: E PTS: 15. Autosomes represent ____.A. all chromosomes including the sex chromosomesB. the half of the chromosomes inherited from one parentC. all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomesD. chromosome pairs with unlike membersE. those chromosomes found only in gametesANS: C PTS: 16. During meiosis in an organism where 2n = 8, how many chromatids will be present in a cell at thebeginning of meiosis II?Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th CummingsA. 2B. 4C. 6D. 8E. 12ANS: D PTS: 17. The Hayflick limit describes ____.A. the size limit to which a cell can growB. the number of divisions a cultured cell can undergoC. the largest number of chromosomes an organism can possessD. the most cells an organism can haveE. how rapidly DNA replication occursANS: B PTS: 18. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate in ____.A. metaphase IB. anaphase IC. metaphase IID. anaphase IIE. telophaseANS: B PTS: 19. A cell that could not form spindle fibers could not perform ____.A. energy productionB. gas exchange across the plasma membraneC. meiosisD. DNA replicationE. protein synthesisANS: C PTS: 110. Which of the following is an event that does NOT occur in prophase of mitosis?A. The chromosomes are duplicated.B. The nuclear envelope starts to break up.C. The mitotic spindle begins to form.D. The chromosomes begin to condense.E. All of these are events that occure in prophase of mitosis.ANS: A PTS: 111. A cell in G0 state is a cell ____.A. that will shortly enter G1B. that never dividesC. that has just finished mitosis but has not yet begun cytokinesisD. in cytokinesisE. just after cytokinesisANS: B PTS: 1Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th Cummings12. Centromeres are described by all of the following events except one. Select the exception.A. They divide in anaphase of mitosis.B. They connect sister chromatids.C. They attach chromosomes to spindle fibers.D. They cross over during prophase I of meiosis.E. There are no exceptions. All of these events describe centromeres.ANS: D PTS: 113. Which of the following are NOT haploid?A. Polar bodies and secondary spermatocytesB. Primary oocytes and spermatidsC. Secondary spermatocytes and spermatogoniaD. Primary oocytes and spermatogoniaE. Secondary spermatocytes and spermatidsANS: D PTS: 114. The underlying problem with Gaucher diseases is ___.A. the spontaneous breakdown of red blood cellsB. the accumulation of fat in white blood cellsC. the breakdown of the myelin sheath around nervesD. a hypertrophied spleenE. the lack of critical liver enzymesANS: B PTS: 115. Which of the following biomolecules is directly important for membrane structure and function?A. PolysaccharidesB. SteroidsC. DNAD. PhospholipidsE. ATPANS: D PTS: 116. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?A. Energy carrierB. Structure of bonesC. EnzymesD. HormonesE. All of these are functions of proteinsANS: A PTS: 117. Which of the following organelles is NOT involved with protein synthesis?A. The rough endoplasmic reticulumB. The Golgi complexC. The nucleusD. The lysosomesE. All of these organelles are involved in protein synthesisANS: D PTS: 1Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th Cummings18. With which organelle are ribosomes most closely associated?A. The Golgi complexB. LysosomesC. MitochondriaD. Smooth endoplasmic reticulumE. Rough endoplasmic reticulumANS: E PTS: 119. How many different types of chromosomes do humans possess?A. 22B. 23C. 24D. 42E. 46ANS: C PTS: 120. In meiosis, when do cells become haploid?A. After telophase IB. After telophase IIC. During anaphase ID. During anaphase IIE. After prophase IIANS: A PTS: 121. In meiosis of oogenesis, how many mature eggs result?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4ANS: A PTS: 122. In spermatogenesis, what cells form in meiosis II?A. Primary spermatocytesB. Secondary spermatocytesC. SpermatidsD. Mature spermE. More than one of theseANS: C PTS: 123. Which of the following occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II?A. DNA replicationB. Crossing overC. Random assortmentD. Reduction of chromosome numberE. None of these occur between meiosis I and meiosis IIANS: E PTS: 1Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th CummingsTRUE/FALSE1. Skin cells typically do not divide.ANS: F PTS: 12. Mitotic divisions reduce the number of chromosomes found in daughter cells.ANS: F PTS: 13. Cytokinesis usually occurs just prior to mitosis.ANS: F PTS: 14. Autosomal chromosome pairs are identical, whereas the sex chromosome pair in males is not.ANS: T PTS: 15. “Crossing over” is partially responsible for our genetic diversity.ANS: T PTS: 16. Crossing over occurs between chromatids of homologous chromosome pairs.ANS: T PTS: 17. There are 92 chromosomes in a normal human cell undergoing mitosis at the anaphase stage.ANS: T PTS: 18. A polar body, once formed, has no further function and dies.ANS: T PTS: 1COMPLETION1. There are __________ autosomes present in a human egg.ANS: 22PTS: 12. The chromosomal structure that anchors the spindle fiber to the chromosome is ____________________.ANS: the centromerePTS: 1Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th Cummings3. If a cell was to stop dividing, it would stop in the __________ part of the cell cycle.ANS: G1PTS: 14. In mitosis, chromatids separate and move to the center of the cell during ____________________.ANS: metaphasePTS: 15. In many respects, the events of prophase seem to be the reverse of those occurring in____________________.ANS: telophasePTS: 16. In meiosis, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle during____________________.ANS: anaphase IIPTS: 17. In cell division, toward the end of nuclear division, the cytoplasm divides by a process called______________ to produce two identical cells.ANS: cytokinesisPTS: 18. The only cytoplasmic organelles besides nuclei that contain DNA are the ____________________.ANS: mitochondriaPTS: 19. Ribosomes exist either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the membranes of ____________________.ANS: rough endoplasmic reticulumPTS: 110. One primary spermatocyte produces ____________________ (how many?) functional sperm(s); oneprimary oocyte produces ____________________ functional egg(s).ANS: 4; 1Human Heredity Principles and Issues 10th Cu
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