Life Span Development 15th Edition by John Santrock – Test Bank A+

$35.00

Life Span Development 15th Edition by John Santrock – Test Bank A+

Name: Life Span Development 15th Edition by John Santrock – Test Bank A+
SKU: Life Span Development 15th Edition by John Santrock – Test Bank A+
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$35.00

SKU: Life Span Development 15th Edition by John Santrock – Test Bank A+

Description

Multiple Choice Questions

Jean Piaget believed that children:

actively construct their own cognitive world.

passively react to their environments.

absorb their knowledge from the environment.

gain their view of the world from their parents.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Schemes

Schemes refer to:

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

groups of behaviors.

knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Schemes

According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of:

mental schemes.

mental adaptations.

behavioral adaptations.

behavioral schemes.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Schemes

According to Piaget, solving a puzzle is an example of a:

mental scheme.

mental adaptation.

behavioral adaptation.

behavioral scheme.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Schemes

Alejandro is 3 years old. He is now able to sort his blocks by color. Alejandro has developed:

a new behavioral scheme.

a new mental scheme.

object permanence.

the ability to assimilate.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Schemes

Benji starts calling his father “dad,” but he also calls all men that he sees “dad.” According to Piaget, this error is due to _____.

amalgamation

accommodation

assimilation

application

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Assimilation and accommodation

_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

Adaptation

Accommodation

Assimilation

Application

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Assimilation and accommodation

Two-year-old Anita has learned the word “dog” to identify the family pet Rover. Now, Anita says the word “dog” when she sees any animal. Anita has _____ these animals into her existing scheme.

amalgamated

accommodated

assimilated

applied

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Assimilation and accommodation

Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food she must suck on her mother’s breast. Now, her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Elise immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example of _____.

accommodation

assimilation

amalgamation

application

Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles “car.” He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars, motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has _____ to fit new information into his existing scheme.

accommodated

assimilated

amalgamated

applied

Jean Piaget’s concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called _____.
A.

assimilation

equilibration

organization

amalgamation

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Organization

Trenton was playing in a sandbox. He was pouring sand from a short and wide fat container into a tall and narrow container. When he poured the sand into the tall and narrow container, it appeared as if it had more sand in it. Trenton could not figure out where the extra sand came from, and how it got into his container. As Trenton continues to try to solve this puzzle, he experiences considerable movement between states of cognitive _____ and _____ to produce cognitive change.

equilibrium; disequilibrium

adaptation; organization

classification; modification

equilibration; categorization

When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called _____.

equilibration

assimilation

organization

amalgamation

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Equilibration

For cognitive change to occur, identify the two processes that must work in concert as the child experiences considerable movement between the states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.

Equilibration and categorization

Amalgamation and organization

Assimilation and accommodation

Classification and modification

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Equilibration

Jean Piaget believed that children’s thinking in one stage is _____ that in another stage.
A.

qualitatively different from

quantitatively different from

qualitatively similar to

quantitatively similar to

According to Jean Piaget’s theory of infant development, what makes one stage more advanced than another?
A.

When a child is able to stand and walk

When a child understands the world differently

When a child is older

When a child is able to manipulate objects better

The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth to about:

six months of age.

eight months of age.

one year of age.

two years of age.

Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into _____ substages.

two

three

five

six

Alice who is three weeks old is in the _____ substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor development; she will latch on to and suck anything that is touched to her lips.

simple reflexes

first habits

secondary circular reactions

primary circular reactions

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

The _____ substage of sensorimotor development corresponds to the first month after birth.

first habits and primary circular reactions

simple reflexes

secondary circular reactions

internalization of schemes

Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors?

Conditioned reflexes

First habits and primary circular reactions

Simple reflexes

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Josh is three months old. In which of Jean Piaget’s substages of sensorimotor development is Josh?

Simple reflexes

First habits and primary circular reactions

Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

Secondary circular reactions

In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development does the infant’s main focus remain on his or her own body?

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

First habits and primary circular reactions

Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

Secondary circular reactions

In which substage of sensorimotor development do infants start repeating actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results?

First habits and primary circular reactions

Simple reflexes

Secondary circular reactions

Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

Which substage of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of vision and touch—hand-eye coordination?

Coordination of primary circular reactions

Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

Internalization of schemes

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development do infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects?

Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

Coordination of primary circular reactions

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Internalization of schemes

When Monica was born, she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingers around anything that brushed against her palm. After a few weeks, she showed this grasping behavior even when nothing touched her palm. Monica developed a _____ or a scheme based on a reflex that became completely separated from its eliciting stimulus.

habit

simple reflex

primitive symbol

circular reaction

Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. This causes the mobile to move. Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of a:

habit.

reflex.

primary circular reaction.

secondary circular reaction.

In which sensorimotor substage does an infant’s actions become more object-oriented?

Simple reflexes

First habits and primary circular reactions

Secondary circular reactions

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Sarah, an infant of seven months, loves repeatedly hitting a toy that lights up and plays music on impact with her toy hammer. Sarah is in Piaget’s substage of:

reflexes.

primary circular reaction.

secondary circular reaction.

tertiary circular reaction.

According to the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of development, which of the following statements about the coordination of secondary circular reactions is NOT true?
A.

It develops between 8 and 12 months of age.

The infant must be able to coordinate vision and touch, hand and eye.

It develops between 12 and 18 months of age.

It is marked by intentionality.

Significant changes during the _____ substage involve the coordination of schemes and intentionality.

primary circular reactions

secondary circular reactions

coordination of secondary circular reactions

tertiary circular reactions

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

Eleven-month-old Jenny uses her toy golf club to bring another toy within reach. According to Piaget’s theory of infant development, Jenny is in the _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage.

primary circular reactions

secondary circular reactions

coordination of secondary circular reactions

tertiary circular reactions

Sixteen-month-old Akel plays endlessly with a ball, rolling it, throwing it, using it to knock over other toys, standing on it, and trying to ride on it. Which of Jean Piaget’s substages of the sensorimotor stage is represented by Akel’s behavior?

Primary circular reactions

Secondary circular reactions

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Tertiary circular reactions

According to Piaget, the _____ sensorimotor substage marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty.

second

third

fifth

sixth

In which sensorimotor substage does an infant develop the ability to use primitive symbols?

Simple reflexes

First habits and primary circular reactions

Secondary circular reactions

Internalization of schemes

According to Piaget, a _____ is an internal sensory image or word that represents an event.

transducer

sensation

symbol

memory

The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:

object containment.

object permanence.

object availability.

object continuance.

Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her, and she searches for it. This shows that Heather has developed a sense of _____.

symbolic manipulation

infinite generativity

telegraphic thinking

object permanence

Identify the type of error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting a familiar hiding place rather than a new hiding place as they progress into Piaget’s fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage.

Type 1 error

Type 2 error

F-not-N error

A-not-B error

A developmental psychologist studying infants’ understanding of object permanence uses a method where infants see an event happen as it would normally occur. Then, the event is changed, often in a way that creates a physically impossible event. The result of this is that the infants look longer at the changed event indicating that he or she is surprised by it. Which method is being adopted here?

Violation of expectations

Habituation and dishabituation

Visual preference

Principle of persistence

In Baillargeon’s view, infants have a pre-adapted, innate bias called the principle of _____ that explains their assumption that objects do not change their properties unless some external factor obviously intervenes.
A.

consistency

inertia

persistence

internalized representation

Researchers like Baillargeon have found that infants’ perceptual abilities are highly developed much earlier than Jean Piaget proposed. These researchers conclude that infants see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background definitely by _____ of age.

eight to nine months

one to two months

three to four months

five to six months

Research suggests that infants appear to understand the physical law of gravity:

at birth.

at around 6 to 8 months of age.

at around 1 to 2 months of age.

at the start of toddlerhood.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Perceptual development

Research by Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues documents that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be _____ in the sense that other objects cannot move through them and _____ in the sense that objects continue to exist when they are hidden.

subject to gravity; transient

consistent; existential

substantial; permanent

opaque; substantial

In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach that states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.

core knowledge

domain knowledge

learned domain

nurture

Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in an infant’s everyday environment.

Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in controlled settings.

Infants are more competent than Jean Piaget thought.

Infants are less competent than Jean Piaget reported.

Attention in the first year of life is dominated by a(n) _____ process that involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment, that is, “where,” and recognizing objects and their features, that is, “what.”

orienting/tracking

sustained/focused attention

habituation/dishabituation

orienting/investigative

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Attention

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called _____.

assimilation

attention

habituation

fixation

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Attention

Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first, but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is displaying _____.

distraction

imitation

habituation

dishabituation

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Habituation and dishabituation

_____ provides a measure of an infant’s maturity and well-being.
A.

Assimilation

Habituation

Lateralization

Disambiguation

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Habituation and dishabituation

Eight-month-old Andrew suffered brain damage at birth. His identical twin, Alex, had no brain damage. Research on habituation will likely predict that:

Alex will not habituate as well as Andrew.

both twins will habituate at about the same level.

Andrew will not habituate as well as Alex.

Alex will not exhibit any sort of habituation.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Habituation and dishabituation

When two individuals focus on the same object or event, the process is called:

sensory attention.

joint attention.

amalgamous attention.

synchronous attention.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Habituation and dishabituation

Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention?

An ability to manipulate objects

An ability to track another’s behavior

A lack of interest in others

An intense interest in a particular object

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Habituation and dishabituation

Which of the following statements about joint attention is NOT true?

Joint attention requires the ability to track another’s behavior.

Emerging forms of joint attention occur at about 4 to 5 months.

Joint attention requires that one person directs another person’s attention.

Joint attention requires reciprocal interaction.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Habituation and dishabituation

_____ involves the retention of information over time.

Attention

Memory

Cognition

Organization

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

Which is the process by which information gets into memory?

Encoding

Encrypting

Enlisting

Enumerating

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.

explicit

implicit

semantic

episodic

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

When Abraham describes to his friend what he did in his last summer vacation, he relies on his _____ memory.

implicit

explicit

procedural

semantic

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

Most researchers find that babies do not show _____ until the second half of the first year.

dishabituation

explicit memory

habituation

implicit memory

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

Remembering how to swim is an example of:

implicit memory.

deferred imitation.

joint attention.

explicit memory.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

June knows the names of all the states that comprise the United States. The names of the states are a part of June’s _____ memory.

innate

explicit

distinctive

implicit

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

Renee remembers very little about the first three years of her life. Psychologists find this normal and call it:

retroactive memory interference.

infantile amnesia.

child memory loss.

memory trace.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

Most of young infants’ conscious memories appear to be _____, although their implicit memory of perceptual-motor actions can be _____.
A.

substantial; rather fragile

well-developed; underdeveloped

rather fragile and short-lived; substantial

long-lasting; short-lived

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the _____ and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, makes explicit memory possible.

amygdala

hippocampus

hypothalamus

cerebellum

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a tantrum for a toy. Mandy screams and cries for some candy the following week at the mall. Mandy is displaying:

dishabituation.

habituation.

object permanence.

deferred imitation.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Imitation

A newborn baby widens her eyes after her mother widens her eyes and mouth and smiles at the baby. Meltzoff would say that this baby is:

exhibiting a reflex.

engaging in true imitation.

showing deferred imitation.

habituating to the mother’s facial expression.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Imitation

_____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

Symbols

Concepts

Habits

Semantics

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Concept formation and categorization

Using habituation experiments, some researchers have found that infants as young as _____ can group together objects with similar appearances.

five to six days

three to four weeks

three to four months

five to six months

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Concept formation and categorization

Jean Mandler argues that early categorizations are best described as _____ categorization.

conceptual

textual

factual

perceptual

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Concept formation and categorization

In the current version of the Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the subscores obtained from the four and five different categories of Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development respectively are combined into an overall score that determines the infants’:

intelligence quotient (IQ).

intelligence inventory score (IIS).

developmental quotient (DQ).

early intelligence assessment (EIA).

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Measures of infant development

Identify the widely used assessment method of infant development that has five scales—cognitive, language, motor, socioemotional, and adaptive.

Apgar Scale

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Gesell test

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Measures of infant development

According to the Bayley mental scale, a _____ infant should be able to vocalize pleasure and displeasure, persistently search for objects that are just out of immediate reach, and approach a mirror that is placed in front of the infant by the examiner.

2-month-old

6-month-old

4-month-old

1-month-old

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Measures of infant development

According to the Bayley mental scale, by _____ of age, the infant should be able to inhibit behavior when commanded to do so, imitate words the examiner says, and respond to simple requests.

10 weeks

6 months

12 weeks

12 months

Charisma is six months old and can vocalize pleasure and displeasure, search for objects out of reach, and approach a mirror that is placed in front of her. According to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Charisma:

is developing normally.

is developmentally delayed.

has an IQ of 110.

has an IQ of 85.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Measures of infant development

The _____ focuses on an infant’s ability to process information in such ways as encoding the attributes of objects, detecting similarities and differences between objects, forming mental representations, and retrieving these representations.
A.

developmental quotient

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are used to assess Mathias, who does very well on it. A high score on the Bayley mental scale:

indicates that Mathias will perform poorly in social skills quotient (SSQ) tests later in childhood.

indicates that Mathias will have a high score in IQ tests later in childhood.

indicates that Mathias will have a very low IQ score later in childhood.

does not indicate that Mathias will have high IQ scores later in childhood.

Jim and Joanna are curious to know if their baby will grow up to be a child with high IQ. Which of the following measures for assessing infant development is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children and would best suit the purpose?

Bayley-III

Gesell test

Fagan test

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Predicting intelligence

A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called _____.

syntax

grammar

language

phonology

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Language

Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can recombine the words in different ways to say thousands of different things. This aspect of language is referred to as:

syntax.

phonology.

morphology.

infinite generativity.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Language

Which of the following is NOT one of the five rules of language?

Phonology

Syntax

Morphology

Reciprocity

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Phonology

The sound system of a language is called _____.

morphology

semantics

phonology

syntax

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Phonology

A _____ is the basic unit of sound in a language.

morpheme

phoneme

grapheme

syntax

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Phonology

An example of the basic unit of sound in the English language is the sound the letter “m” makes. This sound is called a _____.

morpheme

phoneme

grapheme

syntax

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Phonology

In the word “falling,” both “fall” and “-ing” are considered _____.

morphemes

phonemes

graphemes

syntax

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Morphology

Phonology is to _____ as morphology is to _____.

sound; meaning

meaning; sound

appropriate use of language in different contexts; correct word order

correct word order; appropriate use of language in different contexts

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Morphology
Topic: Phonology

A _____ is a minimal unit of meaning; it is a word or a part of a word that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts.

symbol

morpheme

phoneme

taxon

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Morphology

The rules that govern _____ describe the sound sequences that can occur in a language.

pragmatics

phonology

syntax

morphology

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Morphology

The rules of _____ describe the way meaningful units can be combined in words.

morphology

phonology

syntax

pragmatics

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Morphology

_____ have many jobs in grammar, such as marking tense and number.

Syntax

Phonemes

Morphemes

Symbols

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Phonology

The word “toy” is an example of a _____.

syntax

phoneme

taxon

morpheme

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Morphology

How many morphemes does the word “marker” have?

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Phonology

Consider the sentence: “The boy the ball with a hit bat.” Which of the following rule systems of language does the sentence violate?

Phonology

Syntax

Morphology

Pragmatics

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Syntax

_____ involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

Semantics

Phraseology

Syntax

Phonology

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Syntax

If Jane says to Harry, “Wilfred gave a gift to Marsha,” Harry knows who gave the gift and who received it because he understands the _____ of the sentence.

syntax

semantics

pragmatics

primitive symbols

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Phonology

_____ refers to the meaning of words and sentences.

Pragmatics

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Semantics

The sentence “The chair told the girl to sit down” is _____ incorrect because people know that chairs cannot talk.

phonologically

syntactically

semantically

pragmatically

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Semantics

When one uses polite language in formal conversations and personal, informal language in intimate conversations, one is demonstrating the knowledge of _____, or the appropriate use of language in different contexts.

pragmatics

semantics

syntax

morphology

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Pragmatics

Peter shouts and uses profane language while speaking to his teacher. Which of the following rule systems of language is Peter disregarding?

Phonology

Syntax

Morphology

Pragmatics

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Pragmatics

Identify the correct sequence of vocalization in infants.

Crying, babbling, cooing

Crying, cooing, babbling

Babbling, crying, cooing

Cooing, crying, babbling

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Babbling and other vocalizations

At birth, infants communicate by _____.

cooing

crying

gestures

babbling

Baby Luis interacts with his grandma and makes gurgling sounds in the back of his throat to express pleasure. This demonstrates _____.

talking

babbling

crying

cooing

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Babbling and other vocalizations

Kevin loves to say “da, da, da, da” over and over again. What type of communication is Kevin using?

Crying

Cooing

Babbling

Gesturing

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Babbling and other vocalizations

11-month-old Maya points to her cup when she wants some water to drink. Maya’s behavior:

is considered slow for her age; she should be using simple words by this time.

is considered appropriate for her age.

is considered advanced for her age; most children do not point until after 12 months.

should be discouraged so that she will learn to speak.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Gestures

Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how Kyoko’s _____ vocabulary is more developed than her _____ vocabulary.

expressive; spoken

spoken; receptive

receptive; spoken

spoken; expressive

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: First words

Which of the following statements about first words is NOT correct?

Infants recognize their name by the age of 3 months.

Children understand more words than they can speak.

By 18 months, most children have a spoken vocabulary of about 50 words.

A child’s first words usually include greeting terms.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: First words

The rapid increase in an infant’s vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called:
A.

the secular trend.

telegraphic speech.

the vocabulary spurt.

phonetic advancement.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: First words

Two-year-old Max says the word “bunny” for a large hamster and a white rat. Max’s error is known as:

telegraphic speech.

underextension.

aphasia.

overextension.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: First words

Two-year-old Sarai uses the word “doll” to refer to her own Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her sister’s Barbie doll. Sarai’s error is known as:

underextension.

telegraphic speech.

private speech.

overextension.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: First words

“Want ice cream”, “Fall down”, and “Mommy give cookie” are all examples of:

holophrases.

repetitive speech patterns.

telegraphic speech.

reflexive speech patterns.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Two-word utterances

Many experts believe that humans acquired language about _____ years ago.

2,000,000

1,000,000

500,000

100,000

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Biological influences

_____ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in speech production.

Broca’s area

Wernicke’s area

Morton’s area

SMA area

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Biological influences

Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the:

Broca’s area.

Wernicke’s area.

SMA area.

Morton’s area.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Biological influences

A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain injury is called _____.

dysphagia

aphasia

autism

mutism

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Biological influences

_____ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved in the comprehension of speech.

Broca’s area

SMA area

Morton’s area

Wernicke’s area

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Biological influences

As an infant, Mary suffered damage to _____ of her brain. This injury severly affected her comprehension abilities. Even though her speech is fluent it remains incomprehensible.

Broca’s area

SMA area

Morton’s area

Wernicke’s area

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Biological influences

Linguist Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a _____, a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

language acquisition device

biological language center

primary language center

biological language device

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Biological influences

Kuhel is a behaviorist. In the context of language development, he is most likely to believe that language is:

learned with the learning acquisition device.

a special skill that has emerged with biological evolution.

a skill controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain.

acquired through reinforcement.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

A study of young children living in low-income families found that _____ when predicting the vocabulary development of children.

the amount of maternal talk was less important than maternal literacy skills

the amount of maternal talk was more important than the amount of paternal talk

nutrition and SES were more important than the amount of maternal talk or maternal literacy skills

attending preschool or Head Start was more important than paternal talk but less important than maternal talk

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

Child-directed speech is the:

ability of parents to understand their children’s holographic speech.

unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies.

continual correcting of children’s syntax by parents.

special way parents speak to each other in front of their children.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

When Alice speaks to her six-month-old nephew, her voice immediately takes on a higher pitch, her speech becomes slower, and she begins to use more simplistic words and phrases. This change in Alice’s language behavior provides an example of:

echoing.

recasting.

child-directed speech.

morphology.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

As he rolls his truck up and down the sides of the couch, Nezzy points to his truck and says “My truck” to which his father responds with “What’s the truck doing?” This is an example of:

echoing.

recasting.

infant-directed speech.

morphology.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

As they walk in the park together, Damon’s dad points out various objects to him—flowers, birds, butterflies, slides, swings, vehicles, and so on—and helps Damon name each of them. Damon’s dad is using _____ to help his son learn language.
A.

echoing

encoding

labeling

recasting

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

Rebecca says “Milk spill” to which her grandfather replies “Yes, the milk spilled on the floor.” This is an example of:

reframing.

expanding.

correcting.

labeling.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

In her book Growing Up with Language, Naomi Baron provided which of the following suggestions for facilitating language development in toddlers?

Remember to listen.

Supply words and thoughts for the child to avoid frustration.

Use questions that encourage the child to answer “yes” or “no.”

Let the toddler know when he or she is not being clear in communication.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Interactionist view

The interactionist view of language development emphasizes that:

the primary language center and the biological language device are both needed for language to develop.

language development occurs largely due to positive reinforcement.

the development of receptive language is universal, whereas the development of spoken language differs across cultures.

both biology and experience contribute to language development.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Interactionist view

Short Answer Questions

Identify the theorist who developed a cognitive development theory that suggests that development is universal and occurs in a fixed stage-like sequence. He or she proposed that infants are in the stage of “sensorimotor development.”

Jean Piaget

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

Identify the theorist who developed a measure to test infant cognitive development designed to distinguish normal babies from abnormal ones. The current version of this theorist’s test combines the infant’s performance in four domains into an overall score called the developmental quotient.

Arnold Gesell

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Measures of infant development

Identify the theorist who developed a scale to assess infant behavior and predict later development. The current version, which is Bayley-III, has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socioemotional, and adaptive.

Nancy Bayley

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Measures of infant development

Identify the linguist who proposed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language. He or she proposed that infants are born into the world with a language acquisition device that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language.

Noam Chomsky

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Biological influences

According to Jean Piaget, identify the actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

Schemes

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Schemes

Eighteen-month-old Moira knows that her mother is “mommy”, but she now calls all women she meets “mommy.” According to Piaget, this illustrates _____.

assimilation

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Assimilation and accommodation

Identify Jean Piaget’s concept that describes the cognitive conflict that occurs when information in the environment is inconsistent with the child’s current schemes. This conflict is the motivation to modify schemes or develop new schemes that are more consistent with the outside world.

Disequilibrium

APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Equilibration

According to Jean Piaget, identify the first substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent at birth and lasts approximately one month. Sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors.

Simple reflexes

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

According to Jean Piaget, identify the sixth and final substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent in children between 18 and 24 months of age. The infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols in this substage.

Internalization of schemes

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

While nine-month-old Mave is playing with a ball, her brother takes it and hides it behind a pillow. Mave cries and crawls over to the pillow to get the ball. Which Piagetian concept is represented in this scenario?

Object permanence

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

Identify the memory without conscious recollection. This includes memories of skills and routine procedures (such as crawling) that are performed automatically.

Implicit memory

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

Identify the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.

Infinite generativity

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Language

Shelby babbles using the sounds “ba, ba, ba” or “ch, ch, ch.” These basic units of sound that our language is composed of are known as _____.

phonemes

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Phonology

Identify a special way that adults speak to babies that is characterized by language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, the use of simple words, and the use of simple sentences.

Child-directed speech

APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

Define schemes. What are the processes of accommodation and assimilation? How are they related to schemes?

Schemes are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. According to Piaget, as the infant or child seeks to construct an understanding of the world, the developing brain creates schemes. To explain how children use and adapt their schemes, Piaget offered two concepts: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Assimilation and accommodation
Topic: Schemes

List in order Jean Piaget’s six substages of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six substages: (1) simple reflexes; (2) first habits and primary circular reactions; (3) secondary circular reactions; (4) coordination of secondary circular reactions; (5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity; and (6) internalization of schemes.

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

Jean Piaget observes that at 1 year and 2 months, his daughter Jacqueline holds in her hands an object which is new to her: a round, flat box which she turns all over, shakes, [and] rubs against the bassinet. She lets it go and tries to pick it up. But she only succeeds in touching it with her index finger, without grasping it. She nevertheless makes an attempt and presses on the edge. The box then tilts up and falls again. Jacqueline shows an interest in this result and studies the fallen box. Which of Piaget’s six substages of sensorimotor development does this behavior reflect?

Jacqueline’s behavior is characteristic of Piaget’s tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity stage, which is the fifth sensorimotor substage. It develops between 12 and 18 months of age. In this substage, infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things that they can make happen to objects. Tertiary circular reactions are schemes in which the infant purposely explores new possibilities with objects, continually doing new things to them and exploring the results. Piaget says that this stage marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty.

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.1: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

A recent study revealed that habituation assessed at 3 or 6 months of age was linked to verbal skills and intelligence assessed at 32 months of age. How can parents use the concepts of habituation and dishabituation to better interact with their babies and maybe boost their verbal skills and intelligence in the process?

Knowing about habituation and dishabituation can help parents interact effectively with infants. Infants respond to changes in stimulation. Wise parents sense when an infant shows an interest and realize that they may have to repeat something many times for the infant to process information. But if the stimulation is repeated often, the infant stops responding to the parent. In parent-infant interaction, it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infant stops responding. The parent stops or changes behaviors when the infant redirects his or her attention.

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s: Synthesis
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Habituation and dishabituation

Distinguish between explicit memory and implicit memory.

Implicit memory refers to memory without conscious recollection—memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. A child riding a bike draws on his or her implicit memory every time he or she performs the task. In contrast, explicit memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences. One’s memories of the last vacation taken and the ability to recall the names of previous U.S. Presidents are examples of explicit memory.

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

What is infantile amnesia? What are two explanations given for this phenomenon?

Most adults can remember little if anything from the first three years of their life. This is called infantile or childhood amnesia. One reason for this phenomenon is that during the early years of life the prefrontal lobes of the brain—which are believed to play an important role in storing memories for events—are immature.

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Memory

How is the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence different from the Gesell test and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

The Gesell test and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development focus on infant behavior and do not specifically test the infant’s ability to process information. On the other hand, the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence focuses on the infant’s ability to process information in such ways as encoding the attributes of objects, detecting similarities and differences between objects, forming mental representations, and retrieving these representations. The Gesell test and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development have low correlations with later measures of IQ, while the Fagan test is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children.

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Measures of infant development

Long before infants speak recognizable words, they produce a number of vocalizations. Describe some of these vocalizations in the order that they appear in infants.

Babies’ sounds or vocalizations go through this sequence during the first year:
1) Crying: Babies cry even at birth. Crying can signal distress, but there are different types of cries that signal different things.
2) Cooing: Babies first coo at about 2 to 4 months. These are gurgling sounds that are made in the back of the throat and usually express pleasure during interaction with the caregiver.
3) Babbling: In the middle of the first year, babies babble—that is, they produce strings of consonant-vowel combinations, such as “ba, ba, ba, ba.”

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Babbling and other vocalizations

Define receptive vocabulary and spoken vocabulary. What is the relationship between the two?

Receptive vocabulary refers to the words that the child understands, whereas spoken vocabulary refers to the words that the child uses. Receptive vocabulary always precedes and exceeds spoken vocabulary.

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: First words

What is child-directed speech? What are some other strategies adults use to increase infants’ acquisition of language?

Child-directed speech is language spoken in a higher pitch and slower pace than normal and uses simple words and sentences. It has the important function of capturing the infant’s attention and maintaining communication. Adults often use strategies other than child-directed speech to enhance the child’s acquisition of language, including recasting, expanding, and labeling.

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Environmental influences

Chapter 07

Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Multiple Choice Questions

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n):

nutrition program for young children.

educational program for young children.

program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers.

parenting education program.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Body growth and change

Sandra has been informed by a pediatrician about the weight gained by her 4-year-old son, Manuel, over the last one year. She learns that Manuel has gained 6 pounds. Sandra should:

be alarmed because this is too much weight gain.

be concerned because this is too little weight gain.

be positive and change Manuel’s diet.

be content that this is normal for Manuel’s age.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Height and weight

During early childhood, girls are _____ than boys.

much lighter

more muscular

slightly smaller

considerably taller

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Height and weight

By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys.

fatty

muscle

epithelial

nervous

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Height and weight

When comparing the heights and weights of preschool children around the world, it can be observed that there are:

congenital differences.

ethnic differences among them.

no visible differences.

cases of hyperthyroidism.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Height and weight

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children the world over?

Nationality and culture

Education and exercise

Prenatal care and emotional challenges

Ethnic origin and nutrition

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Height and weight

Who among the following 5-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?

Timothy—White boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and later-born

Tina—White girl, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn

Tyrone—African American boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn

Tucker—African American boy, rural, lower-socioeconomic-status, and later-born

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Height and weight

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is TRUE?

The development that occurs inside the brain ends at the onset of adolescence.

By the time a child is 3 years of age, the brain is 25 percent of its adult size.

By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.

The brain of a 5-year-old is 60 percent the size of an adult brain.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Brain development

_____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.

Centration

Myelination

Tropism

Neurogenesis

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Brain development

_____ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 15.

Centration

Myelination

Tropism

Neurogenesis

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Brain development

Scientists have found that there _____ the brains of children between the ages of 3 and 15.

are dramatic changes in local patterns within

are phenomenal increases in the overall size of

are insignificant anatomical changes in

are hardly any internal metamorphisms within

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Brain development

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain.

temporal

parietal

frontal

occipital

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Brain development

Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby’s parents do?

They should have him tested for attention deficit disorder.

They should start him on a behavior modification program.

They should provide structured, cognitively challenging activities for Toby to develop his attention span.

They should treat this behavior as normal and avoid being panicked, as Toby’s behavior is normal for kids in his age group.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Gross motor skills

When 4- and 5-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their:

cognitive skills.

fine harboring skills.

gross motor skills.

reflective skills.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Gross motor skills

Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, these activities will:

help the boys develop their gross motor skills.

stop when their brains become better myelinated.

be temporary as they will not be friends for long.

help the boys overcome narcolepsy.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Gross motor skills

Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _____ is to _____.

jumping; writing

running; swimming

laughing; shouting

hopping; walking

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Fine motor skills
Topic: Gross motor skills

Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She is always trying what her parents consider hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of:

1-year-olds.

2-year-olds.

3-year-olds.

5-year-olds.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Gross motor skills

Three-year-old Ashley is putting together a jigsaw puzzle. As is typical of her age, she:

places the pieces awkwardly.

is focused and excels in the task.

cannot identify the correct sections.

is precise in joining the bits.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Fine motor skills

Four-year-old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures. However, he still knocks them over occasionally. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?

His gross motor skills are underdeveloped.

He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked.

His coordination skills are not developing normally for his age.

He is showing signs of dyslexia.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Fine motor skills

Leopold asks his pediatrician how many hours of sleep his young child should be getting each night. He is told that _____ hours of sleep is essential for the child.

8 to 9

7 to 8

9 to 10

11 to 13

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Sleep

Children can experience a number of sleep problems including narcolepsy which is characterized by:

extreme daytime sleepiness.

difficulty in going to sleep.

difficulty in staying asleep.

nightmares.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Sleep

Researchers have found that children who have sleep problems:

exhibit no related outcomes in adolescence.

are less likely to consume alcohol in adolescence.

are unlikely to show any variations in brain development.

are more likely to be overweight.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Sleep

Short sleep duration in children is linked with being:

dyslexic.

myopic.

overweight.

paraplegic.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Sleep

Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve eating behavior of children?

Competing activities

A predictable schedule

Parents eating healthy food

Making mealtimes pleasant occasions

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Exercise

Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight?

Weight

Average calories consumed daily

Waist-to-hip ratio

Body mass index

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Exercise

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and adolescents at or above the _____ percentile are classified as obese.

97^th

95^th

90^th

88^th

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Exercise

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a person with a BMI at the 90^th percentile is:

obese.

overweight.

at risk of being overweight.

underweight.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Exercise

6-year-old Gina has a BMI at the 95^th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she is:

obese.

overweight.

at risk for being overweight.

not at risk for being overweight.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Exercise

Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?

Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at the risk of being overweight at age 12.

There is no indication that overweight children will become overweight adults.

Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes in children.

Obesity actually leads to decrease in hypertension levels in children when they are 5 years of age.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Exercise

Guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in _____ of physical activity per day.

half an hour

two hours

one hour

four hours

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Exercise

Which of the following helps in increasing the physical activity of preschool children?

Family members watching sports on TV together

Parents’ perception that it is safe for their children to play outside

Participating in sedentary outdoor play

Incorporation of an “observe and learn” activity curriculum

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Exercise

Shawn’s mother took him to the doctor as he frequently complained of fatigue. The doctor diagnosed his condition as _____ that results from the failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables.

growth hormone deficiency

binge eating disorder

iron deficiency anemia

hemophilia

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Malnutrition

Young children from _____ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia.

urban

elementary

nuclear

low-income

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Malnutrition

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:

heart disease.

malnutrition.

motor vehicle accidents.

domestic violence.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Illness and death

Which of the following statements about parental smoking is true?

Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes.

Most children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home.

Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are not more likely to develop asthma than children in nonsmoking families.

Parental smoking is the leading cause of death in young children in the United States.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Illness and death

Which of the following can enhance a child’s safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?

Decreasing home/school partnerships

Reducing playground hazards

Reducing pool fencing

Reducing frequent parent protective behaviors

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Illness and death

The poor are the majority in nearly one of every _____ nations of the world.

five

ten

two

eight

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Illness and death

Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:

in the northern hemisphere.

with high rates of poverty and low levels of education.

where other common children’s health problems like malnutrition do not exist.

where the society is affluent.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Illness and death

Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in:

nutrition.

sanitation.

poverty.

education.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Illness and death

The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage that lasts from approximately _____ years of age.

1 to 3

2 to 7

4 to 10

5 to 12

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Preoperational stage

Six-year-old Patricia loves to draw pictures and describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as “magical beliefs.” Patricia is in Piaget’s _____ stage of development.

sensorimotor

concrete operational

formal operational

preoperational

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Preoperational stage

Piaget’s preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development:

cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.

cannot yet form stable concepts.

are unable to reason.

cannot operate electronic devices like TVs.

Three-year-old Betty’s favorite pastime is scribbling designs that represent her parents, cat, bicycle, and home. This indicates that Betty is in the _____ substage of Piaget’s preoperational stage.

symbolic function

intuitive thought

operational

sensorimotor

Three-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. “It is a boat in the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!” she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain?

Animism

Conservation

Intuitive thought

Symbolic function

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Symbolic function substage

The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective is known as _____.

animism

empathy

egocentrism

symbolism

While talking to his grandmother on the phone, five-year-old Danny suddenly exclaims “Oh, look at that pretty bird!” When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says “Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!” He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of:

animism.

egocentrism.

intuitive thought.

symbolic function.

A young child might be heard saying “That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down.” The child’s belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as _____.

egocentrism

conservation

animism

kineticism

“My computer doesn’t like me. It keeps eating my pictures” says 3-year-old Kimberly. This is an example of:

animism.

intuitive thinking.

conservation.

egocentrism.

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of:

reversible mental actions.

egocentric views.

primitive reasoning.

symbolic thought.

4-year-old Ethan reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky, angels are turning on their flashlights. Ethan’s primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of:

symbolic function.

intuitive thought.

egocentrism.

centration.

Piaget called the second substage in preoperational thought intuitive because of the absence of the use of _____ by children in this stage.

symbolic function

primitive reasoning

centration

rational thinking

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Intuitive thought substage

Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne’s cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of:

constancy.

conservation.

intuition.

symbolic function.

Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?

Conservation requires centration.

Centration is due to lack of conservation.

Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.

Conservation is independent of centration.

Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from:

focusing only on one feature.

considering combinations of features.

having a perspective that is different from one’s own.

distinguishing between animate and inanimate objects.

In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement:

do not change an object’s basic properties.

affect an object’s inherent features.

determine the total volume needed for a given task.

must be considered before the characteristics of an object can be determined.

In Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:

that a child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

that a child is unable to think fluidly.

centration.

rational thought.

According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation.

the age of a child

heredity

attention

intuition

Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for:

a young adult’s cognitive development achieved through interaction with children.

the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development.

how the environment and a child’s genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period.

the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults.

A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:

the toddler has mastered all the skills necessary.

parents or teachers do not interfere.

the task is too difficult for the child to accomplish on his own.

the toddler takes no help from a parent or teacher.

Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support. He can walk into the middle of a room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking?

Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself

Kevin going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated trying to walk by himself

Kevin walking alone by holding onto a piece of furniture with his hands

Kevin learning to walk by having his parents hold one of his hands

Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents’ help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?

Sharon moving on to 10-piece puzzles

Sharon solving a 6-piece puzzles on her own

Sharon helping her 2-year-old brother with 4-piece puzzles

Sharon mastering 4-piece puzzles

Which of the following did Vygotsky call the “buds” or “flowers” of development?

Tasks a child can accomplish independently

Intuitive thinking and rational thinking

A child’s cognitive skills in the process of maturing

A child’s gross motor skills that are fully developed

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Zone of proximal development

When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw the support. This shows the adults’ involvement in the children’s:

zone of proximal development.

development of conservational abilities.

enhancement of intuitive reasoning.

process of centration.

Which of the following refers to teachers’ adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student?

Accommodation

Regulation

Scaffolding

Assimilation

Over the past week, Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process. Now that Walter is better at it, she only guides him verbally. Which of the following is this an example of?

How heredity shapes cognitive development

Intuitive reasoning

Scaffolding

Conservation

When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form is self-talk is used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this:

mindstream.

drawling.

lisping.

private speech.

Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language?

Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate.

Thought depends on language, so they are merged throughout development.

Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.

Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development.

In the development of language and thought, _____.

internal speech precedes private speech

internal and external speech develop simultaneously

external speech precedes internal speech

external speech develops after internal speech

4-year-old Michelle talks to herself frequently and especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is:

engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.

likely to be socially competent.

functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD).

engaging in scaffolding.

3-year-old Amy walks by her grandmother’s collection of glass animals and says “Those are a ‘no-no’; don’t touch.” It would appear that Amy is using _____ to regulate her own behavior.

mindstream

intuitive reasoning

private speech

symbolic function

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky’s educational applications?

IQ should be assessed to test a child’s learning capabilities.

A child should learn on his or her own to realize his or her capabilities.

A child’s use of private speech reflects immaturity and egocentrism.

Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child’s zone of proximal development.

Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky’s view of mental and behavioral development?

A teacher assigns challenging tasks that students must complete on their own.

An instructor helps students with laboratory work showing them how to do things the students cannot yet do.

A teacher waits patiently for students to come up with good answers and assesses their learning capabilities.

An instructor systematically offers standardized tests to students to evaluate their mental abilities on varying subjects.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Teaching strategies

Which of the following educational strategies would Vygotsky say should be incorporated in classrooms?

Making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support

Formal, standardized tests to assess children’s learning

Discouraging distractions like self-talk or private talk

Offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Teaching strategies

Vygotsky’s view of the importance of _____ on children’s development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.

autonomy

sociocultural influences

economic status of teachers

scaffolding

In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from:

the individual to collaboration.

collaboration to sociocultural activity.

construction to discovery.

socializing to operational thought.

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

self-discovery.

social interaction.

reorganization of existing knowledge.

transforming previous knowledge.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky’s theory

Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in _____ theory of cognitive development.

Vygotsky’s

Erikson’s

Sternberg’s

Piaget’s

In a Tools of the Mind classroom, _____ has a central role.

nutrition

didactic lecture

dramatic play

abstract presentation

Tale is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him to plan his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Tale then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called:

model drawing.

scaffolding writing.

word visualizing.

positive role-play.

Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky’s theory?

Vygotsky was specific about age-related changes and generalized all individuals.

Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.

Vygotsky particularly described how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development, which is highly subjective.

Vygotsky laid no emphasis on guidance, which plays an important role in learning.

_____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

Salient

Relevant

Executive

Sustained

_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.

Salient

Relevant

Executive

Sustained

A police officer visits Ben and Heather’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and many jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer presented. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was _____.

salient

relevant

habituated

intended

A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and many jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents about all the safety rules the officer discussed. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was _____.

salient

relevant

habituated

superfluous

After the age of _____, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant.

3 or 4

4 or 5

6 or 7

5 or 6

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Hard
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Attention

When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of:

conservation.

attention to the salient.

centration.

planfulness.

In Central European countries, such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in exercises designed to improve their _____. An eye-contact exercise in which the teacher sits in the center of a circle of children and each child is required to catch the teacher’s eye before being permitted to leave the group is an example of this type of exercise.

hand-eye coordination

attention

social skills

creativity

In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _____ if there is no rehearsal of the information.

30 seconds

15 minutes

5 hours

2 days

Irene is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers that she is asked to repeat in the right order. Irene is having her _____ memory tested.

recognition

implicit

procedural

short-term

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means:

preparing for a memory-span test.

doing mental exercises daily to keep the mind sharp.

repeating information after it has been presented.

taking regular memory-span tests.

Research with the memory-span task suggests that:

short-term memory increases during early childhood.

long-term memory reaches maturation by early childhood.

memory span depends on one’s ethnic origin.

heredity is one of the major factors affecting memory.

In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how:

the peer group plays a part in short-term memory.

older children rehearse the digits from the test more than younger children do.

elementary schools practice scaffolding.

memory-span tests are not always an accurate measure of short-term memory.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Memory

Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because:

at her age, she has no long-term memories.

her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.

she is more likely to embellish her memories.

children cannot recall details of events sequentially.

The theory of _____ refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

self-awareness

recognition

mind

consciousness

In the context of perception, by _____ years of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what is in front of his or her own eyes instead of what is in front of the child’s eyes.

18-month-old Alan hates spinach but says “Yum!” when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that:

he will also like spinach when he grows up.

he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own.

he has started to recognize false beliefs.

he has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings.

The realization that people can have false beliefs develops in a majority of children by the time they are _____ years old.

One of the criticisms for using a false-belief task as an indicator for understanding the thoughts of children is that:

a false-belief task is a complicated one that involves a number of factors.

it has at least four possible outcomes.

a false belief task is too simple.

it is irrelevant, as by the preschool years children have a deepening appreciation of the mind.

It is only by age 7 that children begin to recognize all of the following EXCEPT:

there can be more than one correct opinions on an issue.

people’s behaviors do not necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings.

people have different interpretations of the same event.

people can have ambivalent feelings.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Theory of mind

Several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and may also be connected to theory of mind development are known as:

operational thought.

instrumental activities.

executive function.

intuitive reasoning.

A group of children were put through a task in which they were asked to say the word “night” when they saw a picture of a sun and the word “day” when they saw a picture of a moon and stars. This is an example of a(n) _____ function that describes several functions, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior.

executive

social

recall

dynamic

Approximately _____ children is estimated to have some sort of autism spectrum disorder.

1 in 50

1 in 150

1 in 300

1 in 500

It is now accepted that autism is linked to:

genetic and brain abnormalities.

personality characteristics of the parents.

ineffective vaccination.

proximity to toxic waste disposal sites.

Cynthia shows a number of behaviors different from children her age, including deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or interests. She is indifferent toward others and prefers to be alone. She is more interested in objects than people. It is MOST likely that she suffers from _____.

insomnia

narcolepsy

anemia

autism

Which of the following statements regarding autism in children is TRUE?

Higher-functioning children with autism show reasonable progress in understanding others’ desires.

Children with autism have difficulty in understanding others’ beliefs and emotions solely due to theory of mind deficits.

Children with autism are a homogeneous group.

Children with autism usually perform well on false-belief tasks.

Pointing to a tree, young Leo says “Bird flied away.” Leo’s interesting but incorrect use of “-ed” in “flied” shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language.

phonological

morphological

pragmatic

syntactic

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize how language develops in early development.
Topic: Understand phonology and morphology

3-year-old Zelda always asks questions like “Where Daddy is going?” and “What Mommy is doing?” This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and also to apply the rules of:

pragmatics.

morphology.

syntax.

phonology.

Jean Berko’s experiment involving “wugs” demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment knew:

the phonological rules.

the rules of syntax.

the pragmatic rules.

the morphological rules.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize how language develops in early development.
Topic: Understand phonology and morphology

By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about _____ words.

1,200

8,000

14,000

5,000

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize how language develops in early development.
Topic: Understand phonology and morphology

Around _____ years of age, children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation.

6 to 7

7 to 8

2 to 3

4 to 5

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize how language develops in early development.
Topic: Advances in pragmatics

Five-year-old Donna speaks in shorter, simpler sentences to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father’s friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of:

pragmatics.

morphology.

syntax.

phonology.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize how language develops in early development.
Topic: Advances in pragmatics

Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be:

child-centered.

standardized.

purpose-centered.

achievement-oriented.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.4: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Topic: Early childhood education

The _____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

child-centered kindergarten

Montessori approach

developmentally appropriate practice

developmentally inappropriate practice

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.4: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Topic: Montessori approach

Nurturing is a key aspect of the _____, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.

child-centered kindergarten

Montessori approach

developmentally appropriate practice

Reggio Emilia approach

Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activity. She plays with the different toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy’s preschool using?

Kindergarten

Rogerian

Montessori

Success-oriented

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.4: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Topic: Montessori approach

Which of the following is a criticism related to the Montessori approach?

It lays too much emphasis on social interaction.

It does not employ self-corrective materials.

It lays too much emphasis on imaginative play.

It neglects children’s socioemotional development.

_____ is based on knowledge of the typical progress of children within an age span, as well as the uniqueness of the child.

The child-centered kindergarten

Developmentally appropriate practice

The Montessori approach

The success-oriented approach

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through:

the Maria Montessori Program.