Chapter 1
Managerial Accounting and Cost Concepts
Questions
1-1 The three major types of product costs in a manufacturing company are direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
1-2
a. Direct materials are an integral part of a finished product and their costs can be conveniently traced to it.
b. Indirect materials are generally small items of material such as glue and nails. They may be an integral part of a finished product but their costs can be traced to the product only at great cost or inconvenience.
c. Direct labor consists of labor costs that can be easily traced to particular products. Direct labor is also called “touch labor.”
d. Indirect labor consists of the labor costs of janitors, supervisors, materials handlers, and other factory workers that cannot be conveniently traced to particular products. These labor costs are incurred to support production, but the workers involved do not directly work on the product.
e. Manufacturing overhead includes all manufacturing costs except direct materials and direct labor. Consequently, manufacturing overhead includes indirect materials and indirect labor as well as other manufacturing costs.
1-3 A product cost is any cost involved in purchasing or manufacturing goods. In the case of manufactured goods, these costs consist of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. A period cost is a cost that is taken directly to the income statement as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.
1-4
- Variable cost: The variable cost per unit is constant, but total variable cost changes in direct proportion to changes in volume.
- Fixed cost: The total fixed cost is constant within the relevant range. The average fixed cost per unit varies inversely with changes in volume.
- Mixed cost: A mixed cost contains both variable and fixed cost elements.
1-5
- Unit fixed costs decrease as the activity level increases.
- Unit variable costs remain constant as the activity level increases.
- Total fixed costs remain constant as the activity level increases.
- Total variable costs increase as the activity level increases.
1-6
- Cost behavior: Cost behavior refers to the way in which costs change in response to changes in a measure of activity such as sales volume, production volume, or orders processed.
- Relevant range: The relevant range is the range of activity within which assumptions about variable and fixed cost behavior are valid.
1-7 An activity base is a measure of whatever causes the incurrence of a variable cost. Examples of activity bases include units produced, units sold, letters typed, beds in a hospital, meals served in a cafe, service calls made, etc.
1-8 The linear assumption is reasonably valid providing that the cost formula is used only within the relevant range.
1-9 A discretionary fixed cost has a fairly short planning horizon—usually a year. Such costs arise from annual decisions by management to spend on certain fixed cost items, such as advertising, research, and management development. A committed fixed cost has a long planning horizon—generally many years. Such costs relate to a company’s investment in facilities, equipment, and basic organization. Once such costs have been incurred, they are “locked in” for many years.
1-10 Yes. As the anticipated level of activity changes, the level of fixed costs needed to support operations may also change. Most fixed costs are adjusted upward and downward in large steps, rather than being absolutely fixed at one level for all ranges of activity.
1-11 The traditional approach organizes costs by function, such as production, selling, and administration. Within a functional area, fixed and variable costs are intermingled. The contribution approach income statement organizes costs by behavior, first deducting variable expenses to obtain contribution margin, and then deducting fixed expenses to obtain net operating income.
1-12 The contribution margin is total sales revenue less total variable expenses.
1-13 A differential cost is a cost that differs between alternatives in a decision. An opportunity cost is the potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over another. A sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be altered by any decision taken now or in the future.
1-14 No, differential costs can be either variable or fixed. For example, the alternatives might consist of purchasing one machine rather than another to make a product. The difference between the fixed costs of purchasing the two machines is a differential cost.
Chapter 1: Applying Excel
The completed worksheet is shown below.
Chapter 1: Applying Excel (continued)
The completed worksheet, with formulas displayed, is shown below.
[Note: To display formulas in cells instead of their calculated amounts, consult Excel Help.]
Chapter 1: Applying Excel (continued)
1. When the variable selling cost is changed to $900, the worksheet changes as show below:
The gross margin is $6,000; the same as it was before. It did not change because the variable selling expense is deducted after the gross margin, not before it on the traditional format income statement.
Chapter 1: Applying Excel (continued)
2. The new worksheet appears below:
Chapter 1: Applying Excel (continued)
The variable costs increased by 10% when the sales increased by 10%, however the fixed costs did not increase at all. By definition, total variable cost increases in proportion to activity whereas total fixed cost is constant. (In the real world, cost behavior may be messier.)
The contribution margin also increased by 10%, from $5,000 to $5,500, because both of its components—sales and variable costs—increased by 10%.
The net operating income increased by more than 10%, from $1,000 to $1,500, because even though sales and variable expenses increased by 10%, the fixed costs did not increase by 10%.
The Foundational 15
1. | Direct materials....................................... | $ 6.00 | |
| Direct labor............................................. | 3.50 | |
| Variable manufacturing overhead.............. | 1.50 | |
| Variable manufacturing cost per unit.......... | $11.00 | |
| | | |
| Variable manufacturing cost per unit (a)..... | $11.00 | |
| Number of units produced (b)................... | 10,000 | |
| Total variable manufacturing cost (a) × (b). | | $110,000 |
| Average fixed manufacturing overhead per unit (c)................................................ |
$4.00 | |
| Number of units produced (d)................... | 10,000 | |
| Total fixed manufacturing cost (c) × (d)..... | | 40,000 |
| Total product (manufacturing) cost............ | | $150,000 |
Note: The average fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit of $4.00 is valid for only one level of activity—10,000 units produced.
2. | Sales commissions................................... | $1.00 | |
| Variable administrative expense................. | 0.50 | |
| Variable selling and administrative per unit. | $1.50 | |
| | | |
| Variable selling and admin. per unit (a)...... | $1.50 | |
| Number of units sold (b).......................... | 10,000 | |
| Total variable selling and admin. expense
(a) × (b)............................................ | | $15,000 |
| Average fixed selling and administrative expense per unit ($3 fixed selling + $2 fixed admin.) (c)................................... |
$5.00 | |
| Number of units sold (d).......................... | 10,000 | |
| Total fixed selling and administrative expense (c) × (d).................................. | | 50,000 |
| Total period (nonmanufacturing) cost......... | | $65,000 |
Note: The average fixed selling and administrative expense per unit of $5.00 is valid for only one level of activity—10,000 units sold.
The Foundational 15 (continued)
3. | Direct materials..................................... | $ 6.00 |
| Direct labor........................................... | 3.50 |
| Variable manufacturing overhead............ | 1.50 |
| Sales commissions................................. | 1.00 |
| Variable administrative expense............... | 0.50 |
| Variable cost per unit sold....................... | $12.50 |
4. | Direct materials..................................... |
$ 6.00 |
| Direct labor........................................... | 3.50 |
| Variable manufacturing overhead............ | 1.50 |
| Sales commissions................................. | 1.00 |
| Variable administrative expense............... | 0.50 |
| Variable cost per unit sold....................... | $12.50 |
|
5. | Variable cost per unit sold (a).................. |
$12.50 |
| Number of units sold (b)........................ | 8,000 |
| Total variable costs (a) × (b)................... | $100,000 |
|
6. | Variable cost per unit sold (a).................. |
$12.50 |
| Number of units sold (b)........................ | 12,500 |
| Total variable costs (a) × (b)................... | $156,250 |
7.
|
Total fixed manufacturing cost
(see requirement 1) (a)........................ |
$40,000 |
| Number of units produced (b)................. | 8,000 |
| Average fixed manufacturing cost per unit produced (a) ÷ (b).............................. |
$5.00 |
8.
|
Total fixed manufacturing cost
(see requirement 1) (a)........................ |
$40,000 |
| Number of units produced (b)................. | 12,500 |
| Average fixed manufacturing cost per unit produced (a) ÷ (b).............................. |
$3.20 |
9.
|
Total fixed manufacturing cost
(see requirement 1)............................. |
$40,000 |
| | |
The Foundational 15 (continued)
10.
| Total fixed manufacturing cost
(see requirement 1).............................. |
$40,000 | |
|
11. | Variable overhead per unit (a).................. |
$1.50 | | |
| Number of units produced (b).................. | 8,000 | | |
| Total variable overhead cost (a) × (b)....... | | $12,000 | |
| Total fixed overhead (see requirement 1)... | | 40,000 | |
| Total manufacturing overhead cost........... | | $52,000 | |
|
Total manufacturing overhead cost (a)...... | | $52,000 | |
Number of units produced (b).................. | | 8,000 | |
Manufacturing overhead per unit (a) ÷ (b) | | $6.50 | |
|
12. | Variable overhead per unit (a).................. |
$1.50 | | |
| Number of units produced (b).................. | 12,500 | | |
| Total variable overhead cost (a) × (b)....... | | $18,750 | |
| Total fixed overhead (see requirement 1)... | | 40,000 | |
| Total manufacturing overhead cost........... | | $58,750 | |
|
Total manufacturing overhead cost (a)...... | | $58,750 | |
Number of units produced (b).................. | | 12,500 | |
Manufacturing overhead per unit (a) ÷ (b) | | $4.70 | |
|
13. | Selling price per unit................................ |
$22.00 | |
| Variable cost per unit sold
(see requirement 4).............................. |
12.50 | |
| Contribution margin per unit..................... | $ 9.50 | |
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The Foundational 15 (continued)
14. | Direct materials per unit.......................... | $6.00 | | |
| Direct labor per unit................................ | 3.50 | | |
| Direct manufacturing cost per unit............ | $9.50 | | |
| | | | |
| Direct manufacturing cost per unit (a) | $9.50 | | |
| Number of units produced (b).................. | 11,000 | | |
| Total direct manufacturing cost (a) × (b)... | $104,500 | | |
Variable overhead per unit (a).................. |
$1.50 | | |
Number of units produced (b).................. | 11,000 | | |
Total variable overhead cost (a) × (b)....... | | $16,500 |
Total fixed overhead (see requirement 1)... | | 40,000 |
Total indirect manufacturing cost.............. | | $56,500 |
15. | Direct materials per unit.......................... |
$6.00 | |
| Direct labor per unit................................ | 3.50 | |
| Variable manufacturing overhead per unit. | 1.50 | |
| Incremental cost per unit produced.......... | $11.00 | |
| | | | | | |
Note: Variable selling and administrative expenses are variable with respect to the number of units sold, not the number of units produced.
Exercise 1-1 (15 minutes)
| Cost | Cost Object | Direct Cost | Indirect Cost |
1. | The wages of pediatric nurses | The pediatric department | X | |
2. | Prescription drugs | A particular patient | X | |
3. | Heating the hospital | The pediatric department | | X |
4. | The salary of the head of pediatrics | The pediatric department | X | |
5. | The salary of the head of pediatrics | A particular pediatric patient | | X |
6. | Hospital chaplain’s salary | A particular patient | | X |
7. | Lab tests by outside contractor | A particular patient | X | |
8. | Lab tests by outside contractor | A particular department | X | |
Exercise 1-2 (10 minutes)
1. The cost of a hard drive installed in a computer: direct materials.
2. The cost of advertising in the Puget Sound Computer User newspaper: selling.
3. The wages of employees who assemble computers from components: direct labor.
4. Sales commissions paid to the company’s salespeople: selling.
5. The salary of the assembly shop’s supervisor: manufacturing overhead.
6. The salary of the company’s accountant: administrative.
7. Depreciation on equipment used to test assembled computers before release to customers: manufacturing overhead.
8. Rent on the facility in the industrial park: a combination of manufacturing overhead, selling, and administrative. The rent would most likely be prorated on the basis of the amount of space occupied by manufacturing, selling, and administrative operations.
Exercise 1-3 (15 minutes)
| | Product Cost | Period Cost |
1. | Depreciation on salespersons’ cars..................... | | X |
2. | Rent on equipment used in the factory................ | X | |
3. | Lubricants used for machine maintenance........... | X | |
4. | Salaries of personnel who work in the finished goods warehouse........................................... | | X |
5. | Soap and paper towels used by factory workers at the end of a shift............................................ | X | |
6. | Factory supervisors’ salaries.............................. | X | |
7. | Heat, water, and power consumed in the factory.. | X | |
8. | Materials used for boxing products for shipment overseas (units are not normally boxed)............ | | X |
9. | Advertising costs.............................................. | | X |
10. | Workers’ compensation insurance for factory employees..................................................... | X | |
11. | Depreciation on chairs and tables in the factory lunchroom..................................................... | X | |
12. | The wages of the receptionist in the administrative offices...................................... | | X |
13. | Cost of leasing the corporate jet used by the company's executives..................................... | | X |
14. | The cost of renting rooms at a Florida resort for the annual sales conference............................ | | X |
15. | The cost of packaging the company’s product...... | X | |
Exercise 1-4 (15 minutes)
1. | | Cups of Coffee Served
in a Week |
| | 2,000 | 2,100 | 2,200 |
| Fixed cost.............................. | $1,200 | $1,200 | $1,200 |
| Variable cost.......................... | 440 | 462 | 484 |
| Total cost.............................. | $1,640 | $1,662 | $1,684 |
| Average cost per cup served *. | $0.820 | $0.791 | $0.765 |
* Total cost ÷ cups of coffee served in a week
2. The average cost of a cup of coffee decreases as the number of cups of coffee served increases because the fixed cost is spread over more cups of coffee.
Exercise 1-5 (15 minutes)
| Item | Differential Cost | Sunk
Cost | Opportunity Cost |
1. | Cost of the old X-ray machine... | | X | |
2. | The salary of the head of the Radiology Department........... | | | |
3. | The salary of the head of the Laboratory Department.......... | | | |
4. | Cost of the new color laser printer................................. | X | | |
5. | Rent on the space occupied by Radiology............................. | | | |
6. | The cost of maintaining the old machine.............................. | X | | |
7. | Benefits from a new DNA analyzer............................... | | | X |
8. | Cost of electricity to run the X-ray machines....................... | X | | |
Note: The costs of the salaries of the head of the Radiology Department and Laboratory Department and the rent on the space occupied by Radiology are neither differential costs, nor opportunity costs, nor sunk costs. These costs do not differ between the alternatives and therefore are irrelevant in the decision, but they are not sunk costs because they occur in the future.
Exercise 1-6 (15 minutes)
1. Traditional income statement
Cherokee Inc.
Traditional Income Statement
|
Sales ($30 per unit × 20,000 units).................. | | $600,000 |
Cost of goods sold
($24,000 + $180,000 – $44,000).................... | | 160,000 |
Gross margin................................................ | | 440,000 |
Selling and administrative expenses: | | |
Selling expenses
(($4 per unit × 20,000 units) + $40,000)..... | $120,000 | |
Administrative expenses
(($2 per unit × 20,000 units) + $30,000)..... | 70,000 | 190,000 |
Net operating income..................................... | | $250,000 |
2. Contribution format income statement
Cherokee Inc.
Contribution Format Income Statement
|
Sales ($30 per unit × 20,000 units).................. | | $600,000 |
Variable expenses: | | |
Cost of goods sold
($24,000 + $180,000 – $44,000)................. | $160,000 | |
Selling expenses ($4 per unit × 20,000 units). | 80,000 | |
Administrative expenses
($2 per unit × 20,000 units)....................... | 40,000 | 280,000 |
Contribution margin....................................... | | 320,000 |
Fixed expenses: | | |
Selling expenses......................................... | 40,000 | |
Administrative expenses.............................. | 30,000 | 70,000 |
Net operating income..................................... | | $250,000 |
Exercise 1-7 (20 minutes)
1a. The total direct manufacturing cost incurred is computed as follows:
Direct materials per unit.......................... | $7.00 | |
Direct labor per unit................................ | 4.00 | |
Direct manufacturing cost per unit (a)...... | | $11.00 |
Number of units sold (b)......................... | | 20,000 |
Total direct manufacturing cost (a) × (b)... | | $220,000 |
1b. The total indirect manufacturing cost incurred is computed as follows:
Variable manufacturing overhead per unit. | $1.50 | |
Fixed manufacturing overhead per unit..... | 5.00 | |
Indirect manufacturing cost per unit (a).... | | $6.50 |
Number of units sold (b)......................... | | 20,000 |
Total indirect manufacturing cost (a) × (b) | | $130,000 |
Note: The average fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit of $5.00 is valid for only one level of activity—20,000 units produced.
2a. The total manufacturing cost that is directly traceable to the Manufacturing Department is computed as follows:
Direct materials per unit.......................... | $7.00 | |
Direct labor per unit................................ | 4.00 | |
Variable manufacturing overhead per unit. | 1.50 | |
Fixed manufacturing overhead per unit..... | 5.00 | |
Total manufacturing cost per unit (a)........ | | $17.50 |
Number of units sold (b)......................... | | 20,000 |
Total direct costs (a) × (b)....................... | | $350,000 |
2b. None of the manufacturing costs should be treated as indirect costs when the cost object is the Manufacturing Department.
Exercise 1-7 (continued)
3a. The first step in calculating the total direct selling expense is to determine the fixed portion of the sales representatives’ compensation as follows:
Fixed selling expense per unit (a)............. | $3.50 | |
Number of units sold (b)......................... | 20,000 | |
Total fixed selling expense (a) × (b).......... | | $70,000 |
| | |
Total fixed selling expense (a).................. | | $70,000 |
Advertising expenditures (b).................... | | $50,000 |
Total fixed portion of the sales representatives’ compensation (a) ‒ (b).. | |
$20,000 |
The second step is to calculate the total direct selling expense that is traceable to individual sales representatives as follows:
Sales commissions per unit (a)................. | $1.00 | |
Number of units sold (b)......................... | 20,000 | |
Total sales commission (a) × (b).............. | | $20,000 |
Fixed portion of sales representatives’ compensation...................................... | |
20,000 |
Total direct selling expense...................... | | $40,000 |
3b. The total indirect selling expense that cannot be traced to individual sales representatives is $50,000. The advertising expenditures cannot be traced to specific sales representatives.
4. No. Kubin’s administrative expenses could be direct or indirect depending on the cost object. For example, the chief financial officer’s salary would be an indirect cost if the cost object is units of production; however, his salary would be a direct cost if the cost object is the Finance Department that he oversees.
Exercise 1-8 (20 minutes)
1. | Direct materials....................................... | $ 7.00 | |
| Direct labor............................................. | 4.00 | |
| Variable manufacturing overhead.............. | 1.50 | |
| Variable manufacturing cost per unit.......... | $12.50 | |
| | | |
| Variable manufacturing cost per unit (a)..... | $12.50 | |
| Number of units produced (b)................... | 20,000 | |
| Total variable manufacturing cost (a) × (b). | | $250,000 |
| Average fixed manufacturing overhead per unit (c)................................................ |
$5.00 | |
| Number of units produced (d)................... | 20,000 | |
| Total fixed manufacturing cost (c) × (d)..... | | 100,000 |
| Total product cost.................................... | | $350,000 |
Note: The average fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit of $5.00 is valid for only one level of activity—20,000 units produced.
2. | Sales commissions................................... | $1.00 | |
| Variable administrative expense................. | 0.50 | |
| Variable selling and administrative per unit. | $1.50 | |
| | | |
| Variable selling and admin. per unit (a)...... | $1.50 | |
| Number of units sold (b).......................... | 20,000 | |
| Total variable selling and admin. expense
(a) × (b)............................................ | | $30,000 |
| Average fixed selling and administrative expense per unit ($3.50 fixed selling + $2.50 fixed administrative) (c)................. |
$6.00 | |
| Number of units sold (d).......................... | 20,000 | |
| Total fixed selling and administrative expense (c) × (d).................................. | | 120,000 |
| Total period cost...................................... | | $150,000 |
Note: The average fixed selling and administrative expense per unit of $6.00 is valid for only one level of activity—20,000 units sold.
Exercise 1-8 (continued)
3. | Direct materials....................................... | $ 7.00 | |
| Direct labor............................................. | 4.00 | |
| Variable manufacturing overhead.............. | 1.50 | |
| Variable manufacturing cost per unit.......... | $12.50 | |
| | | |
| Variable manufacturing cost per unit (a)..... | $12.50 | |
| Number of units produced (b)................... | 22,000 | |
| Total variable manufacturing cost (a) × (b). | | $275,000 |
| Total fixed manufacturing cost (see requirement 1)...................................... | | 100,000 |
| Total product cost.................................... | | $375,000 |
4. | Sales commissions................................... | $1.00 | |
| Variable administrative expense................. | 0.50 | |
| Variable selling and administrative per unit. | $1.50 | |
| | | |
| Variable selling and admin. per unit (a)...... | $1.50 | |
| Number of units sold (b).......................... | 18,000 | |
| Total variable selling and admin. expense
(a) × (b)............................................ | | $27,000 |
| Total fixed selling and administrative expense (see requirement 2).................. | | 120,000 |
| Total period cost...................................... | | $147,000 |
Exercise 1-9 (20 minutes)
1. | Direct materials.................................... | $ 7.00 | |
| Direct labor.......................................... | 4.00 | |
| Variable manufacturing overhead........... | 1.50 | |
| Sales commissions................................ | 1.00 | |
| Variable administrative expense.............. | 0.50 | |
| Variable cost per unit sold...................... | $14.00 | |
2. | Direct materials.................................... |
$ 7.00 | |
| Direct labor.......................................... | 4.00 | |
| Variable manufacturing overhead........... | 1.50 | |
| Sales commissions................................ | 1.00 | |
| Variable administrative expense.............. | 0.50 | |
| Variable cost per unit sold...................... | $14.00 | |
|
3. | Variable cost per unit sold (a)................. |
$14.00 | |
| Number of units sold (b)....................... | 18,000 | |
| Total variable costs (a) × (b).................. | $252,000 | |
|
4. | Variable cost per unit sold (a)................. |
$14.00 | |
| Number of units sold (b)....................... | 22,000 | |
| Total variable costs (a) × (b).................. | $308,000 | |
Note:The key to answering questions 5 through 8 is to calculate the total fixed manufacturing overhead costs as follows:
Average fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit (a)................................. |
$5.00 |
Number of units produced (b)................ | 20,000 |
Total fixed manufacturing overhead (a) × (b)................................................... |
$100,000 |
Note: The average fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit of $5.00 is valid for only one level of activity—20,000 units produced.
Once students understand that total fixed manufacturing overhead is $100,000, questions 5 through 8 are answered as follows:
Exercise 1-9 (continued)
5. The average fixed manufacturing overhead per unit is:
Total fixed manufacturing overhead (a)... | $100,000 |
Number of units produced (b)................ | 18,000 |
Average fixed manufacturing cost per unit produced (rounded) (a) ÷ (b)....... |
$5.56 |
6. The average fixed manufacturing overhead per unit is:
Total fixed manufacturing overhead (a)... | $100,000 |
Number of units produced (b)................ | 22,000 |
Average fixed manufacturing cost per unit produced (rounded) (a) ÷ (b)....... |
$4.55 |
7. The total fixed manufacturing overhead remains unchanged at $100,000.
8. The total fixed manufacturing overhead remains unchanged at $100,000.
Exercise 1-10 (10 minutes)
1. | Direct materials.................................... | $ 7.00 |
| Direct labor.......................................... | 4.00 |
| Variable manufacturing overhead........... | 1.50 |
| Total incremental cost........................... | $12.50 |
2. | Direct materials.................................... | $ 7.00 |
| Direct labor.......................................... | 4.00 |
| Variable manufacturing overhead........... | 1.50 |
| Sales commissions................................ | 1.00 |
| Variable administrative expense.............. | 0.50 |
| Variable cost per unit sold...................... | $14.00 |
3. Because the 200 units to be sold to the new customer have already been produced, the incremental manufacturing cost per unit is zero. The variable manufacturing costs incurred to make these units have already been incurred and, as such, are sunk costs.
|
4. | Sales commission................................. |
$1.00 |
| Variable administrative expense.............. | 0.50 |
| Variable cost per unit sold...................... | $1.50 |
Exercise 1-11 (20 minutes)
1. The company’s variable cost per unit is:
The completed schedule is as follows:
| Units produced and sold |
| 30,000 | 40,000 | 50,000 |
Total costs: | | | |
Variable cost............. | $180,000 | $240,000 | $300,000 |
Fixed cost................ | 300,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 |
Total costs................ | $480,000 | $540,000 | $600,000 |
Cost per unit: | | | |
Variable cost............. | $ 6.00 | $ 6.00 | $ 6.00 |
Fixed cost................ | 10.00 | 7.50 | 6.00 |
Total cost per unit..... | $16.00 | $13.50 | $12.00 |
2. The company’s contribution format income statement is:
Sales (45,000 units × $16 per unit)...................... | $720,000 |
Variable expenses (45,000 units × $6 per unit)..... | 270,000 |
Contribution margin........................................... | 450,000 |
Fixed expense................................................... | 300,000 |
Net operating income......................................... | $150,000 |
Exercise 1-12 (10 minutes)
1. The computations for parts 1a through 1e are as follows:
a. The cost of batteries in Raw Materials:
Beginning raw materials inventory........... | 0 | | |
Plus: Battery purchases......................... | 8,000 | | |
Batteries available................................. | 8,000 | | |
Minus: Batteries withdrawn.................... | 7,600 | | |
Ending raw materials inventory (a).......... | | 400 | |
Cost per battery (b)............................... | | $80 | |
Raw materials on April 30th (a) × (b)........ | | $32,000 | |
| | | | |
b. The cost of batteries in Work in Process:
Beginning work in process inventory....... | 0 | |
Plus: Batteries withdrawn for production.. | 7,500 | | |
Batteries available................................. | 7,500 | | |
Minus: Batteries transferred to finished goods (7,500 × 90%).......................... | 6,750 | | |
Ending work in process inventory (a)....... | | 750 | |
Cost per battery (b)............................... | | $80 | |
Work in process on April 30th (a) × (b)..... | | $60,000 | |
| | | | |
c. The cost of batteries in Finished Goods:
Beginning finished goods inventory......... | 0 | |
Plus: Batteries transferred in from work in process (see requirement b)................ | 6,750 | |
Batteries available................................. | 6,750 | |
Minus: Batteries transferred out to cost of goods sold (6,750 × (100% ‒ 30%))..... | 4,725 | | |
Ending finished goods inventory (a)........ | | 2,025 | |
Cost per battery (b)............................... | | $80 | |
Finished goods on April 30th (a) × (b)...... | | $162,000 | |
| | | | |
Exercise 1-12 (continued)
d. The cost of batteries in Cost of Goods Sold:
Number of batteries (see requirement c) (a).................................................... | 4,725 |
Cost per battery (b)............................... | $80 |
Cost of goods sold for April (a) × (b)....... | $378,000 |
e. The cost of batteries included in selling expense:
Number of batteries (a).......................... | 100 |
Cost per battery (b)............................... | $80 |
Selling expense for April (a) × (b)........... | $8,000 |
2. Raw Materials, Work in Process and Finished Goods would appear on the balance sheet. Cost of Goods Sold and Selling Expense would appear on the income statement.
Exercise 1-13 (30 minutes)
1. True. The variable manufacturing cost per unit will remain the same within the relevant range.
2. False. The total fixed manufacturing cost will remain the same within the relevant range.
3. True. The total variable manufacturing cost will increase, so the total manufacturing cost will increase too.
4. True. The average fixed manufacturing cost per unit will decrease as the level of activity increases.
5. False. The total variable manufacturing cost will increase (rather than decrease) as the activity level increases.
6. False. The variable manufacturing cost per unit will remain the same, but the average fixed manufacturing cost per unit will decrease as the level of activity increases.
7. True. The variable manufacturing cost per unit of $28 will stay constant within the relevant range. The $28 figure is computed as follows:
Total manufacturing cost per unit (a)................ | $70.00 |
Variable manufacturing cost percentage (b)...... | 40% |
Variable manufacturing cost per unit (a) × (b)... | $28.00 |
8. False. The total fixed manufacturing cost of $420,000 does not change within the relevant range. The $420,000 figure is computed as follows:
Total manufacturing cost per unit (a)....... | $70.00 | |
Variable manufacturing cost per unit (b).. | 28.00 | |
Average fixed manufacturing cost per unit (a) ‒ (b)...................................... | |
$42.00 |
Number of units produced..................... | | × 10,000 |
Total fixed manufacturing cost................ | | $420,000 |
Exercise 1-13 (continued)
9. True. The underlying computations are as follows:
Variable manufacturing cost per unit (see requirement 7) (a)............................... |
$28.00 | |
Number of units produced (b)................. | 10,050 | |
Total variable manufacturing cost (a) × (b) | | $281,400 |
Total fixed manufacturing cost (see requirement 8).................................... | |
420,000 |
Total manufacturing cost......................... | | $701,400 |
10. True. The underlying computations are as follows:
Total fixed manufacturing cost (see requirement 8) (a)................................................................... |
$420,000 |
Number of units produced (b)............................... | 10,050 |
Average fixed manufacturing cost per unit (a) ÷ (b).................................................................. | $41.79 |
11. False. The total variable manufacturing cost will equal $281,400, computed as follows:
Variable manufacturing cost per unit (see requirement 7) (a)....................................... |
$28.00 |
Number of units produced (b)......................... | 10,050 |
Total variable manufacturing cost (a) × (b)....... | $281,400 |
12. True. The underlying computations are as follows:
Variable manufacturing cost per unit (see requirement 7)............................................ |
$28.00 |
Average fixed manufacturing cost per unit (see requirement 10).......................................... |
41.79 |
Total manufacturing cost per unit..................... | $69.79 |
Exercise 1-14 (30 minutes)
| Cost Classifications for: |
Name of the Cost | (1) Predicting Cost behavior | (2) Manufacturers | (3)
Preparing Financial Statements | (4)
Decision
Making |
Rental revenue forgone, $30,000 per year.................................. | None | None | None | Opportunity cost |
Direct materials cost, $80 per unit. | Variable | Direct materials | Product | |
Rental cost of warehouse, $500 per month............................... | Fixed | None | Period | |
Rental cost of equipment, $4,000 per month............................... | Fixed | Manufacturing overhead | Product | |
Direct labor cost, $60 per unit...... | Variable | Direct labor | Product | |
Depreciation of the annex space, $8,000 per year........................ | Fixed | Manufacturing overhead | Product | Sunk cost |
Advertising cost, $50,000 per year........................................ | Fixed | None | Period | |
Supervisor's salary, $3,500 per month..................................... | Fixed | Manufacturing overhead | Product | |
Electricity for machines, $1.20 per unit........................................ | Variable | Manufacturing overhead | Product | |
Shipping cost, $9 per unit............ | Variable | None | Period | |
Return earned on investments, $3,000 per year........................ | None | None | None | Opportunity cost |
Exercise 1-15 (20 minutes)
1. Traditional income statement
The Alpine House, Inc.
Traditional Income Statement
|
Sales............................................................ | | $150,000 |
Cost of goods sold
($30,000 + $100,000 – $40,000).................... | | 90,000 |
Gross margin................................................ | | 60,000 |
Selling and administrative expenses: | | |
Selling expenses (($50 per unit × 200 pairs of skis*) + $20,000)..................................... | $30,000 | |
Administrative expenses (($10 per unit × 200 pairs of skis) + $20,000)............................ | 22,000 | 52,000 |
Net operating income..................................... | | $ 8,000 |
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*$150,000 sales ÷ $750 per pair of skis = 200 pairs of skis.
2. Contribution format income statement
The Alpine House, Inc.
Contribution Format Income Statement
|
Sales............................................................ | | $150,000 |
Variable expenses: | | |
Cost of goods sold
($30,000 + $100,000 – $40,000)................. | $90,000 | |
Selling expenses
($50 per unit × 200 pairs of skis)................ | 10,000 | |
Administrative expenses
($10 per unit × 200 pairs of skis)................ | 2,000 | 102,000 |
Contribution margin....................................... | | 48,000 |
Fixed expenses: | | |
Selling expenses......................................... | 20,000 | |
Administrative expenses.............................. | 20,000 | 40,000 |
Net operating income..................................... | | $ 8,000 |
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