1. ______ is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.
A. Corrections
B. Police
C. Courts
D. Justice
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining Corrections: A Variety of Possibilities
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The criminal justice system generally consists of ______ segments.
A. three
B. eight
C. nine
D. five
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Unlike the ______, who are tasked with apprehending offenders and preventing crime, correctional personnel often work to change (or at least keep contained) the offender population.
A. police
B. judge
C. prosecutor
D. jury
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Which justice system is unique due to the civil nature of the proceedings?
A. military
B. criminal
C. juvenile
D. domestic
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Which service is the easiest to sympathize with due to assisting and aiding who were targeted by crime?
A. correctional
B. victim
C. offender
D. investigative
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. What is the contention that the use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and essentially teaches them to use violence rather than acting as a deterrent?
A. prisonization hypothesis
B. retribution hypothesis
C. brutalization hypothesis
D. punishment hypothesis
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Notion of Punishment and Corrections Throughout History
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. The earliest written code of punishment was known as the ______.
A. Egyptian Code
B. Babylonian Code
C. Code of Hammurabi
D. Code of Caesar
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
Difficulty Level: Low
8. What term referred to the Babylonian law of equal retaliation?
A. habeas corpus
B. lex corpus
C. habeas talionis
D. lex talionis
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. What legal basis reflected the instinctive desire for humans who have been harmed to seek revenge?
A. habeas talionis
B. deterrence
C. lex talionis
D. punishment
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Under which early code were punishments severe and tended to be terminal, with imprisonment simply being a means of holding the accused until those in power had decided the offender’s fate?
A. Napoleonic
B. Roman
C. Hammurabi
D. Sumerian
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Roman Law and Punishment and Their Impact on Early English Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. Under Roman law, what resulted in the offender’s property being excised by the government and the marriage (if any) between the offender and his or her spouse was declared void, providing the status of widow to the spouse?
A. civil death
B. habeas corpus
C. civilus talionis
D. divorce
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Roman Law and Punishment and Their Impact on Early English Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. What consisted of very dangerous and/or impossible tests to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused?
A. hanging
B. civil trial
C. trial by ordeal
D. sanctuary
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Historical Role of religion, Punishment, and Corrections
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Which of the following is an example of a type of building that during ancient times, many nations designated where accused offenders could stay, free from attack, until such time that their innocence could be established (presuming that they were, in fact, innocent)?
A. courthouse
B. police station
C. dungeon
D. church
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Sanctuary
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. In England, what was provided until some form of negotiation was arranged or until the accused was ultimately smuggled out of the area?
A. plea bargaining
B. sanctuary
C. trial by ordeal
D. stocks and pillories
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sanctuary
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. What are crimes against society or a social group, which historically tended to include sacrilege as well as other crimes against religion, treason, witchcraft, incest, sex offenses of any sort, and even violations of hunting rules?
A. public transcreations
B. public biases
C. public injustices
D. public wrongs
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Public and Private Wrongs
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. What are crimes against an individual that could include physical injury, damage to a person’s property, or theft?
A. private transcreations
B. private wrongs
C. private injustices
D. private biases
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Public and Private Wrongs
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. What type of early punishment used a chair suspended over a body of water?
A. hulks
B. pillory
C. stocks
D. ducking stool
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. A combination of which two early punishment devices resulted in both the offender’s head and hands being immobilized?
A. ducking stool and gag
B. stocks and gag
C. stocks and pillory
D. pillory and ducking stool
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Which of the following was a form of punishment in early correctional history?
A. trial by ordeal
B. branding
C. whipping
D. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 1.1: Types of Punishment in Early Correctional History
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. Which of the following early forms of punishment had a purpose of humiliating the offender?
A. gag
B. trial by ordeal
C. whipping
D. banishment
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 1.1: Types of Punishment in Early Correctional History
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. Which of the following is an example of branding in early American society?
A. marked on their thumb with the letter “T” for thief
B. marked on their back with the letter “M” for murderer
C. none of these
D. all of these
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. Which of the following is true regarding corporal punishment?
A. It tended to be the most frequently used punishment up until the 1700s.
B. It was often administered in a public forum to add to the deterrent effect.
C. These types of punishment also included purposes of retribution.
D. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Corporal Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. During the 1600s and 1700s, ______ was another useful punishment and could mean simple exile from the country or exile to and/or enslavement in a penal colony.
A. whipping
B. banishment
C. branding
D. stocks
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Banishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. During the American Revolution, British officials housed prisoners in broken-down or decommissioned vessels known as ______.
A. hulks
B. prison ships
C. floating prisons
D. bars on sea
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hulks and Floating Prisons
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Who was an advocate of religious freedom and instrumental in spreading the concept of humane treatment of prisoners, specifically in Pennsylvania?
A. William Howard
B. Cesare Beccaria
C. William Penn
D. James Regal
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: William Penn, the Quakers, and the Great Law
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. The ______ followed a body of laws called the Great Law, which was more humane in approach than the typical English response to crime.
A. Buddhists
B. Catholics
C. Quakers
D. Mormons
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: William Penn, the Quakers, and the Great Law
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. Who published an influential treatise in 1764 titled An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, which argued against the death penalty and for the certainty rather than the severity of punishment?
A. John Howard
B. Jeremy Bentham
C. William Penn
D. Cesare Beccaria
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Charles Montesquieu, Francois Voltaire, and Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. In addition to advocating proportionality, classical criminology emphasized that punishments must be all of the following except ______.
A. retributive
B. useful
C. purposeful
D. reasonable
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Charles Montesquieu, Francois Voltaire, and Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Hard
29. Which early sheriff had the duty of prison inspector and was appalled by the unsanitary conditions he found while conducting his inspections?
A. William Penn
B. Jeremy Bentham
C. John Howard
D. John Fitzgerald
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: John Howard: The Making of the Penitentiary
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. Who created the concept of the “hedonistic calculus,” which involves individuals maximizing pleasure and reducing pain?
A. Cesare Beccaria
B. William Penn
C. Jeremy Bentham
D. Samuel Wood
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Jeremy Bentham: Hedonistic Calculus
Difficulty Level: Medium
31. What was the name of the first official prison in the United States?
A. Walnut Street Jail
B. Old Newgate Prison
C. Old State Prison
D. Jackson Street Prison
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Punishment During Early American History: 1700s–1800s
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. In 1787, Benjamin Rush, the Quakers, and other reformers met together in what was then the official prison reform group, the ______.
A. Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons
B. Pennsylvania Progressive Society
C. Pennsylvania Society for Prison Reform and Progression
D. Progressive Prison Society
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Walnut Street Jail
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. In 1790, the first American jail opened called the ______ in Philadelphia, PA.
A. Walnut Street Jail
B. Coconut Grove Jail
C. Main Street Jail
D. Almond Court Jail
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Walnut Street Jail
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. Which early prison has drawn most of the attention when historians and prison buffs talk about the Pennsylvania system of corrections?
A. Western State Penitentiary
B. Sing Sing Prison
C. Eastern State Penitentiary
D. Old Newgate Prison
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Pennsylvania System
Difficulty Level: Medium
35. In what year did the Eastern State Penitentiary open in Pennsylvania?
A. 1903
B. 1829
C. 1899
D. 1778
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Pennsylvania System
Difficulty Level: Easy
36. Which early prison system kept inmates in solitary confinement during the evening but permitted inmates to work together during the day?
A. Pennsylvania
B. New York
C. Auburn
D. Alabama
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Auburn System
Difficulty Level: Easy
37. Why did Auburn designs tend to have much smaller cells than the Pennsylvania system?
A. Because inmates at Auburn were smaller than those in the Pennsylvania system.
B. It was an unintentional flaw in the design.
C. Because Auburn prison designers were more retributive.
D. Because inmates were allowed out of their cells on a daily basis so they could go to work.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Auburn System
Difficulty Level: Medium
38. What system utilized inmate labor through state-negotiated contracts with private manufacturers?
A. Pennsylvania system
B. contract labor system
C. penitence system
D. vocational skill system
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Auburn System
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. Prior to the Civil War, ______ Codes required White inmates to be separated from slaves. Frequently, slaves were given harsher punishments for crimes.
A. White
B. slave
C. Black
D. southern
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Southern System of Penology: Before and After the Civil War
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. Many southern states eventually abolished the ______ system and created large prison farms reminiscent of the old plantations of the South.
A. loaning
B. contributing
C. lending
D. leasing
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Southern System of Penology: Before and After the Civil War
Difficulty Level: Medium
41. What type of labor arrangement was primarily used by counties and states to build roads and levees and to maintain county roads and state highways in the South?
A. slave gangs
B. chain gangs
C. farm system
D. convict system
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chain Gang and the South
Difficulty Level: Easy
42. What was the name of the first reformatory, which opened in 1876?
A. Elmira
B. Auburn
C. Pennsylvania
D. Attica
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Easy
43. Who was the warden of Elmira Reformatory, who started his career in corrections as a prison guard in a state prison in Connecticut and contended imprisonment was designed to reform inmates?
A. John Howard
B. Zebulon Brockway
C. William Penn
D. Jeremy Bentham
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Easy
44. Alexander Maconochie’s principles are often referred to as the ______ system.
A. check
B. mark
C. balance
D. squared
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Easy
45. ______ sentences include a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender. The offender is released at some point during the assigned years by the sentencing judge.
A. Determinate
B. Truth-in
C. Indeterminate
D. Representative
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Medium
46. Which type of sentencing consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no flexibility in terms of time served?
A. determinate
B. truth-in
C. indeterminate
D. representative
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Hard
47. Which prison system, considered the worst in the south and similar to the Mississippi prison system, placed inmates in charge of other inmates?
A. Maryland
B. California
C. Virginia
D. Arkansas
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Arkansas System: Worst of the Worst
Difficulty Level: Medium
48. Which prison era included a period of extraordinary urban and industrial growth and unprecedented social problems?
A. the Big House
B. progressive
C. conservative
D. substantial
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Progressive Era
Difficulty Level: Medium
49. Which type of prison was typically made of large stones with brick walls, guard towers, and checkpoints within the facility?
A. minimum security
B. Big House
C. intermediate
D. medium security
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Era of the “Big House”
Difficulty Level: Easy
50. Which model can be described as a correctional treatment that utilizes a mental health approach incorporating psychology, biology, and criminology to treat the offender?
A. reintegration
B. restorative
C. medical
D. scientific
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Medical Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
51. At the heart of the medical model was the ______ process; everything in the medical model that followed hinged on the accuracy and effectiveness of this process.
A. punishment
B. reintegration
C. classification
D. supervision
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Medical Model
Difficulty Level: Medium
52. Which model evolved during the last few years to include identifying programs that examined external environment causes of crime?
A. medical
B. crime control
C. restorative
D. reintegration
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Reintegration Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
53. What 1974 report was an examination of a number of various prison treatment programs?
A. Martinson Report
B. Hoover Report
C. Knapp Report
D. Carson Report
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Reintegration Model
Difficulty Level: Medium
54. Which model emerged during the “get-tough movement” and incorporated longer sentences and an increased use of intensive supervised probation?
A. reintegration
B. crime control
C. medical
D. restorative
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Crime Control Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
55. When was the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) initially established by Congress?
A. 1980
B. 1943
C. 1820
D. 1930
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
56. The average time served for BOP inmates is around ______years in length.
A. 15.5
B. 10
C. 6.5
D. 4
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
57. In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were ______ offenders.
A. domestic violence
B. sexual
C. drug
D. white-collar
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
58. Which of the following are the three largest state prison systems?
A. California, Texas, and Louisiana
B. Texas, Georgia, and New York
C. Texas, California, and Florida
D. Maryland, Texas, and New York
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Emergence of the Top Three in Corrections
Difficulty Level: Easy
59. When examining early forms of punishment and corrections, it was clearly ______ compared with punishments today.
A. barbaric
B. simplistic
C. compassionate
D. humane
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conclusion
Difficulty Level: Hard
60. The rise of the ______ and the writings of a variety of scholars and philosophers helped shape the use of simple punishments from barbaric cruelty to corrective mechanisms indeed to reduce problematic behaviors.
A. illumination
B. enlightenment
C. brilliance
D. wisdom
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Conclusion
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. Corrections is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining Corrections: A Variety of Possibilities
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The brutalization hypothesis believes that the use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and essentially teaches the offender to use violence rather than acting as a deterrent.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Notion of Punishment and Corrections Throughout History
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Lex talionis was the first written code of law by the King of Babylon.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. A trial by ordeal was a very dangerous and often impossible test to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Historical Role of Religion, Punishment, and Corrections
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. One early punishment was the hulk, which was a device that constrained an individual to receive constant scolding from others.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. A banishment chair was a form of punishment that used a chair suspended over a body of water to torture inmates.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. The pillory was similar to the stock except the pillory consisted of a single large bored hole where the offender’s neck would rest.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. The most widely used form of corporal punishment was whipping, which dates back to the Romans, the Greeks, and even the Egyptians as a sanction for both judicial and educational discipline.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Corporal Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Indentured servants in the American colonies included only slaves as a form of punishment.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Indentured Servitude
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. The Quakers followed a body of laws called the Infamous Code, which was more humane in approach than the typical English response to crime.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: William Penn, the Quakers, and the Great Law
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Charles Montesquieu wrote an essay titled Persian Letters, which was instrumental in illustrating the abuses of the criminal law in both France and Europe.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Charles Montesquieu, Francois Voltaire, and Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Francois Voltaire was the founder of the classical school of criminology.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Charles Montesquieu, Francois Voltaire, and Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. John Howard created the Elmira Reformatory in Auburn, NY, in 1820.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: John Howard: The Making of the Penitentiary
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. The Walnut Street Jail was established in 1790.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Walnut Street Jail
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Determinate sentences consist of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. The “electric telephone” was a torture device invented in Arkansas and regularly used at the Tucker State Prison Farm.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Arkansas System: Worst of the Worst
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. The reintegration model was officially implemented in 1969 when the U.S. Congress authorized the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to open correctional institutions that would use standardized processes of classification and treatment regimens within their programming.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Medical Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. The term reintegration was used to identify programs that looked to the external environment for causes of crime and the means by which criminality could be reduced.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Reintegration Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. The crime control model emerged during a “get-tough” era on crime focusing on harsher sentencing.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Crime Control Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) was initially established by Congress in 1930.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. Since the 1980s and the War on Drugs, the proportion of drug offenders has remained low, constituting more than half of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) population.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. Roughly 42% of all federal inmates are citizens of other countries.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Hard
23. Roughly 14% of federal inmates are classified as being either a low- or minimum-security risk.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Hard
24. In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were drug offenders.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Hard
25. Texas is the largest state prison system followed by California and Florida.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Emergence of the Top Three in Corrections
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short Answer
1. According to the textbook, define corrections.
Ans: The process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.
Learning Objective: 1-1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Defining Corrections: A Variety of Possibilities
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Define the brutalization hypothesis.
Ans: The contention of brutalization hypothesis is that the use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and teaches them to use it.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Notion of Punishment and Corrections Throughout History
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Define trial by ordeal.
Ans: Very dangerous and/or impossible tests to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Historical Role of Religion, Punishment, and Corrections
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Name four different types of punishment in colonial America.
Ans: Hulks, stocks, gag, trial by ordeal, ducking stool, branding, pillory, whipping, banishment, capital punishment, and indentured servitude.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Early Secular History of Punishment and Corrections
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Who was William Penn and what did he advocate?
Ans: He was the founder of the state of Pennsylvania and a leader of the religious Quakers. He was an advocate of religious freedom and individual rights and was also instrumental in spreading the notion that criminal offenders were worthy of treatment.
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: William Penn, the Quakers, and the Great Law
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. What factors led to the Auburn system of prison operation initially having economic success?
Ans: First, the proceeds generated from inmate labor aided in offsetting the costs of housing the inmates. Second, the use of the congregate system allowed more productive work to take place--work that often required group effort. Third, other innovations of the Auburn system ensured its profitability.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Auburn System
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. Define Black Codes.
Ans: Separate laws that were required for slaves and free men who turned criminal.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Southern System of Penology: Before and After the Civil War
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Describe the difference between determinate and indeterminate sentencing.
Ans: Indeterminate sentences include a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender. The offender is released during some point in the range of years that are assigned by the sentencing judge. Both the minimum and the maximum times can be modified by a number of factors, such as offender behavior and offender work ethic. The indeterminate sentence stands in contrast to the use of determinate sentences, which consist of fixed periods of incarceration imposed on the offender with no later flexibility in the term that is served.
Learning Objective: 1-5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Describe the Martinson Report and the impact the findings had on corrections.
Ans: The Martinson Report examined a number of programs that included educational and vocational assistance, mental health treatment, medical treatment, and early release. In his report, often referred to as the Martinson Report, he noted that “with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have had no appreciable effect on recidivism.” The report helped usher in the get-tough movement throughout America.
Learning Objective: 1-6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Reintegration Model
Difficulty Level: Hard
10. Explain how federal and state prisoners differ.
Ans: In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were drug offenders. It is also important to note that the majority of inmates are housed in state prison systems. However, unlike state prisoners, most federal offenders are not violent, and their drug crimes are also not usually associated with violence.
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Hard
Essay
1. Describe the five segments of the criminal justice system and the role of corrections.
Ans: The five segments are law enforcement, the courts, corrections, the juvenile justice system, and victim services.
Unlike the police, who are tasked with apprehending offenders and preventing crime, correctional personnel often work to change (or at least keep contained) the offender population. This is often a less popular function to many in society, and when correctional staff are tasked with providing constitutional standards of care for the offender population, many in society may attribute this to “coddling” the inmate or offender.
On the other hand, the judicial or court segment is held in much more lofty regard. The work of courtroom personnel is considered more sophisticated, and jobs within this sector are more often coveted. Further, there tends to be a degree of mystique to the study and practice of law, undoubtedly enhanced by portrayals in modern-day television and the media. In this segment of the system, legal battles are played out, oral arguments are heard, evidence is presented, and deliberations are made. At the end, a sentence is given and the story concludes that all parties involved have had their day in court.
The juvenile justice system is unique from these other systems because much of it is not even criminal court but is instead civil in nature. This is because our system intends to avoid stigmatizing youthful offenders, hopes to integrate family involvement and supervision, and views youth as being more amenable to positive change. The juvenile justice system is designed to help youth and is, therefore, less punitive in theory and practice than the adult system. Again, the entire idea is that youth are at an early stage in life where their trajectory is not too far off the path; with the right implementation, we can change their life course in the future.
Victim services is, naturally, the easiest segment to sympathize with because it is tasked with aiding those who have been harmed by crime. The merits of these services should be intuitively obvious, but such programs are often underfunded in many states and struggle to help those in need. In addition to state programs, many nonprofit organizations are also dedicated to assisting victims.
The correctional system, despite its lesser appeal, is integral to the ability of the other systems to maintain their functions. It is simply not prudent, realistic, or civilized to either banish or put to death every person who commits an offense. Indeed, such reactions would be extreme and quite problematic in today’s world. Thus, we are stuck with the reality that we must do something else with those individuals who have offended. Naturally, some have committed serious crimes, while others have not. Discerning what must be done with each offender based on the crime, the criminal, and the risk that might be incurred to society is the role of the correctional system. Further, it is the responsibility of this system to keep these persons from committing future crimes against society, a task that the other segments of the system seem unable to do.
Learning Objective: 1-1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. What are sanctuaries and what role did they play during ancient times?
Ans: During ancient times, many nations had a city or a designated building, such as a temple or a church, where accused offenders could stay, free from attack, until such time that their innocence could be established (presuming that they were, in fact, innocent). In Europe, the use of sanctuary began during the 4th century and consisted of a place--usually a church--that the king’s soldiers were forbidden to enter for purposes of taking an accused criminal into custody. In some cases, such as in England, sanctuary was provided until some form of negotiation could be arranged or until the accused was ultimately smuggled out of the area. If accused offenders confessed to their crimes while in sanctuary, they were typically allowed to leave the country with the understanding that return to England would lead to immediate punishment. This form of leniency lasted for well over a thousand years in European history and was apparently quite common in England. Eventually, sanctuary lost its appeal, and from roughly 1750 onward, countries throughout Europe began to abolish sanctuary provisions as secular courts gained power over ecclesiastical courts.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sanctuary
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Who was Cesare Beccaria and what impact did he have on corrections?
Ans: Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) was very famous for his thoughts and writings on criminal laws, punishments, and corrections. Beccaria was an Italian philosopher who in 1764 wrote a brief treatise titled An Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764). This treatise was the first argument among scholars and philosophers made in public writing against the death penalty. The text was considered a seminal work and was eventually translated into French, English, and a number of other languages.
Beccaria condemned the death penalty on two grounds. First, he claimed that the state does not actually possess any kind of spiritual or legal right to take lives. Second, he said the death penalty was neither useful nor necessary as a form of punishment. Beccaria also contended that punishment should be viewed as having a preventive rather than a retributive function. He believed that it was the certainty of punishment (not the severity) that achieved a preventative effect, and that in order to be effective, punishment should be prompt. Many of these tenets comport with classical criminological views on crime and punishment.
Due to Beccaria’s beliefs and contentions, he became viewed as the Father of Classical Criminology, which was instrumental in shifting views on crime and punishment toward a more humanistic means of response. Among other things, Beccaria advocated for proportionality between the crime that was committed by an offender and the specific sanction that was given. Since not all crimes are equal, the use of progressively greater sanctions became an instrumental component in achieving this proportionality. Classical criminology, in addition to advocating proportionality, emphasized that punishments must be useful, purposeful, and reasonable. Beccaria contended that humans were hedonistic--seeking pleasure while wishing to avoid pain--and that this required an appropriate amount of punishment to counterbalance the rewards derived from criminal behavior. Further, Beccaria called for the more routine use of prisons as a means of incapacitating offenders and denying them their liberty. This was perhaps the first time that the notion of denying offenders their liberty from free movement was seen as a valid punishment in its own right.
Learning Objective: 1-3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Charles Montesquieu, Francois Voltaire, and Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. What was the Pennsylvania system and how did the Western Pennsylvania Prison and the Eastern State Penitentiary define it? Describe characteristics of the two prisons.
Ans: In 1826, the doors of Western State Penitentiary were open for the reception of inmates. The penitentiary opened with solitary cells for 200 inmates, following the original ideal to have solitary confinement without labor. However, doubts arose as to whether this would truly have reformative benefits among offenders and if it would be economical. Advocates of Western State Penitentiary contended that solitary confinement would be economical because offenders would repent more quickly, resulting in a reduced need for facilities. While construction of Eastern State Penitentiary continued, planners were careful to learn from the mistakes of Western State Penitentiary. It is because of this that Eastern State Penitentiary has drawn most of the attention when historians and prison buffs talk about the Pennsylvania system of corrections. In 1829, Eastern State Penitentiary opened. It was designed on a separate confinement system of housing inmates, similar to Western State Penitentiary. This system allowed inmates to reside in their cells indefinitely. Aside from unforeseen emergencies, special circumstances, or medical issues, inmates spent 24 hr a day in their cells. They had interactions with only a few human beings, most of them prison staff.
Eastern State Penitentiary was sometimes referred to as the Cherry Hill facility because it had been built on the grounds of a cherry tree orchard. The original structure had 252 cells, and each was much more spacious than those of Western State Penitentiary. Cells at Eastern were 12 ft. long, 7 ft. wide, and 16 ft. high. The conditions within Eastern were quite humane and well ahead of their time. It is clear that the physical conditions of this facility were sanitary even by today’s standards. Further, the conditions of day-to-day treatment were also similar to what one might find in some prisons today.
Ultimately, the Pennsylvania system of separate confinement drew substantial controversy. The long periods of solitary confinement resulted in many inmates having emotional breakdowns, and various forms of mental illness emerged due to the extreme isolation. Prison suicide attempts became commonplace within the facility, which, by religious Quaker standards, meant that those inmates would not have their souls redeemed--an obvious failure at reform, both in the material world and in the spiritual world that the Quakers believed in. Eventually, the start of the Civil War made funds less available, and the practice of individual confinement was largely abandoned. Such was the demise of the Pennsylvania system of penitentiary management.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Pennsylvania System
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. What is the Top Three in corrections? Why are they important?
Ans: The term the Top Three in corrections is an apt description of the three largest state correctional systems in the United States. Texas is the largest system, California is the next largest, and Florida is third. These systems are referred to as the Top Three due to the fact that they are the largest three systems according to inmate count. The Top Three in corrections are important for a number of reasons that go beyond their mere head count.
First, these three states have large overall free-world populations as well as prison populations. This means that each of these states has a large population that is likely to be more representative of the overall U.S. population than would be the case for numerous other states. When taken in total, these three states should be considered somewhat representative of the overall U.S. population. Because they are representative, this means that research conducted from samples taken from these three states will, collectively, be likely to yield results that generalize to the rest of the United States.
Second, each of these states has had to grapple with immigration issues and the constant ingress and egress of legal and illegal persons within its borders. This is a unique characteristic that is not shared by a majority of the states. While other states may also struggle with this issue, the Top Three do so on a large-scale basis. This makes a difference because of the type of crime problems that are encountered (i.e., more drug trafficking, smuggling issues, and organized crime activity) as well as the factors that are associated with those problems (more drug use, cultural clashes, and more complicated crime problems).
Third, these states all possess a truly diverse array of racial and cultural groups. The history of each of the Top Three reflects exchanges between various cultures. In all three states, the Latino population is well represented, as are the African American and Asian American populations. Other racial and cultural groups are likewise represented in each of these three states, partially due to routine immigration and also due to the unique histories of the states.
Fourth and lastly, each of these three states tends to have a fairly robust economy. The market conditions in all are active and vibrant due to their locations (all have extensive coastlines) and due to a sufficient number of urban areas within their borders. The fact that these three states tend to have more stable economies (at least throughout most of their history) impacts how well they are able to fund their correctional programs. This can make a considerable difference in the overall approach to a correctional agency’s response in processing the offender population.
Learning Objective: 1-7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Emergence of the Top Three in Corrections
Difficulty Level: Hard
