. A child typically enters the mental health system ____.
a.
by asking for a referral from a pediatrician
b.
through the criminal justice system
c.
by the actions, positive or negative, of peers
d.
through teachers, counselors, or parents
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
DIFFICULTY:
Moderate
REFERENCES:
Introduction
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
KEYWORDS:
Bloom’s: Understand
DATE CREATED:
12/10/2014 6:07 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
12/12/2014 12:57 AM
2. Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____.
failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress
absence of the key survival skills needed to thrive
result of excessive expectations by parents
stresses associated with educational demands
a
Bloom’s: Analyze
12/10/2014 11:13 PM
3. Most problematic behaviors shown by children are ____.
qualitatively different from normal behavior
shown to some degree by most children
caused by inadequate parenting
indistinguishable from one another
b
Easy
12/10/2014 11:15 PM
4. Interventions for children and adolescents are often intended to ____.
restore previous levels of functioning
serve as a warning for negative behavior
reform behavior to conform to norms
eliminate distress and promote further development
12/10/2014 11:17 PM
5. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, children’s mental health problems were attributed to ____.
possession by the devil or other evil forces
poor parenting practices
chemical imbalances
low self-esteem
Historical Views and Breakthroughs
12/10/2014 11:18 PM
6. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, acts of child maltreatment were ____.
illegal and punishable by severe fines
very uncommon but largely overlooked
practiced primarily among lower socioeconomic classes
considered to be a parent’s right for educating or disciplining a child
12/10/2014 11:20 PM
7. John Locke (1632–1704) advanced the belief that children were ____.
possessed by the devil
uncivilized
emotionally sensitive beings
young adults
c
12/10/2014 11:21 PM
8. The work of Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1775–1838) is notable in that ____.
his orientation toward children was one of care and helping, in contrast to the times
he was the first documented individual to use behavioral techniques with children
he was a strong advocate for sending disturbed children to asylums
he initiated the Massachusetts’ Stubborn Child Act
12/10/2014 11:22 PM
9. How did Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard believe he could tame the “wild boy of Aveyron”?
exorcism
environmental stimulation
allow him to behave as he did in the wild
peer modeling
12/10/2014 11:24 PM
10. Which method did Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard use to tame the “wild boy of Aveyron”?
cold showers
tranquilizers
timeouts
massages
12/10/2014 11:25 PM
11. At the end of the nineteenth century, children with intellectual disabilities were regarded as ____.
suffering from “moral insanity”
imbeciles
lunatics
12/10/2014 11:27 PM
12. At the end of the nineteenth century, children with normal cognitive abilities but disturbing behavior were thought to be ____.
diseased
12/10/2014 11:29 PM
13. The first disorder unique to children and adolescents was ____.
masturbatory insanity
schizoid disorder
moral insanity
manic depression
12/10/2014 11:31 PM
14. During the early part of the twentieth century, the biological disease model of mental problems led to ____.
the belief that mental illness had no physical basis
improved treatments
more controlled research methods
eugenics and segregation
12/10/2014 11:32 PM
15. Freud was the first to link mental disorders to ____.
neurotransmitter imbalances
early childhood experiences
possession by evil spirits
classical conditioning
12/10/2014 11:34 PM
16. Freud’s theory focused on ____.
single causes of behavior
multiple causes of behavior
diseases of the mind
neurological causes of behavior
12/10/2014 11:35 PM
17. Efforts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories are called ____.
etiologies
differentials
nosologies
prescriptives
12/10/2014 11:36 PM
18. Who is referred to as the “Father of Behaviorism”?
Freud
Albert
Watson
Rayner
12/10/2014 11:38 PM
19. The development of ____ treatment can be traced back to the rise of behaviorism in the early 1900s.
psychodynamic
evidence-based
group-based
humanist
12/10/2014 11:40 PM
20. In the first half of the twentieth century, most children with mental disorders were ____.
institutionalized
treated with behavior therapy
treated with psychoanalysis
overlooked
12/10/2014 11:41 PM
21. The work of Rene Spitz ____.
led to the development of an organic model of mental illness
is the first documented attempt to help a special needs child
led to some of the first empirically supported behavioral techniques for eliminating children’s fears
raised serious questions about the harmful impact of institutionalization of children’s development
12/10/2014 11:42 PM
22. During the 1950s and 1960s, ____ emerged as a systematic approach to the treatment of childhood disorders.
psychoanalysis
family therapy
behavior therapy
institutionalization
12/10/2014 11:44 PM
23. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Public Law 104-446) mandates ____.
segregated education for children with special needs
the use of IQ tests for assessing children
standardized programs for children identified as special needs
education in the least restrictive environment possible
12/10/2014 11:45 PM
24. What is the purpose of an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)?
to test the child using standardized tests
to accurately diagnose each child’s illness against a model
to tailor the child’s school program to his or her needs
to understand the role of family history in mental health
12/10/2014 11:47 PM
25. The 2007 United Nations Treaty adopted a new convention to ____.
provide free and appropriate education to children with special needs
improve disability rights and abolish discrimination
provide psychotherapy services to children with special needs
improve test measures to diagnose children with special needs
12/10/2014 11:48 PM
26. Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms that are associated with ____.
deviance
defiance of norms
disobedience
distress
What Is Abnormal Behavior in Children and Adolescents?
12/10/2014 11:49 PM
27. In contrast to adults, abnormality in children is often defined in terms of ____.
stage of development
everyday stress
disability
addiction
12/10/2014 11:50 PM
28. Which description of a child would be considered labeling a child rather than describing her behavior?
Ashley is a child with mental retardation.
Karlee is an anxious child.
Amber is a child with autism.
Robyn is a child who is small.
Bloom’s: Apply
12/10/2014 11:52 PM
29. Boundaries between abnormal versus normal functioning are ____.
scientifically defined
relatively arbitrary
well-established
determined by each family
12/10/2014 11:54 PM
30. What concept states that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings such as child maltreatment?
trifinality
ethnic finality
equifinality
multifinality
12/10/2014 11:56 PM
31. Successful adaptation to the environment varies across ____.
psychological theories
developmental stages
region of the country
culture and ethnicity
12/10/2014 11:57 PM
32. The ability to successfully adapt in the environment is referred to as ____.
intelligence
adjustment
resilience
coping
Risk and Resilience
12/10/2014 11:59 PM
33. To determine a child’s competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____.
institutional norms
animal behavior
adult dysfunctions
developmental tasks
12/11/2014 12:00 AM
34. Which of the following is not a developmental task of middle childhood?
academic achievement
getting along with peers
differentiating self from environment
rule-governed conduct
12/11/2014 12:01 AM
35. Which of the following is not a developmental task of adolescence?
self-control and compliance
forming a cohesive sense of self-identity
involvement in extracurricular activities
12/11/2014 12:03 AM
36. Which of the following is not a developmental task of infancy?
attachment to caregiver
language
differentiation of self from environment
forming close friendships within and across gender
12/11/2014 12:04 AM
37. Resiliency in boys is best associated with households in which there are:
male role models, structure, and encouragement of emotional expressiveness
female role models, structure, and encouragement of emotional expressiveness
male role models and a combination of risk taking and independence
female role models and a combination of risk taking and independence
What Affects Rates and Expression of Mental Disorders? A Look at Some Key Factors
12/11/2014 12:05 AM
38. Multifinality refers to the observation that ____.
different disorders may stem from similar causes
various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings
the same disorder may have different causes
developmental pathways may converge at the end
12/11/2014 12:07 AM
39. Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as ____.
developmental diversity
disordered beginnings
12/11/2014 12:09 AM
40. Which is an example of resiliency?
submissiveness
coping skills
networking skills
physical aptitude
12/11/2014 12:10 AM
41. A risk factor is a variable that ____.
follows a negative outcome
increases the likelihood that a negative outcome will occur
indicates positive outcomes
decreases the likelihood that negative outcome will occur
12/11/2014 12:12 AM
5/10/2017 3:40 PM
42. Which of the following is true with respect to resilience?
Resilience is relevant to a few, traumatic life events.
Resilience cannot be learned or taught.
Resilience remains consistent over time.
Resilience may vary over time and across situations.
12/11/2014 12:14 AM
43. By the year 2020, global child and adolescent mental health issues, in terms of disability, will ____.
decrease by 50%
remain the same as the present day
slightly increase
surpass physical health issues
The Significance of Mental Health Problems among Children and Youths
12/11/2014 12:15 AM
44. Which risk factor is most likely to increase a child’s vulnerability to psychopathology?
chronic poverty
impulsivity
two-career families
lack of siblings
12/11/2014 12:17 AM
45. In the United States and Canada, children from ____ racial/ethnic backgrounds have the highest rates of poverty.
African American and Native American
Native American and Asian American
Asian American and Mexican American
African American and Mexican American
12/11/2014 12:18 AM
46. Girls have higher rates of ____ than boys.
illiteracy
autism
depression
ADHD
12/11/2014 12:20 AM
47. Childhood poverty is a daily reality for about one in ____ children in the United States.
four
five
seven
eight
12/11/2014 12:21 AM
48. Which statement about children’s mental health is false?
About 1 in 15 children has a mental health problem that impairs their functioning.
Approximately 75% of children with mental health problems receive proper services.
Race plays more of a role than socioeconomic status (SES) in disorder rates among children.
About 1 in 10 children meets the criteria for a specific psychological disorder.
12/11/2014 12:22 AM
49. Most children today ____.
will have the same development trajectory to adulthood
grow out of their childhood difficulties by adulthood
face greater stressors at earlier ages than children of the past
have the same types of problems as children of the past
12/11/2014 12:24 AM
50. Which children are disproportionately afflicted with mental health problems?
those who are recent immigrants
those who are only children
those with more than two siblings
those born to parents with criminal histories
12/11/2014 12:26 AM
51. The significant difficulties that children in chronic poverty experience may be due to
damage to the cerebellum
an underactive amygdala
certain genetic markers
impaired prefrontal cortex development
12/11/2014 12:27 AM
12/12/2014 12:58 AM
52. Which statement is true regarding LGBT youth?
They are more likely to seek help from adults.
They often experience verbal and physical abuse.
They have fewer academic problems.
They are more likely to be bullies.
12/11/2014 12:29 AM
53. Which statement reflects the differences in mental health problems between boys and girls?
Anxiety disorders are more common in boys than girls.
Sex differences in problem behaviors exhibit by early infancy.
Boys demonstrate more difficulties than girls starting in early adolescence.
Boys’ externalizing problems are more prevalent than girls’ in the preschool years.
12/11/2014 12:30 AM
54. Which statement is true about how ethnicity affects mental health problems in children?
Minority children in the United States are overrepresented in rates of some disorders.
No differences emerge in relation to race and mental health even when controlling for other factors.
Minority children and youth do not face any more disadvantages in life than other children.
Ethnic representation in research studies has received a great deal of attention in studies of child psychopathology.
12/11/2014 12:32 AM
55. Verified reports of child abuse and neglect number over ____ in the United States.
100,000
200,000
500,000
1,000,000
12/11/2014 12:33 AM
56. Phone surveys suggest that about ____ of 10- to 16-year-olds experience physical and/or sexual abuse.
one-tenth
one-fourth
one-third
one-half
12/11/2014 12:35 AM
57. Phone surveys suggest that about ____ of 12- to 17-year-olds met criteria for either post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode, or substance abuse/dependence.
1% to 5%
5% to 9%
16% to 19%
20% to 35%
12/11/2014 12:36 AM
58. Which issues make adolescence a particularly vulnerable period?
risky sexual behavior
sporting teams
chores at home
technology use
12/11/2014 12:38 AM
59. Children with the most chronic and serious disorders ____.
are more likely to receive help, and therefore, to succeed in school
face sizable difficulties throughout their lives
are less likely to have social problems in online venues
do not tend to carry a psychiatric disorder into adulthood
12/11/2014 12:40 AM
60. What might be one consequence associated with child psychopathology?
increased demands on health systems
less funding for educational institutions
less interest in interventions
increased funding for criminal justice systems
12/11/2014 12:42 AM
61. How has the societal view of children changed throughout history and who were some of the major historical figures responsible for these changes?
Early writings suggest that children were considered servants of the state in the city-states of early Greece. Ancient Greek and Roman societies believed that any person—young or old—with a physical or mental handicap, disability, or deformity was an economic burden and a social embarrassment, and thus was to be scorned, abandoned, or put to death. Today we recognize children as valuable, independent of any other purpose, to help them develop normal lives and competencies. Some of the major influences were Freud, Watson, and Locke.
Subjective Short Answer
12/11/2014 12:47 AM
62. What characteristics of a child place him or her at risk for developing a psychological disorder?
Children who face many known risk factors, such as community violence and parental divorce, are vulnerable to abnormal development. Acute, stressful situations as well as chronic adversity put children’s successful development at risk. Chronic poverty, serious caregiving deficits, parental mental illness, divorce, homelessness, and racial prejudice are known risk factors that increase children’s vulnerability to psychopathology—especially in the absence of compensatory strengths and resources.
12/11/2014 12:48 AM
63. In regards to legislation pertaining to children with special needs and education, what is IDEA and what does it mandate?
In the United States the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Public Law 104-446) mandates: free and appropriate public education for any child with special needs in the least restrictive environment for that child; each child with special needs, regardless of age, must be assessed with culturally appropriate tests; each of these children must have an individualized education program (IEP) tailored to his or her needs, and must be re-assessed.
12/11/2014 12:49 AM
64. What is an IEP and what is its purpose?
An IEP is an individualized education program tailored to his or her needs, and must be re-assessed.
12/11/2014 12:51 AM
65. What is the goal of the Treaty that the United Nations General Assembly adopted in 2007 regarding persons with disabilities?
In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a new convention to protect the rights of persons with disabilities around the world. This convention represents an important shift from addressing the “special needs” of children to realizing their rights and removing the physical, linguistic, social, and cultural barriers that remain. Countries that ratify the convention agree to enact laws and other measures to improve disability rights, and also to abolish legislation, customs, and practices that discriminate against persons with disabilities.
12/11/2014 12:52 AM
66. What should be taken into account when diagnosing most child and adolescent disorders?
To judge what is abnormal, we need to be sensitive to each child’s stage of development and consider each child’s unique methods of coping and way of compensating for difficulties.
12/11/2014 12:54 AM
67. In what ways can low income and/or poverty affect children’s development?
Poverty has a significant, yet indirect, effect on children’s adjustment, most likely because of its association with negative influences—particularly harsh, inconsistent parenting and elevated exposure to acute and chronic stressors—that define the day-to-day experiences of children in poverty.
12/11/2014 12:55 AM
68. Define the concept of competence. How may competence be assessed?
Definitions of abnormal child behavior must take into account the child’s competence—that is, the ability to successfully adapt in the environment. Developmental tasks, which include broad domains of competence such as conduct and academic achievement, tell how children typically progress within each domain as they grow. Knowledge of the developmental tasks provides an important backdrop for considering a child or adolescent’s developmental progress and impairments.
12/11/2014 12:56 AM
69. Distinguish between the concepts of multifinality and equifinality.
Multifinality is a concept that proposes that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings (in this case, child maltreatment). Equifinality is a concept that proposes that similar outcomes stem from different early experiences and developmental pathways.
12/11/2014 12:57 AM
70. Distinguish between risk and resilience.
A risk factor is a variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and increases the chances that the outcome will occur. Children who survive risky environments by using their strong self-confidence, coping skills, and abilities to avoid risk situations may be considered resilient—they seem able to fight off or recover from their misfortune.
12/11/2014 12:58 AM
71. What are some of the key factors affecting rates and expression of mental disorders?
New pressures and social changes may place children at increasing risk for the development of disorders at younger ages (Obradovic et al., 2010). Many stressors today are quite different from those faced by our parents and grandparents. Some have been around for generations: chronic poverty, inequality, family breakup, single parenting, and so on. Others are more recent or are now more visible: homelessness, adjustment problems of children in immigrant families, inadequate child care available to working parents, and conditions associated with the impact of prematurity, parental HIV, and cocaine or alcohol abuse on children’s growth and development.
12/11/2014 1:00 AM
72. What are some of the findings regarding sex differences in children’s mental health problems?
Hyperactivity, autism, childhood disruptive behavior disorders, and learning and communication disorders are more common in boys than in girls; the opposite is true for most anxiety disorders, adolescent depression, and eating disorders.
12/11/2014 1:01 AM
73. What child rearing environment predicts the best resiliency for boys, and which predicts the best for girls?
Resilience in boys is associated with households in which there is a male role model (such as a father, grandfather, or older brother); structure; rules; and some encouragement of emotional expressiveness. In contrast, girls who display resilience come from households that combine risk taking and independence with support from a female caregiver.
12/11/2014 1:02 AM
74. Discuss the influence of race and ethnicity in the development of psychological disorders.
Children from certain ethnic and racial groups in the United States are overrepresented in rates of some disorders, such as substance abuse, delinquency, and teen suicide (Nguyen et al., 2007). However, once the effects of socioeconomic status (SES), sex, age, and referral status are controlled for (i.e., the unique contributions of these factors are removed or accounted for), few differences in the rate of children’s psychological disorders emerge in relation to race or ethnicity.
12/11/2014 1:03 AM
75. Discuss the difficulties sexual minority youth experience in society and which mental health disorders they are most at risk for developing.
According to several large surveys of LGBT youths in middle and high schools, they are more likely to be victimized by their peers as well as by family members, and they report more bullying, teasing, harassment, and physical assault than other students. Given the stigma and prejudice that exist in many parts of society, it is not surprising that young people who are LGBT have higher rates of mental health problems, including depression and suicidal behavior, substance abuse, and risky sexual behavior, as compared with their heterosexual counterparts.
12/11/2014 1:04 AM
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