1. What underlies the unity of biochemistry?
a.
Some organisms are highly uniform at the molecular level.
b.
All leaving beings are highly uniform at the organismal level.
c.
Organisms are highly uniform at the cellular level.
d.
All organisms are highly uniform at the molecular level.
e.
Some leaving beings are highly uniform at the cellular level.
ANSWER:
d
2. How many times more carbon is contained in organisms than in Earth's crust?
60 times
50 times
9.5 times
10 times
100 times
b
3. Why is carbon preferable to be the chemical base for life?
Carbone dioxide is essentially insoluble in water.
It escapes the biochemical circulation once it is utilized.
The stability and strength of the carbon–carbon bonds make it a good base for larger molecular complexes.
By reacting with hydrogen, it can undergo combustion, which provides organisms with energy.
Carbon dioxide is a strong construction material.
c
4. What is NOT a primary function of proteins?
signal receptors
energy storage
signal molecules
structural units
defensive agents
5. What does being a catalyst mean?
slowing down the rate of reactions to increase control over them
being fully utilized in the course of a reaction; causing no unnecessary change in the reaction components
repeatedly enhancing the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed
repeatedly decreasing the rate of chemical reactions without being affected by enzymes
enhancing the rate of chemical reactions being permanently affected during their course to control the environmental changes
6. Which structure CANNOT be a nucleotide?
a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and at least one phosphoryl group
a five-carbon sugar attached to a heterocyclic ring structure and one phosphoryl group
a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and two phosphoryl groups
a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and four phosphoryl groups
a five-carbon sugar attached to a heterocyclic ring structure and three phosphoryl groups
7. What determines the nature of an organism?
the information stored in proteins
the information contained in deoxyribonucleotides
the information stored in the deoxyribonucleic acid
the information stored in biological polymers
the information contained in the ribonucleic acid
8. What is NOT a nucleotide?
adenine
thymine
uracil
cytosine
adenosine
e
9. Which statement about compositional differences between DNA and RNA is TRUE?
Ribonucleotides contain an additional hydroxyl group.
Ribonucleotides exploit three different bases, while deoxyribonucleotides exploit four.
Deoxyribonucleotides contain an additional hydroxyl group.
Deoxyribonucleotides contain a five-carbon sugar, whereas RNA bases contain a six-carbon sugar.
Ribonucleotides exploit four different bases, while deoxyribonucleotides exploit tree.
a
10. What is the molecular basis for establishing intracellular compartments?
the formation of membranous barriers due to ability of proteins to form extended linear structures
the ability of lipids to form barriers due to their dual properties regarding solubility in water
the formation of lipid barriers due to the small size of lipids
the development of lipid barriers due to hydrophilic interactions within lipid molecules
the formation of lipid barriers due to the dual nature of lipids regarding their interactions with proteins
11. What can serve as sites of cell-to-cell interactions?
molecules of glycogen
branched chains of carbohydrates
branched proteins
hydrophobic tails of lipids
hydrophilic heads of lipids
12. Choose the CORRECT statement about functions of lipids and proteins.
They both can be involved in signal transduction.
They both form a cell skeleton.
They both act as receptors for signal molecules.
They both can provide large amounts of cellular energy upon combustion.
They both are involved in the transfer of biological information.
13. What determines the function of a cell or tissue?
information contained in the genome
selective transcription of RNA
translation of RNA
replication of DNA
selective expression of genes
14. What is the central dogma?
the flow of information across all biomolecules of a cell
the scheme proposed by Francis Crick to describe complex cell-to-cell interactions
the basic scheme of the flow of information in the cell for eventual rendering of the genetic information into a functional form
the scheme proposed in 1958 to describe the genome
the basic scheme of selective replication of DNA
15. What is the basic unit of life?
DNA
protein
RNA
cell
biomolecular complexes
16. What constitutes the cell membrane?
a lipid bilayer organized through interaction of lipid hydrophobic heads with each other and lipid hydrophilic tails with the environment
the outer layer of a cytoplasm
a lipid bilayer organized through interaction of lipid hydrophobic tails with each other and lipid hydrophilic heads with an aqueous environment
the periplasmic space
a lipid bilayer organized by interaction with membrane proteins
17. How can one distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells do not have any membranous compartments.
The cytoplasm is present only in eukaryotic cells.
The nucleoid in eukaryotes, unlike in prokaryotes, occupies most of the cell.
Membrane-enclosed compartments are absent in prokaryotes.
Eukaryotic cells are surrounded by two membranes with the periplasmic space in between.
18. What are two biochemical features that are obligatory for a cell to exist?
plasma membrane and nucleus
nucleus and cytoplasm
storage for genetic information and a lipid bilayer
plasma membrane and nucleoid
plasma membrane and cytoplasm
19. What is an example of the structural function of carbohydrates?
formation of branched complexes involved in cell-to-cell interaction
construction of a cell wall
formation of glycogen polymers
modification of proteins
construction of starch in plants
20. Which is an organelle?
ribosome
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane
secretory granule
nucleoid
21. Which sequence of steps preceding DNA replication is TRUE?
The DNA polymerase gene is transcribed in the nucleus → the DNA is translated into the enzyme on ER → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus.
mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is synthesized in the nucleus → the mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm → the DNA polymerase is synthesized on the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus.
The DNA polymerase gene is translated in the nucleus → the mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm → transcription takes place in the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus.
mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is translated in the cytoplasm→ the enzyme is transferred to the nucleus → transcription takes place in the ribosome.
mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is synthesized in the cytoplasm → the mRNA is transferred to the nucleus → the DNA polymerase is synthesized on the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores out of the nucleus.
22. In which organelles is chemical energy generated?
nucleus and mitochondrion
chloroplast and nucleus
mitochondrion and endosome
mitochondrion and chloroplast
nucleus and endosome
23. What is the source of cellular energy?
glucose
mitochondrion
adenosine triphosphate
glycogen
lipids
24. The quantity of which organelle can be markedly changed by increasing the ingestion of drugs by an organism?
smooth ER
zymogen granules
rough ER
the Golgi complex
ER lumen
25. What organelles is NOT surrounded by two membranes?
nucleus
chloroplast
chromoplast
26. Which statement about a plant cell is TRUE?
The conversion of sunlight into a form of energy useful for a cell takes place in the plant vacuole.
The plant cell wall is constructed from linear polymers of amino acids.
The conversion of sunlight into a form of energy useful for a cell takes place in the mitochondrion.
Chloroplasts power the whole living world.
The plant cell wall is constructed mostly from branched polymers of carbohydrates.
27. How big is a human microbiome in relation to the number of human cells?
relates as 0:1
relates as 2:1
relates as 13:1
relates as 1:2
approximately equal
28. What is the role of DNA polymerase?
It catalyzes the transcription of DNA.
It structures the collection of genes.
It is the catalyst of synthesis of new strands of DNA.
It selectively expresses heritable information of an organism.
It is the catalyst of separation of DNA strands.
29. Where are secreted proteins modified?
smooth ER and transport vesicle
the Golgi complex and smooth ER
rough ER and transport vesicle
the Golgi complex and transport vesicle
rough ER and the Golgi complex
30. What regions of the endoplasmic reticulum can lack ribosomes?
rough ER and budding-off secretory vesicles
smooth ER and transport vesicles budding off the rough ER
smooth ER and secretory vesicles budding off the rough ER
rough ER and transport vesicles budding off the smooth ER
smooth ER and sequestered plasma membrane
31. Which statement about the difference between endocytosis and phagocytosis is TRUE?
Endosomes formed only in phagocytosis can be fused with lysosomes.
Small amounts of material can be taken into the cell by phagocytosis but only large ones by endocytosis.
Endosomes formed only in endocytosis can be fused with lysosomes.
Large amounts of material can be taken into the cell by phagocytosis but only small ones by endocytosis.
Only immune cells can endocytize cholesterol.
32. Which process is similar to the formation of lysosomes?
formation of secretory granules
endocytosis
phagocytosis
formation of transport vesicles
stacking of membranes
33. Where does sorting of proteins take place?
transport vesicle
secretory vesicle
34. What components can assist in protein folding?
stacked membranes
chaperons
zymogens
ribosomes
35. Which organelles are unique for plant cells?
chloroplasts and plant vacuole
chloroplasts, cell wall, and plant vacuole
chloroplasts
cell wall and plant vacuole
chloroplasts and filaments
36. What characterizes the matrix of the mitochondria?
membrane that is in touch with the cytoplasm
highly invaginated membrane
combustion of fuel molecules
intermembrane space
actin filaments
37. Which is common between the biomolecules that contribute to the transfer of biological information?
diverse three-dimensional structure
dimerization
dual chemical nature
repeating units in the linear structure
repeating units in the branched structure
38. In higher organisms, what is a polymer with double-stranded phosphodiester-linked monomers?
carbohydrate
lipid
39. What determines folding of a protein?
hydrophobic or hydrophilic environment
the location of a protein in the cell
the pH of the cytoplasm
the sequence of amino acids that constitute the protein
interactions of proteins with lipids
40. The half-life of what molecule is likely to be the shortest?
mRNA
41. What is another function of a plasma membrane apart from its barrier function?
providing to the interior of the cell an enclosed environment that no molecules may cross
providing a selectively permeable barrier with the aid of transport proteins
giving eukaryote and prokaryote cells structural strength
allowing only a free passage of water in and out of the cell
facilitated entrance of hormones
42. Poisons that kill an organism as a result of a loss of high-energy ATP molecules are MOST likely to target which organelle?
mitochondria
cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
43. A secreted protein would be processed through organelles in what order?
nucleus, secretory vesicle, Golgi complex
cytoplasm, Golgi complex, cytosol, secretory vesicle
endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicle, Golgi complex
nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, secretory vesicle
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, zymogen granule
44. Extracellular material is taken into the eukaryotic cell via:
exocytosis.
phagocytosis.
formation of zymogen granules.
secretory pathway.
diffusion.
45. If substance X inhibits secretion of the labeled protein but fully synthesized, folded, and glycosylated protein is still found in the cell, where is the most likely site for substance X to act?
nucleus during translation
budding off the secretory granule
translation on the ribosome
enzyme modification in the Golgi complex
nucleus during transcription
46. Which match between the loss of a particular organelle with the associated disease is TRUE?
hypercholesterolemia – smooth endoplasmic reticulum
diabetes – endosome
Tay-Sachs disease – lysosome
muscle degeneration – mitochondria
stroke – Golgi body
47. What experiments would you preform to verify the existence of the endoplasmic reticulum in a strain of bacteria?
determine whether the bacterium can synthesize ATP in the presence of fuel molecules and O2
determine whether the bacterium can synthesize proteins
determine whether the bacterium generates CO2 in the presence of fuel molecules
determine whether the bacterium has an internal membrane-enclosed compartment
determine whether lipids can form a bilayer structure in the bacterial cell
48. What is/are the rigid material(s) that provide(s) structural support to a plant cell?
plant cytoskeleton
cell wall
outer membrane
microfilaments and microtubules
49. Filaments and microtubules are components of a network called the:
chloroplast.
cytoplasm.
cytoskeleton.
cell wall.
mitochondrion.
50. Translation takes place on/in the:
ribosomes.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
nucleus.
DNA polymerases.
DNA parent strand.
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