1.
The U.S. Constitution recognizes the states' power to make law in certain areas. True False
2.
Uniform acts are model statutes drafted by private bodies of lawyers and/or scholars; they become law only after legislature enacts them. True False
3.
Common law is a state law and only state courts can apply it. True False
4.
The Restatements are considered binding laws and are promulgated by the American Law Institute. True False
5.
According to the U.S. Constitution treaties made by the president with foreign governments and approved by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate validate inconsistent state and federal laws. True False
6.
The same behavior will sometimes violate both civil law and the criminal law, and in such a case, both liabilities can be claimed at the same time. True False
7.
A State Homicide statute is an example of a substantive law, criminal law, and public law. True False
8.
Though formal natural law defense is not recognized in court, judges may take natural law oriented views while interpreting statutes. True False
9.
American legal realists distinguish between the "law-in-the-books" and the "law in action" and they recognize law as the behavior of public officials (mainly judges) as they deal with matters before the legal system. True False
10.
The Critical Legal Studies movement regards the law as the product of political calculation and longstanding bias of lawmakers. True False
11.
The doctrine of stare decisis states that like cases should be decided alike. True False
12.
In case of a dispute between the common law and a precedent that has been properly distinguished, the common law prevails. True False
13.
It is unimportant for the court, whether the interpretation of a statute is consistent with the legislative purpose; it is the actual language (plain or ambiguous) of the statute that needs to be studied. True False
14.
The doctrine of standing to sue requires that, in order to be able to mount a civil suit, a plaintiff must have some direct and considerable stake in the outcome of the suit. True False
15.
State and federal declaratory judgment statutes do not allow parties to determine their rights and duties when their controversy has not advanced to the point where harm has occurred and legal relief may be necessary. True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16.
What is a statute?
A.
Laws made and applied by judges
B.
Laws made by Congress or a state legislature
C.
Laws made by administrative agencies
D.
Laws made by the federal judiciary
17.
_____ are model statutes drafted by private bodies of lawyers and scholars.
Precedents
Uniform acts
Ordinances
Equitable remedies
18.
Which of the following is also called "judge made law"?
Common law
Statutes
Equity
19.
Which of the following is true of Restatements?
They are promulgated by courts.
They can be adopted as common law by the states.
They include only statutory laws.
They are law and binding on courts.
20.
A(n) _____ is a cancellation of a contract and a return of the parties to their precontractual position.
injunction
ordinance
rescission
restatement
21.
Which of the following is the most important type of equitable remedy provided by the equity courts?
Injunction
Specific performance remedy
Reformation
Rescission
22.
Why were equitable remedies developed?
Common law rules were too flexible to produce fair results.
The remedies available in common law courts were too few.
Equitable remedies were rigid rules of law and produced fair results.
Common law rules were less technical and rigid.
23.
Which of the following is a characteristic of administrative agencies?
They derive their power from the Supreme Court.
They make ordinances and pass executive orders.
They are generally created by a statute.
They are elected bodies.
24.
Ordinances are created by:
Congress.
the Supreme Court.
counties.
equity courts.
25.
The power of executive order normally derives from a(n):
legislative delegation.
federal court.
injunction.
restatement.
26.
According to the principle of _____, treaties are the supreme law of the land.
judicial activism
separation of powers
federalism
federal supremacy
27.
Which of the following defeats a federal statute in case of a clash between them?
A state statute
A state constitution
An equitable principle
The U.S. Constitution
28.
Which of the following is applied in a lawsuit between two private parties?
Criminal law
Civil law
Procedural law
Public law
29.
What is substantive law?
The laws that govern the rights and duties of people as they act in society.
The code of conduct of government bodies.
The procedures followed by Congress to make statutes.
The procedures followed by state legislatures in creating ordinances.
30.
John is angry because Harry is now dating John's former girlfriend. One day, as John was driving his car, he saw Harry walking by the side of the road. John deliberately swerved and struck Harry with the car. John may be successfully sued under:
criminal law only.
civil law only.
either criminal law or civil law but not both.
both criminal law and civil law.
31.
Which of the following covers the rules of contract, and property?
Private law
32.
Some legal positivists believe that:
an unjust law is not law.
the validly of enacted laws should be obeyed, just or not.
the law should keep up with changing times.
justice is what the judge ate for breakfast.
33.
Why is sociological jurisprudence seen to resemble natural law?
It advocates the separation of law and morality.
It stresses on the superiority of lawmakers.
It calls for a separation of the judiciary and legislature.
Its definition of law includes social values.
34.
Which of the following has the law and economics movement influenced in judicial opinion?
Antitrust law
Homicide statutes
Discrimination policies
Education
35.
Which of the following characterizes natural law?
It accepts the need for both good and bad laws.
It reads constitutional law narrowly.
It rejects the separation of law and morality.
It opposes the view that law should be guided by a "higher reason."
36.
Which of the following is a characteristic of legal realists?
They define law as that which is codified in the books.
They believe in the use of discretionary standards.
They believe that the rules in the books—really affect people's lives.
They believe that "law is law, just or not."
37.
Which of the following statements is true of statutes and statutory interpretation?
Statutes are easier to interpret than case law.
Courts begin their interpretation statues with legislative history.
There is deliberate ambiguity in the language of statutes.
Statutes are generally interpreted on the
38.
One strength of the instrumentalist attitude:
is its willingness to adapt the law to further the social good.
is that legal validity and moral validity always remain separate.
is that the natural law always remains unworkable.
is that it views the law as an unchanging rule that deserves obedience.
39.
In which of the following circumstances, under the doctrine of stare decisis, does the common law rule stated in an earlier judgment not apply to a present case?
Only when the case concerns a government agency.
Only when the court distinguishes the earlier decision.
Only when the parties involved jointly appeal to the courts to do so.
The doctrine of stare decisis does not allow this kind of a situation.
40.
When a court identifies a meaningful difference between a present and past case, it _____ the earlier decision.
interprets
implements
prioritizes
distinguishes
41.
What are legal rules in prior cases called?
First impressions
Uniform laws
42.
Henry and Barbara were sharing a Kool-Aid, and they were alarmed to find what seemed to be a plastic object floating inside the drink. Distressed and nauseated, they rushed to the hospital. On a doctor's suggestion, they underwent several tests. In the meantime, in an action for torts, Kool-Aid analysts proved that the object found in the bottle was indeed a sugar mould. Under the given circumstances, will Henry and Barbara get relief for emotional distress in an action for tort, when no damage has occurred?
No. Since torts remedy accrues to parties as per the impact rule which states that tort remedy flows from injuries sustained in an impact. There was no injury in this case.
No. They should have checked the cold drink before consuming it; the company is hence, not liable.
Yes. Damages for emotional distress should be recoverable even in the absence of a physical injury-producing impact.
Yes. The company is liable to its consumers because the impact rule does not apply in such a case.
43.
What are courts and administrative agencies expected to do in case they encounter ambiguously worded statutes while deciding a case?
Keep the particular statute aside
Fill in the details on a case-to-case basis
Refer to a different statute
Initiate a debate in the legislature
44.
What do courts begin their interpretation of a clearly worded statute with?
Its plain meaning
Its legislative history
Records of legislative debates
Its different amendments
45.
Lido adopted a policy under which its employees aged over 50 years would be given the preference of availing company sponsored transport facility. Marina, aged 55 years, was provided transport facility. However Henry, aged 46 years, was denied the same. Henry challenged the company policy as violative of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) which forbids discriminatory preferences for the young over the old. Will Henry succeed in the court of law?
Yes, as per the plain meaning rule of statutory interpretation.
Yes, as per the rule of general public purpose.
No, as per the rule of legislative purpose.
No, as per federal law.
46.
The Supreme Court once denied tax-exempt status to a private university that discriminated on the basis of race. Which of the following is likely to have influenced or guided the interpretation of the statute relevant to this case?
Maxims
General public purposes
Standing to sue
47.
Which of the following is false about the power of courts?
Courts are not absolutely bound to favor one technique of statutory interpretation over another.
Courts can distinguish prior decisions in common law cases.
State Supreme Courts can overrule their own prior decisions.
Courts can make or interpret law in the absence of a case.
48.
What is the main argument for avoiding a statute's plain meaning or legislative history of, and instead following prior interpretation in a case?
Plain meaning is subject to debate
Promoting stability and certainty
Legislative history can be contentious
Saving the court's valuable time
49.
_____ are general rules of thumb employed in statutory interpretations.
Idioms
Phrases
Quotations
50.
Cases are said to be _____ when there no longer is a real dispute between the parties.
ripe
moot
feigned
intangible
51.
The doctrine of standing to sue implies that:
the lawsuit must benefit the public in general.
the plaintiff have a substantial stake in the litigation.
cases must be genuine controversies.
courts must not issue any advisory opinions in cases.
52.
Which of the following lets courts help parties determine their rights and duties even though neither may yet have been harmed, so long as there is a real case or controversy between them?
No liability outside privity of contract rule
Ejusdem generis
A declaratory judgment statute
53.
Which of the following allows parties to determine their rights and duties even though their controversy has not advanced to the point where harm has occurred and legal relief may be necessary?
Declaratory judgment
54.
Evan plans to open a Company named "Maryland" for which her trademark is "M". This trademark in no way resembles the famous McDonald's Trademark. However, she fears that the latter might think otherwise and sue her in future. Evan wants to take no risk and hence seeks the court's judgment on the issue. Can she do it?
Yes, she can do it because she wishes to seek the court's opinion.
Yes, she can do it under state and federal declaratory judgment statutes.
No, she cannot agitate an issue that has not yet arisen.
No, she cannot agitate the issue as she knows that the two marks are not similar.
55.
Which technique of statutory interpretation was most emphasized (and used) in the Weber case in the text (Problem 2)?
The plain meaning rule.
Interpreting a statute consistent with its purpose.
Following prior interpretations of a statute.
Maxims of statutory construction.
Essay Questions
56.
What do statutes and administrative regulations have in common?
57.
Explain the position adopted by legal positivists regarding law.
58.
Sociological jurisprudence has a tendency to say that, when interpreting and applying the law, courts should pay attention to changing social values and let the law reflect those new values. How is this different from the natural law approach, which also talks about values?
Chapter 01 The Nature of Law Answer Key
True / False Questions
The U.S. Constitution recognizes the states' power to make law in certain areas. TRUE
The U.S. Constitution structures the relationship between the federal government and the states around the system of federalism, recognizing the states' power to make law in certain areas.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-01 Identify the respective makers of the different types of law (constitutions; statutes; common law; and administrative regulations and decisions).Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Uniform acts are model statutes drafted by private bodies of lawyers and/or scholars; they become law only after legislature enacts them. TRUE
Uniform acts are model statutes drafted by private bodies of lawyers and scholars and do not become law until a legislature enacts them.
Common law is a state law and only state courts can apply it. FALSE
Although common law exists only at the state level, both state courts and federal courts are involved in applying it.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-01 Identify the respective makers of the different types of law (constitutions; statutes; common law; and administrative regulations and decisions).Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
The Restatements are considered binding laws and are promulgated by the American Law Institute. FALSE
Restatements are promulgated by the American Law Institute, not the courts; hence, they are not considered binding laws.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-01 Identify the respective makers of the different types of law (constitutions; statutes; common law; and administrative regulations and decisions).Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
According to the U.S. Constitution treaties made by the president with foreign governments and approved by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate validate inconsistent state and federal laws. FALSE
According to the U.S. Constitution, treaties made by the president with foreign governments and approved by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate become "the supreme Law of the Land." Treaties invalidate inconsistent state and federal laws.
The same behavior will sometimes violate both civil law and the criminal law, and in such a case, both liabilities can be claimed at the same time. TRUE
Even though the civil law and the criminal law are distinct bodies of law, the same behavior will sometimes violate both. In such a case, both liabilities can be claimed at the same time.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-03 Explain the basic differences between the criminal law and civil law classifications.Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
A State Homicide statute is an example of a substantive law, criminal law, and public law. TRUE
A statute making murder a crime is a rule of substantive law, while public law includes criminal law. Hence, a State Homicide statute is an example of all three laws.
AACSB: Analytical ThinkingAACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-03 Explain the basic differences between the criminal law and civil law classifications.Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Though formal natural law defense is not recognized in court, judges may take natural law oriented views while interpreting statutes. TRUE
While interpreting statutes, judges may try to see the impact of valid laws that result in a general welfare of society.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 3 HardLearning Objective: 01-04 Describe key ways in which the major schools of jurisprudence differ from each other.Topic: Jurisprudence
American legal realists distinguish between the "law-in-the-books" and the "law in action" and they recognize law as the behavior of public officials (mainly judges) as they deal with matters before the legal system. TRUE
American legal realism defines law as the behavior of public officials (mainly judges) as they deal with matters before the legal system; and it is the actions of such decision makers that really affect people's lives.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-04 Describe key ways in which the major schools of jurisprudence differ from each other.Topic: Jurisprudence
The Critical Legal Studies movement regards the law as the product of political calculation and longstanding bias of lawmakers. TRUE
The Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement regards law as a product of political calculations and bias on the part of lawmakers. Articles published by its adherents have controversial assessments of legal rules.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-04 Describe key ways in which the major schools of jurisprudence differ from each other.Topic: Jurisprudence
The doctrine of stare decisis states that like cases should be decided alike. TRUE
The standard for choosing and applying prior cases to decide present cases is the doctrine of stare decisis which states that like cases should be decided alike.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-05 Describe the respective roles of adhering to precedent (stare decisis) and distinguishing precedent in case law reasoning.Topic: Legal Reasoning
In case of a dispute between the common law and a precedent that has been properly distinguished, the common law prevails. FALSE
When a precedent has been properly distinguished, the common law rule it stated does not control the present case. The court deciding the present case may then fashion a new common law rule to govern the case.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-05 Describe the respective roles of adhering to precedent (stare decisis) and distinguishing precedent in case law reasoning.Topic: Legal Reasoning
It is unimportant for the court, whether the interpretation of a statute is consistent with the legislative purpose; it is the actual language (plain or ambiguous) of the statute that needs to be studied. FALSE
In case the language of a statute is ambiguous, courts may go to its legislative history. In this, the courts study whether the interpretation of the statute is consistent with its legislative purpose.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-06 Identify what courts focus on when applying the major statutory interpretation techniques (plain meaning; legislative purpose; legislative history; and general public purpose).Topic: Legal Reasoning
The doctrine of standing to sue requires that, in order to be able to mount a civil suit, a plaintiff must have some direct and considerable stake in the outcome of the suit. TRUE
The doctrine of standing to sue requires that the plaintiff have some direct, tangible, and substantive stake in the outcome of the litigation.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-06 Identify what courts focus on when applying the major statutory interpretation techniques (plain meaning; legislative purpose; legislative history; and general public purpose).Topic: Legal Reasoning
State and federal declaratory judgment statutes do not allow parties to determine their rights and duties when their controversy has not advanced to the point where harm has occurred and legal relief may be necessary. FALSE
State and federal declaratory judgment statutes, however, allow parties to determine their rights and duties even though their controversy has not advanced to the point where harm has occurred and legal relief may be necessary.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-06 Identify what courts focus on when applying the major statutory interpretation techniques (plain meaning; legislative purpose; legislative history; and general public purpose).Topic: Legal Reasoning
Statutes are laws created by elected representatives in Congress or a state legislature. They are stated in an authoritative form in statute books or codes.
Uniform acts are model statutes drafted by private bodies of lawyers and which do not become law until a legislature enacts them.
The common law (also called judge made law or case law) is law made and applied by judges as they decide cases not governed by statutes or other types of law.
The Restatements are collections of common law (and occasionally statutory) rules covering various areas of the law and are the rules followed by a majority of the states.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-01 Identify the respective makers of the different types of law (constitutions; statutes; common law; and administrative regulations and decisions).Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
A rescission is the cancellation of a contract and a return of the parties to their precontractual position. It is one of the equitable remedies.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-01 Identify the respective makers of the different types of law (constitutions; statutes; common law; and administrative regulations and decisions).Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Equity courts provide several remedies that are not available in the common law courts; the most important of these equitable remedies is the injunction—a court order forbidding or commanding a party to do something.
Equitable remedies developed due to the failure of common laws to provide justice in many cases.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-01 Identify the respective makers of the different types of law (constitutions; statutes; common law; and administrative regulations and decisions).Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Administrative agencies normally are created by a statute that specifies the areas in which the agency can make law and the scope of its power in each area.
State governments have subordinate units, such as counties and municipalities that are given limited powers to exercise various government functions. The enactments of counties and municipalities are called ordinances.
The power of executive orders normally results from a legislative delegation.
According to the principle of federal supremacy, the U.S. Constitution, federal laws enacted pursuant to it, and treaties are the supreme law of the land. This means that federal law defeats conflicting state law.
The U.S. Constitution defeats any kind of inconsistent laws.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-02 Identify the type of law that takes precedence when two types of law conflict.Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Disputes between private parties is generally subject to civil law.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-03 Explain the basic differences between the criminal law and civil law classifications.Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Substantive law sets the rights and duties of people as they act in society.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-03 Explain the basic differences between the criminal law and civil law classifications.Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Even though the civil law and the criminal law are distinct bodies of law, the same behavior will sometimes violate both. If a person commits an intentional act of physical violence, he may face both criminal prosecution by the state and the plaintiff's civil suit for damages.
AACSB: EthicsAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty: 3 HardLearning Objective: 01-03 Explain the basic differences between the criminal law and civil law classifications.Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Private law establishes a framework of legal rules that enables parties to set the rights and duties they owe each other. A rule of contract law would be civil, substantive, and private.
Legal positivists believe that laws may be good, bad, or indifferent. They have to be obeyed irrespective of their content.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-04 Describe key ways in which the major schools of jurisprudence differ from each other.Topic: Jurisprudence
Since its definition of law includes social values, sociological jurisprudence seems to resemble natural law.
The law and economics movement examines legal rules through economic theory and analysis. This movement's influence has extended beyond academic literature, with law and economics-oriented considerations, factors, and tests sometimes appearing in judicial opinions dealing with such matters as contract, tort, or antitrust law.
Natural law adherents usually contend that some higher law or set of universal moral rules binds all human beings in all times and places. It also takes issue with legal positivism by rejecting the positivist separation of law and morality.
Legal realists feel that the modern judge should be a social engineer who weighs all relevant values and considers social science findings when deciding a case; this requires discretionary standards that allow judges to decide each case according to its unique facts.
Statutes are often ambiguously worded because legislators are unwilling or unable to deal specifically with each situation that the statute was enacted to regulate, there is a need for legislative compromise, and/or legislators want to avoid taking any controversial positions.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-05 Describe the respective roles of adhering to precedent (stare decisis) and distinguishing precedent in case law reasoning.Topic: Legal Reasoning
An instrumentalist attitude denotes the willingness to adapt existing laws to current situations.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-04 Describe key ways in which the major schools of jurisprudence differ from each other.Topic: The Functions of Law
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-05 Describe the respective roles of adhering to precedent (stare decisis) and distinguishing precedent in case law reasoning.Topic: Legal Reasoning
According to the doctrine of stare decisis, like cases must be decided alike. Appropriate legal rules from earlier cases are called precedents.
Whenever the plaintiff demonstrates a causal relationship between the negligent act and the reasonably foreseeable mental and emotional suffering, damages are recoverable.
AACSB: Analytical ThinkingAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty: 3 HardLearning Objective: 01-05 Describe the respective roles of adhering to precedent (stare decisis) and distinguishing precedent in case law reasoning.Topic: Legal Reasoning
The natural ambiguity of language serves as one reason courts face difficulties when interpreting statutes. When this happens, the legislature expects courts and/or administrative agencies to fill in the details on a case-by-case basis.
Courts begin their interpretation of a statute with its actual language. If the statute's words have a clear, common, accepted meaning, courts often employ the plain meaning rule.
This is valid as per the general public purpose rule. It has been implemented for the benefit of a segment of society.
AACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty: 3 HardLearning Objective: 01-06 Identify what courts focus on when applying the major statutory interpretation techniques (plain meaning; legislative purpose; legislative history; and general public purpose).Topic: Legal Reasoning
Courts sometimes construe statutory language in the light of various general public purposes. These purposes are not the purposes underlying the statute in question; rather, they touch upon general notions of public policy.
AACSB: EthicsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-06 Identify what courts focus on when applying the major statutory interpretation techniques (plain meaning; legislative purpose; legislative history; and general public purpose).Topic: Legal Reasoning
A fundamental limit on the power of courts is that they cannot make or interpret laws until parties present them with a case to decide.
Courts sometimes follow prior cases and administrative decisions interpreting a statute, regardless of the statute's plain meaning or legislative history. The main argument for following these prior interpretations is to promote stability and certainty.
Maxims are general rules of thumb employed in statutory interpretation.
Courts may also refuse to decide cases that are moot, i.e., there no longer is a real dispute between the parties.
The doctrine of standing to sue, requires that the plaintiff have some direct, tangible, and substantial stake in the outcome of the litigation.
State and federal declaratory judgment statutes, allow parties to determine their rights and duties even though their controversy has not advanced to the point where harm has occurred and legal relief may be necessary. This enables them to determine their legal position without taking action that could expose them to liability.
AACSB: Analytical ThinkingAACSB: Reflective ThinkingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty: 3 HardLearning Objective: 01-06 Identify what courts focus on when applying the major statutory interpretation techniques (plain meaning; legislative purpose; legislative history; and general public purpose).Topic: Legal Reasoning
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Section 703(a) of the Act states: "It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer...to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." Weber's application was rejected because of the presence of the affirmative action feature under which 50 percent of the trainees had to be Black. Hence, in case of a conflict between the two features, the court followed the "plain meaning rule" of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Like statutes, administrative regulations appear in a precise form in one authoritative source.
AACSB: EthicsBlooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 EasyLearning Objective: 01-01 Identify the respective makers of the different types of law (constitutions; statutes; common law; and administrative regulations and decisions).Topic: Types and Classifications of Law
Legal positivists define law as the command of a recognized political authority. The commands of recognized political authorities may be good, bad, or indifferent in moral terms. To legal positivists, such commands are valid law regardless of their "good" or "bad" content. In other words, positivists see legal validity and moral validity as entirely separate questions.
AACSB: EthicsBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-04 Describe key ways in which the major schools of jurisprudence differ from each other.Topic: Jurisprudence
The difference is that, this kind of sociological jurisprudence is indifferent to whether these new values are good or bad. They examine law within its social context. Recall the "right or wrong" at the end of Holmes's statement on the subject. To make the contrast clear, imagine that Country X is going to the dogs in a moral sense. Sociological jurisprudence at issue here might counsel that courts follow the new values (or anti-values) anyway-possibly because law that doesn't fit with a society's dominant values cannot be enforced or obeyed and will not last. But natural law would reject this stance, because it would mean the creation of unjust laws, which according to them aren't law at all.
AACSB: Analytical ThinkingBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 01-04 Describe key ways in which the major schools of jurisprudence differ from each other.Topic: Jurisprudence
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