. Traditionally, there are two broad ways to define deviance. What are they?
A. normative and situational
B. mild and extreme
C. active and reactive
D. conformist and nonconformist
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. If I focus on defining deviance as human behavior that violates generally accepted norms, I am using the ______ perspective to define deviance.
A. normative
B. situational
C. reactionist
D. relativistic
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. If I understand deviance by focusing primarily on when and where it occurs, I am using the ______ perspective.
A. cultural
B. conformist
C. normative
D. situational
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. How are social norms different from social roles?
A. Social norms refer to informal behavior expectations, while social roles refer to formal behavior expectations.
B. Social norms are guides for behavior, while social roles are a set of social norms for the behavior of individuals with specific statuses.
C. Social roles offer a general guide for behavior, while social norms are expectations associated with specific statuses.
D. Social roles occur within the context of societies, while social norms occur within the context of cultures.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. When is the situational approach to defining deviance most useful?
A. when two cultures overlap
B. when norms conflict with desires
C. when norms are widely agreed upon
D. when there is disagreement about norms
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. The prohibition against adults picking their noses with their fingers in public is an example of ______.
A. techniques of neutralization
B. mores
C. folkways
D. laws
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. The prohibition against marriage between siblings is an example of ______.
A. situational deviance
B. mores
C. folkways
D. deviance
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. The restrictions placed on how fast people can drive in the United States reflect ______.
A. situational deviance
B. mores
C. risk consciousness
D. laws
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. According to Sumner, what determines whether behavior violates folkways, mores, or laws?
A. the age of the offender
B. how frequently the behavior occurs
C. the severity of sanctions for the behavior
D. the harm the behavior causes
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
10. Physicist Dr. Stephen Hawking, with a number of honorary degrees and prestigious accomplishments, including the publication of A Brief History of Time, is a good example of someone enacting ______ deviance.
A. patterned
B. positive
C. chronic
D. routine
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. Which of the following is an example of episodic deviance?
A. Yuning binge drinking at her 21st birthday party.
B. Kyle attending a support group for his gambling addiction.
C. Marcy shoplifting every day after school.
D. Javier joining a motorcycle club.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Spray painting graffiti on police cars is a form of ______ deviance.
A. innovative
B. group
C. positive
D. idiosyncratic
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. According to Kai Erikson, agents of social control ______.
A. perpetuate race, class, and gender stereotypes
B. depend upon the community to create norms
C. can encourage the behavior they intend to stop
D. ignore idiosyncratic deviance
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. A young adult who cannot successfully complete classes begins selling drugs to their former classmates. They feel a sense of belonging they lacked before. Which latent function of deviant behavior does this represent?
A. providing a sense of identity
B. encouraging social change
C. scapegoating
D. tension release
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. An imam organizes a protest march to draw attention to Islamophobia. Counterprotesters attend, inciting a riot that airs on the news, generating awareness of Islamophobia. What latent function of deviance does this primarily represent?
A. providing a sense of identity
B. scapegoating
C. warning of the need for social change
D. globalization of deviance
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Lelani is a deviant. Therefore, she ______.
A. utilizes both manifest and latent functions of deviance
B. uses techniques of neutralization
C. encourages other people to be deviant
D. provides a target for others to vent their rage upon
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. What is a primary theme of this text?
A. how to define and control deviant behavior
B. the problems deviant behavior causes for a global society
C. the emerging nature of deviant behavior in the digital age
D. how intersecting identities create deviance
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1.5: State the theme of the book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Theme of This Book
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. According to the text, what is one major issue with applying classical theories of deviant behavior to deviant behavior in contemporary society?
A. They are no longer useful.
B. They were not intended to apply to every culture.
C. They are sexist, racist, and classist.
D. They assume social interaction is largely carried out in physical space.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 1.5: State the theme of the book.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Theme of This Book
Difficulty Level: Hard
19. According to the text, what impact does the Internet have on deviant behavior?
A. The Internet offers agents of social control better tools to combat deviant behavior.
B. The Internet encourages the development of new forms of deviant behavior.
C. The Internet creates a record of deviant behavior that cannot be erased.
D. The Internet eliminates the need for deviant behavior.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1.5: State the theme of the book.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Theme of This Book
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. Social scientists study deviant behavior using ______, which means that social events are interpreted differently according to the cultural experiences and personal interests of those involved.
A. social relativity
B. processes of globalization
C. transnational interpretation
D. dimensions of integration
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1.6: Recognize the conceptual framework for the study of deviance that this text uses.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. How is patterned deviance different from idiosyncratic deviance?
A. Patterned deviance results in a negative outcome, idiosyncratic deviance results in a positive outcome.
B. Patterned deviance occurs according to a predictable script, idiosyncratic deviance is unique to each individual.
C. Idiosyncratic deviance is a departure from existing forms of deviance, patterned deviance is not.
D. Idiosyncratic deviance requires a high level of cognitive ability, patterned deviance does not.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Hard
22. How is routine deviance different from innovative deviance?
A. Innovative deviance requires higher levels of cognitive ability.
B. Routine deviance has a negative outcome, innovative deviance has a positive outcome.
C. Innovative deviance is more common than routine deviance.
D. Routine deviance is committed by groups, innovative deviance is committed by individuals.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Hard
23. Elijah is a(n) ______ deviant, because he persistently engages in compulsive gambling across a wide range of social situations.
A. idiosyncratic
B. innovative
C. chronic
D. routine
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. According to Durkheim, what is society dependent upon?
A. agents of social control
B. strong collective sentiments about appropriate behavior
C. strict sanctions against deviant behavior
D. social institutions that encourage deviance
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. What did Erikson suggest about deviant behavior?
A. Deviance is a property conferred upon behavior by people.
B. Deviance is a property inherent in particular behavior.
C. All people, when properly motivated, engage in deviant behavior.
D. Deviance is committed by those that cannot function in a routine world.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. Some forms of behavior are against the law but are not defined as deviant by the majority of the population.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Expectational norms refer to what people actually do when occupying a specific social status.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The situational approach to defining deviance involves defining actions, labeling actions, and responding to the label attached to actions.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Idiosyncratic forms of deviance are more common than patterned forms of deviance.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Sex addiction can be an example of chronic deviance.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Emile Durkheim suggested that deviant behavior is an essential part of society.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Deviance is not an isolated individual activity, it is a social event.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.6: Recognize the conceptual framework for the study of deviance that this text uses.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. What behavior is considered deviant behavior is universally agreed upon.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.6: Recognize the conceptual framework for the study of deviance that this text uses.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Deviance is fundamentally a social construction.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.6: Recognize the conceptual framework for the study of deviance that this text uses.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Emile Durkheim suggested that crime and deviance are pathological elements of society.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Kai Erikson and Emile Durkheim would agree that deviance serves a purpose.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Once the label of deviant has been applied, it is relatively easy to change the label and resume a normal life.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Deviant behavior can bring about social change.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. When assessing deviant behavior, it must be considered as a phenomenon separate from the processes of globalization.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.4: Define globalization and summarize how it impacts the nature and extent of social deviance in the United States and around the world.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Globalization and Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Deviance plays a vital role in the economy of a society.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in a society.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short Answer
1. Discuss, using examples, the differences between social norms and social roles.
Ans: Varies. Social norms are generally accepted guides for behaviour, while social roles are a set of specific social norms for the behavior of individuals with specific statuses. For example, one common social norms in the United States is that children are discouraged from using their fingers to remove material from their nose. An example of a social role is the expectation that parents will teach their children socially acceptable behavior, though if a stranger attempted to teach a child socially acceptable behavior, it would probably be frowned upon.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Apply
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. How are expectational norms different from behavioral norms?
Ans: Social norms may be classified as expectational or behavioral. Expectational norms refer to ideal behaviors expected from individuals playing a particular social role or in a specific social situation. Behavioral norms refer to what persons actually do when occupying a particular social role or in a given social situation. The difference between expectational norms and behavioral norms is the difference between ideal behavior and actual behavior.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. Identify aspects of the situational approach to defining deviance.
Ans: The situational perspective is a relativistic approach that shifts the focus away from the individual and to the social situation surrounding the behavior, understanding deviance primarily in terms of when and where it occurs. The situational approach to defining deviant behaviors is particularly useful when there is a lack of consensus about appropriate behavior. The situational approach to understanding deviant behavior contends that behaviors are essentially neutral and take on meaning only when defined by some social entity.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Define deviant behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Defining Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. What components are involved in globalization?
Ans: Processes of globalization involve three primary components. Immediate, worldwide communication; transnational commerce and trade; and borderless opportunities for political and cultural exchange.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Define globalization and summarize how it impacts the nature and extent of social deviance in the United States and around the world.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Globalization and Deviant Behavior.
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. How do deviants serve a scapegoating function?
Ans: The deviants in society provide a pool of individuals who can be blamed for the problems experienced by people who aren’t labeled deviant. Deviants are frequently segregated from the rest of society and experience aggressive, demeaning, and dehumanizing treatment. Once stigmatized as deviants, people without a deviant master status can direct their negative feelings against the deviant. Deviant members of society, then, provide a target for others to vent their frustrations upon.
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain how deviant behavior functions in society.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Functions of Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
Essay
1. Describe, using examples, three of the dimensions of deviance.
Ans: Varies. Deviance may be patterned or idiosyncratic, positive or negative, innovative or routine, individual or group behaviors, and episodic or chronic. Patterned deviant behavior involves deviant behavior that occurs according to expected motivations, that are carried out in expected ways, in specific social contexts. For example, bank robbery. Idiosyncratic deviance is less common, occurring more randomly, and tends to be unique to individuals. For example, carrying a doll to a restaurant table and requesting it be served food as if it were a living human. Positive deviance is behavior that is unusually good or conforms to an extraordinary degree, such as a student with a record of perfect school attendance from the first day of kindergarten to the last day of high school, as opposed to negative deviance, which is behavior that violates moral, ethical, or legal standards, such as selling heroin to elementary school students. Individual deviance is committed alone, for example, a kid shoplifting. Group deviance is committed with other people, for example, an organized ring of shoplifters.
Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the dimensions of deviance.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Dimensions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Discuss, using examples, the major consequences of globalization suggested by Giddens.
Ans: Giddens identified two major consequences of globalization, “risk consciousness” and “detraditionalization.” These consequences interfere with the development of stable norms and values that we rely on to guide our everyday lives support our self-identities. “Risk consciousness” refers to risks created by scientific advances such as the development of nuclear power and can result in a self-identity marred by uncertainty, followed by a sense off utility and apathy, which may in turn lead to organized protest and other social disruptions. The second major consequence discussed by Giddens involves traditions that provide stability and predictability to social interaction. Agreed upon standards of “right and wrong,” “good and bad” provide a structure for a given social collectivity. Self-identities emerge from sociocultural traditions and remain relatively stable over time. As “detraditionalization” occurs, society can see a loss of structure, followed by a period of instability.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Define globalization and summarize how it impacts the nature and extent of social deviance in the United States and around the world.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Globalization and Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. How are processes of globalization related to deviance?
Ans: Processes of globalization, including immediate worldwide communication, transnational commerce and trade, and borderless opportunities for political and cultural exchange, impact the nature and extent of social deviance in U.S. society and throughout the world. In other words, processes of globalization have a reciprocal relationship with deviance. Processes of globalization result in risk consciousness and detraditionalization, both forces that encourage deviant behavior. Risk consciousness, or the manufactured risks brought about by scientific advances, spurs deviant behavior in protest of potential harm. Detraditionalization, or the loss of traditional norms and values, can result in deviant behavior as individuals struggle to adapt to new norms or the absence of familiar norms.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Define globalization and summarize how it impacts the nature and extent of social deviance in the United States and around the world.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Globalization and Deviant Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Discuss the conceptual levels that can be used to understand deviant behavior.
Ans: Deviant behavior can be examined on a number of conceptual levels. First, we can study the creation of social norms, and which interest groups those social norms benefit or penalize. We can try to understand under what conditions it is acceptable to violate social norms, and study formal versus informal social controls to prevent deviant behavior. We can look at who is labeled deviant and under what conditions labeling occur. We can study the societal reaction to norm violators. We can study the dimensions of deviance: (1) patterned versus idiosyncratic, (2) episodic versus routine, (3) individual versus group, and (4) positive versus negative. Finally, we can understand deviance by focusing on the role it plays in society.
Learning Objective: 1.6: Recognize the conceptual framework for the study of deviance that this text uses.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. Explain how the conceptual framework used in this text would approach the study of a group of people that dress up as real or imaginary superheroes to perform good deeds.
Ans: Varies. The framework recognizes that deviance is a social, not an individual, event. Therefore, different people will have various interpretations regarding the who, what, when, where, and why involved when people dress up as superheroes and perform good deeds in their community. Every act of deviance has a unique set of causes, consequences, and participants, which means applying the concept of social relativity to people who dress up as superheroes. When people dress up as superheroes and volunteer in their community, unique concerns can manifest themselves in the creation of new social policies, or laws. For example, this framework might focus on the additional police patrols assigned to monitor the activities of these “superheroes” in the street or to track their activities online to ensure that good deeds do not interfere with other community activities. This framework would study the meaning of dressing up as superheroes to perform good deeds according to the people engaging in it, and how it may vary from the meaning assigned by those who benefit, and those who witness, the behavior.
Learning Objective: 1.6: Recognize the conceptual framework for the study of deviance that this text uses.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Hard
