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Test Bank Essentials of Psychology, 7th Edition Douglas A. Bernstein

1. Psychology is best defined asthe
2. searchforthemostsuccessfultreatmentforpeoplewithemotional,cognitive,orneurologicaldisorders.
3. useofscientificmethodstostudytheelementsofhumanconsciousness.
4. studyofthehumanexperiencefrombirthtooldage.
5. sciencethatstudiesbehaviorandmentalprocessesandappliesthatstudytoimprovehumanwelfare.

ANSWER: d

1. Imeldaisdescribingherfirstdayofpsychologyclasstoherboyfriend.Shecanbestdescribepsychologyas focusingon
2. disorders andtherapies.
3. behavior and mentalprocesses.
4. motivation andemotion.
5. rats inmazes.

ANSWER: b

1. Veronica'sresearchfocusesonoptimismandthefactorsthatleadtolivinga balanced and happy lifestyle; that is, the factors that make life worth living. Veronica has dedicated her research to the study of psychology.
2. Dialectical
3. Convergent
4. Positive
5. Abnormal

ANSWER: c

1. Whilerelaxinginthepark,Dilbertdecidestoreadhisnewbookonthestudyofpositivepsychology.Thisbook will primarily focuson
2. correlationsinwhichanincreaseinonefactorleadstoanincreaseinanother.
3. whatmakeslifeworthliving.
4. anindividual'sstrengths,whileignoringanyweaknesses.
5. whatcausespeopletobesimilartooneanother.

ANSWER: b

1. Deepthitellsheracademicadvisorthatsheistiredoflearningaboutmentaldisordersandstress-relatedillnesses. She would rather focus on what goes right with people and learn about creativity or self-actualization. Deepthi’s advisor should recommend Deepthi look into thestudyof psychology.
2. positive
3. objectrelation
4. intrinsic
5. forensic

ANSWER: a

1. Dr.Jamisonisconductinga study examining the emotional and behavioral changes that occur during puberty. Dr. Jamison is especially interested in how these changes are associated with changes in hormones and brain structures. The subfield of psychology Dr. Jamison seems to be interested in is psychology.
2. clinical
3. Personality
4. biological
5. social

ANSWER: c

1. Dr.Vanceisattemptingtodiscoverwhereemotionalexperienceislocalizedinthebrainbyusingbrainimaging technology. Dr. Vance works in thesubfieldof psychology.
2. personality
3. educational
4. forensic
5. biological

ANSWER: d

1. CalishaandRenataarediscussingarsonists.Calishahasbeenreadingtheworkofa psychologist and believes that fire-setting behavior might be linked to hormonal imbalances. Renata has been reading the work of a psychologist and believes that fire-setting is a behavior that is supported by group processes.
2. developmental;cognitive
3. developmental;social
4. biological;cognitive
5. biological;social

ANSWER: d

1. Dr.Fouststudiesthecausesofschizophreniaandofferstreatmentsforthoseafflictedwiththedisorder.Dr.Foust

is most likely a(n)

1. quantitative
2. experimental
3. clinical
4. eclectic

ANSWER: c

psychologist.

1. Hank is a psychologist interested in providing services to help those suffering schizophrenia. He focuses on the maladaptive ways in which its sufferers receive and process information about themselves and the world around

them. Hank is most likely a(n)

1. school
2. clinical
3. personality
4. biological

ANSWER: b

psychologist.

1. Cognitivepsychologistsareprimarilyinterestedin
2. what makes peopleunique.
3. studyingandtreatingabnormalfunctioning.
4. describingandunderstandingthechangesinbehaviorandmentalprocessesthatoccurduringa lifetime.
5. studyingmemory,thinking,learning,andothermentalprocesses.

ANSWER: d

1. A cognitive psychologist would be most likely to design a study of
2. how people influence eachother.
3. whatprocessesareinvolvedinproblemsolving.
4. which characteristics make humansunique.
5. howwecanbestanalyzepsychologicaldata.

ANSWER: b

1. Psychologistswhofocustheirresearchonprocesseslikedecisionmaking,problemsolving,andimagination would most likelybeconsideredpsychologists.
2. cognitive
3. personality
4. social
5. industrial andorganizational

ANSWER: a

1. Cicelyistryingtopreventteenageinner-cityboysfromjoininggangs.Shehassetupa program in the boys' neighborhood to teach job skills. Cicely is most likely a psychologist.
2. clinical
3. community
4. counseling
5. social

ANSWER: b

1. Dr.Schultzmeetswithclientswhoaredealingwitha range of what she calls “problems of life.” Some suffer from diagnosable problems, while others simply need help figuring out how to overcome obstacles or solve problems. She discusses strategies for changing behaviors and thoughts and assists her clients in the process of overcoming their challenges. Dr. Bashir most likely works in the subfield of psychology.
2. experimental
3. cognitive
4. personality
5. counseling

ANSWER: d

1. A psychologist would be most interested in researching changes in human behavioral, emotional, and mental processes over time.
2. social
3. personality
4. cognitive
5. developmental

ANSWER: d

1. Ofthefollowingtopics,whichwouldprobablybetheleastinterestingtoa person focusing in cognitive psychology?
2. Thedevelopmentalprecursorsofmentalillness.
3. How we rememberinformation.
4. Different methods for solvingproblems.
5. Thefactorsthatcontributetoeffectivedecision-making.

ANSWER: a

1. Thewideinfluenceofthebehavioralapproachbegantofadebythelate , as its lack of attention to mental processes began to draw criticism.

a. 1920s

b. 1940s

c. 1060s

d. 1980s

ANSWER: c

1. Dr.O'Halloranworkswithchildren,tryingtounderstandthechangesthatoccurintheirabilitytosolveproblems ofincreasingcomplexityastheygothroughdifferentchildhoodstages.Dr.O'Halloranisa(n) psychologist.
2. developmental
3. educational
4. personality
5. environmental

ANSWER: a

1. Drewhasconducteda massive amount of survey data for his Master’s thesis, and needs help determining the best method for compressing the data and analyzing it in the most effective way possible. He would be best advised to seek out the assistance of a(n)psychologist.
2. experimental
3. personality
4. developmental
5. quantitative

ANSWER: d

1. Latoriaisinterestedinthekindsofchangesthatpeoplegothroughinoldage(sixty-fiveyearsorolder).This researchismostlikelytobeconductedintheareaof psychology.
2. biological
3. cognitive
4. personality
5. developmental

ANSWER: d

1. Dr.Cassidyresearcheshowteacherscanmosteffectivelyteachgrammarprinciplestoelementaryschool students.Dr.Cassidy'sresearchismostappropriateforwhichsubfieldofpsychology?
2. developmental
3. social
4. school
5. educational

ANSWER: d

1. Leon is working with state officials to restructure the curricula in the public school system. His research has suggestedcertainchangeswillhelptoreducedropoutrateswhilecreatinga collegial learning environment for students. Leon likely works in the subfield of psychology.
2. engineering
3. personality
4. school
5. educational

ANSWER: d

1. Dr.Starlingworksinimpoverishedneighborhoodsarrangingforandprovidingservicesforindigentandhomeless individualswhoneedhelpimprovingtheirsituations.Heisprobablya(n) psychologist.
2. counseling
3. clinical
4. industrial
5. community

ANSWER: d

1. Automobiles have been made more accessible to those who suffer from physical limitations, such as amputated limbs or body parts that do not function normally. Part of this development has been to redesign the controls of vehiclessothatthosewhohavethesechallengescanaccessthecontrolsmoreeasily.Thesechangeswouldmost likely be madebya(n) psychologist.
2. Personality
3. Engineering
4. Social
5. Developmental

ANSWER: b

1. JadaworksfortheNokiacompanydesigningthenextlineofcellulartelephonestobesold.Shefocusesonhow the phones fit in people’s hands, where buttons should be located for easiest access, and what people will be most likely to purchase. Jada ismost likelya psychologist.
2. personality
3. humanfactors
4. social
5. developmental

ANSWER: b

1. A creative team wants to design a web site that users can navigate intuitively and that has a logical flow of information that can be easily manipulated by a user. This team would benefit from the expertise of a(n)

psychologist.

1. clinical
2. community
3. engineering
4. humanistic

ANSWER: c

1. Asanenvironmentalpsychologist,Fredwouldbemostinterestedin
2. treating psychologicaldisorders.
3. creating a more functional workplace.
4. howsocialfactorsaffecta child's development.
5. understanding the expression oftraits.

ANSWER: b

1. Edwardandhisteamdeveloparchitecturaldesignsforuniversityresidencehalls.Thegoaloftheirdesignsisto promotecollaborativelearningamongstudentswhilemaintaininga sense of individual privacy and comfort. To ensure his plans will meet his goals, Edward has most likely consulted with a(n) psychologist.
2. personality
3. environmental
4. community
5. industrial andorganizational

ANSWER: b

1. At thetrial,the psychologisttestifiedthatthedefendantfittheprofileforthecrimecommitted.
2. social
3. forensic
4. experimental
5. biological

ANSWER: b

1. Lorettoisconductingresearchonhowpsychologycaninfluencethecriminaljusticesystem.Specifically,hewants to know what factors might lead a witness to a crime to make an incorrect identification during a suspect lineup. Loretto is interested in the subfield of psychology.
2. Clinical
3. Developmental
4. Forensic
5. Cognitive

ANSWER: c

1. Dr.McGufficke'sresearchindicatesthattwentyminutesofexercisedonethreetimesa week positively affects people's emotions as well as their overall fitness. Dr. McGufficke is a(n) psychologist.
2. cognitive
3. developmental
4. health
5. industrial andorganizational

ANSWER: c

1. BrandiandDustinarestudyinghowstressandlackofexerciseleadtoillness.Theywanttousethisinformation toaidina campaign for maintaining a balanced lifestyle. Brandi and Dustin are interested in the field of

psychology.

1. educational
2. community
3. health
4. cognitive

ANSWER: c

1. Forthesummer,Haileyobtainsanassistantpositionfora research team of health psychologists. The focus of their research will most likely investigate the relationship between
2. geneticandenvironmentalinfluencesonmajordepression.
3. copingwithcancerandtheeffectonfamilyrelationships.
4. resilienceandthepresenceofstrongneighborhoodcommunities.
5. creativityandthecognitiveprocessthatunderlieit.

ANSWER: b

1. As an undergraduate psychology major, Carl has developed a strong desire to study behavior and mental processes, in particular human performance. During an internship at a local business, Carl is intrigued with how a manager's interpersonal style can affect the workers' motivation. The field of psychology would be most applicable to Carl's interests.
2. health
3. industrial andorganizational
4. cognitive
5. educational

ANSWER: b

1. Afterearninghisdoctorate,Davidwashiredbyanautomobilecompanytoexaminewhytherewassucha high rate of turnover in employees. His goal is to reduce the rate to help the company trim training costs. David most likely received her degree in psychology.
2. educational
3. quantitative
4. industrial andorganizational
5. developmental

ANSWER: c

1. The tasksofa(n) psychologist include improving supervisors' leadership skills, creating maximum- efficiencyworkgroups,andsuggestingotherresearch-basedprogramsdesignedtoincreaseefficiency.
2. industrial andorganizational
3. clinical
4. experimental
5. developmental

ANSWER: a

1. Whethera person attributes success or failure to external forces (such as luck) or to personal efforts would be of most interest to a person who works in the area of psychology.
2. social
3. personality
4. biological
5. quantitative

ANSWER: b

1. Marcellahasappliedfora job, and as part of the process of getting hired she must take a test that examines her outgoingness and general levels of friendliness. Marcella’s test was most likely created by a psychologist.
2. clinical
3. developmental
4. personality
5. cognitive

ANSWER: c

1. A researcher interested in measuring characteristics such as agreeableness or openness to experience would probably be a psychologist.
2. developmental
3. social
4. clinical
5. personality

ANSWER: d

1. Chandrahasgathereddatafromseveralstudiesinvestigatingtherelativeeffectsofheredityandenvironmentonan individual's level of well-being. Chandra uses various statistical methods on the data in hopes of finding significant results. Chandra mustbea psychologist.
2. quantitative
3. humanfactors
4. forensic
5. cognitive

ANSWER: a

1. Kwongisinterestedintheeffectsofageonpeople'sproblem-solvingskills.Hehaspulledtogetherdatafromten studies in various psychology subfields. By using statistical tools, Kwong intends to determine whether any patternscanbefoundinthedata.Kwongismostlikelyapsychologist.
2. quantitative
3. clinical
4. social
5. personality

ANSWER: a

1. A person whose degree is in the area of quantitative psychology would probably spend quite a bit of their professional time
2. developingstatisticalmethodstoovercomethelimitationsofempiricism.
3. definingthestructureofconsciousnessbyitsmostbasicelements.
4. creatinga functional analysis of behavior.
5. analyzingdatacollectedbytheircolleagues.

ANSWER: d

1. Julio is working on a Master’s degree in psychology. He wants to work with students who have hearing difficulties so that they can stay even with classmates throughout their elementary school grades. Julio’s program emphasizes psychology.
2. developmental
3. school
4. educational
5. Cognitive

ANSWER: b

1. CraigworkswithstudentsatMiddlesexHighSchoolwhoareexperiencingacademicproblems.Hemeetswith thesestudentstoassesswhatfamilyandpeerfactorsmaybeleadingtotheirpoorperformance.Craigisa(n)

psychologist.

1. educational
2. school
3. developmental
4. social

ANSWER: b

1. Thedifferencebetweena school psychologist and an educational psychologist is that a school psychologist
2. ismorelikelytoconductresearchoneffectivecurricula.
3. focusesonhowcommunityprogramsarelikelytoleadtoacademicachievement.
4. ismoredirectlyinvolvedwithindividualstudents.
5. haslittleinvolvementwithstudents’mentalhealthproblems.

ANSWER: c

1. Dr.Bogart'sresearchfindsa correlation between frequency of kissing between spouses and the overall duration of their marriages. He finds that the less often they kiss, the fewer years they tend to remain married. You would most likely find Dr. Bogart's work reported in a journal that publishes research in psychology.
2. biological
3. developmental
4. personality
5. social

ANSWER: d

1. Toattempttodiscoverwhysomeadolescentsbeginusingdrugsandalcohol,a social psychologist would most likely study the
   1. effectsofpeerpressureandtheinfluenceofrolemodels,suchasrockormoviestars,onadolescents' decision-makingprocesses.
   2. internalconflictsandstruggleswithinsubstance-abusingadolescents.
   3. chromosomalpatternofsubstanceabusers,insearchofa genetic predisposition to substance abuse.
   4. personalityprofileofadolescentsengagedinsubstanceabuse.

ANSWER: a

1. “Groupdecisionmaking:Theroleoftheleader”wouldbea likely title for a research paper written by a(n)

psychologist.

1. experimental
2. social
3. personality
4. clinical

ANSWER: b

1. Levianhasbeenona terrible hitting streak during his college baseball games. He feels that he is now trying too hard, and is terribly anxious about getting some hits. Who should the team hire to help him focus his attention?
2. A cognitive psychologist
3. A sport psychologist
4. An environmentalpsychologist
5. A personality psychologist

ANSWER: b

1. A psychologist who wants to know what relaxation techniques improve athletic ability is most likely a(n)

psychologist.

1. experimental
2. biological
3. Personality
4. sport

ANSWER: d

1. Approximatelyone-thirdofprofessionalpsychologistswouldreportthattheirprimaryworksettingis
2. A mental health facility
3. An educationalsetting
4. Privatepractice
5. A non-profit organization

ANSWER: c

1. Inwhichworksettingwoulda psychologist be most likely to expect to work with other professionals (often from other disciplines) in a variety of activities, including conducting research and writing?
2. A private practice
3. A governmental agency
4. A mental health facility
5. A college, university, or professional school

ANSWER: d

1. Althoughpsychologycontainsdiversesubfieldsandapproaches,twofactorsprovideunity.Oneofthesefactors isthat
2. psychologists'interests,activities,andvaluesarenotunified.
3. everypsychologistperformsresearchinmanysubfieldsofpsychology.
4. psychologistsineverysubfielddrawonandcontributetoknowledgefromothersubfields.
5. psychologistsusespeculativemethodsinsteadofempiricalmethods.

ANSWER: c

1. Scientificpsychologyisempiricalbecauseitreliesoninformationfrom
2. experience andobservation.
3. deductivereasoning.
4. reflection.
5. mathematicalproofs.

ANSWER: a

1. Dr.Sheltonisa psychologist who is working with other experts to design an artificial intelligence system that will increase student retention in a variety of classroom settings and disciplines. She would be most likely to collaborate with which type of expert?
2. A mechanical engineer
3. An educational guidancecounselor
4. A computer scientist
5. A school psychologist

ANSWER: c

1. As an example of the way in which psychology often links/connects to other disciplines, your text notes that psychologist Daniel Kahneman won a Nobel prize in for his model of decision making even though he was not trained in that particular field.
2. Economics
3. Anthropology
4. Cybernetics
5. Neurology

ANSWER: a

1. Youareaskedtobeona panel of experts investigating the nature of consciousness. While the other experts are content to rely on speculation regarding consciousness, you demand that the evidence be based on experience and observation. Your approach is known as
2. functionalism.
3. empiricism.
4. reductionism.
5. rationalism.

ANSWER: b

1. Like other sciences, psychologyrelieson data to test itspredictions.
2. introspective
3. empirical
4. mediational
5. hypothetical

ANSWER: b

1. Zorica studies social influences on consumer behavior. Pat researches the effect of chemical imbalances on the onsetofdepression.ZoricaandPatstudydifferenttopicsandmayusedifferentmethods,butlikethemajorityof psychologists,theybothuseexperienceandobservationasthebasisfortheirconclusions.Assuch,theyboth
2. workinmorethanonesubfield.
3. emphasize empiricalresearch.
4. publish articles on theirresearch.
5. engage in speculativeresearch.

ANSWER: b

1. Themodernageofpsychologywas“born”when
2. SigmundFreudfirstutteredthephrase,“Tellmeaboutyourdreams.”
3. B.F.Skinnerusedshapingtoteachbirdstoplaypingpong.
4. WilhelmWundtestablishedthefirstpsychologyresearchlaboratoryattheUniversityofLeipzig.
5. IvanPavlovconditioneddogstosalivateatthetoneofa bell.

ANSWER: c

1. Ifyouinvitefriendsoverfordinner,andinthemiddleofthemealyouaskthemtostopandfocuscarefullyonthe flavorsofthefoodintheirmouths,yourquestionwouldbemostsimilartothatusedby
2. structuralists.
3. functionalists.
4. psychoanalysts.
5. cognitivepsychologists.

ANSWER: a

1. Asa homework assignment, you choose to research the concept of introspection from your psychology textbook. You would first explain that introspection is the
2. processofobservingyourownmentalprocessing.
3. scientificstudyofsensorysystemsandperceptualprocesses.
4. philosophicalviewthatholdsthatwearetheproductofourexperiences.
5. firsttherapeutictechniquedevelopedbyEdwardTitchener.

ANSWER: a

1. Jarrodbelievesthatintrospectionistheonlywaytoobtaingooddata.Inhisresearch,heistryingtoidentifythe basic components of consciousness. Jarrod's research most closely adheres to the tenetsofthe school of psychology.
2. structuralist
3. functionalist
4. humanistic
5. gestalt

ANSWER: a

1. Coryisholdinga bright purple ball. He is attempting to describe in detail the experience of feeling and seeing the ball, as well as reporting any internal reactions that holding the ball creates. Cory is engaging in
2. prosopagnosia.
3. introspection.
4. cognitivefixation.
5. subliminalperception.

ANSWER: b

1. Subjectsinanexperimentareexposedtoa stimulus and asked to describe and analyze their experiences. These subjects are engaging in
2. affectiveprocessing.
3. client-centeredtherapy.
4. introspection.
5. freeassociation.

ANSWER: c

1. A psychologist blindfolds a subject and then places the subject's hand into a dish of water. The psychologist asks the subject to report whether his hand feels colder or warmer than before being placed in the water. Which of the following psychologists was most likely to have conducted this study?
2. WilhelmWundt
3. John B.Watson
4. SigmundFreud
5. AbrahamMaslow

ANSWER: a

1. Pavandecidedtotryintrospectionasa way to study mental processes. Which approach to the study of consciousness was he following?
2. Behavioral
3. Structuralist
4. Functionalist
5. Biological

ANSWER: b

1. “Thewholeshapeofconsciousexperienceisnotthesameasthesumofitsparts”isa belief proposed by which view of psychology?
2. Gestalt
3. Psychodynamic
4. Behavioral
5. Humanist

ANSWER: a

1. MeghansaystoJamal,“Insteadoftryingtobreakdownconsciousnessintolittlepieces,weshouldlookatitfrom the whole perspective. Like how people experience a full motion movie from thousands of still pictures. That is what's important to know!" Meghan clearly supports the work of psychologists.
2. humanfactors
3. Freudian
4. developmental
5. Gestalt

ANSWER: d

1. You are marooned on a tropical island with a dangerous criminal. In your suitcase are four books written by psychologists. If you believe that the criminal's behavior was mostly the result of unconscious conflicts within his mind, which author should you choose to best elaborate on this idea?
2. SigmundFreud
3. WilliamJames
4. JohnWatson
5. WilhelmWundt

ANSWER: a

1. WilliamJamesbelievedthefocusofresearchshouldbeonhowmentalimages,sensations,andmemoriescome togetherasa function of experience. Before him, Titchener believed it was important to define the
2. process ofintrospection.
3. unconscious motivations for ouractions.
4. general laws oflearning.
5. structure ofconsciousness.

ANSWER: d

1. WhichAmericanpsychologistiscreditedwithconceptualizingandadvancingtheperspectiveoffunctionalism earlyinthehistoryofthefield?
2. Wundt
3. Titchener
4. Moorehouse
5. James

ANSWER: d

1. Thisgroupofpsychologistsfeltthatthegoalofthefieldshouldbetoidentifytheactualpurposesofconsciousness andtounderstandhowhumanawarenesscontributestoourlives.
2. Structuralists
3. Functionalists
4. Psychoanalysts
5. Gestaltists

ANSWER: b

1. Theearlypsychologicalmodeloffunctionalism,spearheadedbyWilliamJames,waslargelyinfluencedbythe earliertheoryof .
2. Theunconscious
3. Empiricism
4. Evolution
5. Eclecticism

ANSWER: c

1. Thefirstfigureinpsychologytosuggestthatallofourprocesses,fromactionstoslipsofthetonguetodreams, were influenced bypsychological factors was
2. Freud
3. Watson
4. Wundt
5. Titchener

ANSWER: a

1. WhichstatementisthebestrepresentationoftheimpactthatSigmundFreudhashad?
   1. Freudhimselfrecantedmostofhistheoriesshortlybeforehisowndeath,andtheresultisthathisideas never advanced beyond his owntime.
   2. Histheorieshavenevergaineduniversalacceptance,buttheyhavehadwide-ranginginfluencein psychology and otherfields.
   3. Freud’smodelwasseenastooprogressiveforhistime,andhadverylittleinfluenceonpsychologyor otherdisciplines.
   4. Freud’sconceptshavethedistinctionofhavingthegreatestresearchsupportofallofpsychology’svarious ideas.

ANSWER: b

1. RogerandAmandaareattemptingtodefineconsciousness.“Whatisconsciousness?Whatdoesconsciousness consist of?” asks Roger. Amanda says, “I think it would be more helpful to think about the purpose of consciousness.Forexample,howdoesithelpusadapttoourenvironment?”Rogertakesa approach to defining consciousness, while Amanda takes a approach.
2. structuralist;behavioral
3. behavioral;structuralist
4. functionalist; structuralist
5. structuralist; functionalist

ANSWER: d

1. Ina classic song from the 1980s, singer Janet Jackson asked her listeners “what have you done for me lately?” If she applied this question to the purposes of consciousness, she would most likely be classified as a
2. structuralist.
3. functionalist.
4. behaviorist.
5. Gestaltist.

ANSWER: b

1. Thegroupofpsychologistswhofocusedonthewholeofconsciousnessratherthanitscomponentpartswerethe
2. structuralists.
3. Gestaltpsychologists.
4. behaviorists.
5. functionalists.

ANSWER: b

1. Thechapterinyourtextbookonconsciousnesswouldbeofleastinteresttosomeoneadvocating
2. functionalism.
3. behaviorism.
4. cognitivepsychology.
5. structuralism.

ANSWER: b

1. “Anythingthatcannotbeobservedandmeasureddirectlyisnotworthstudying.”Whichpsychologistsaremost likelytoagreewiththisstatement?
2. Sigmund Freud and ErikErikson
3. JohnB.WatsonandB.F.Skinner
4. WilliamJamesandWilhelmWundt
5. Jean Piaget and LawrenceKohlberg

ANSWER: b

1. FunctionalanalysisofbehaviorwasdevelopedbyB.F.Skinnertounderstandhowpunishmentandreward
2. shape and maintainbehavior.
3. createa whole that is more than the sum of their parts.
4. underlie the study ofstructuralism.
5. occur outside of consciousawareness.

ANSWER: a

1. Tounderstandwhya problem child behaves as she does, Dr. Saldeen maps out the details of how rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change the child's behavior. Dr. Saldeen is performing of behavior.
2. psychoanalysis
3. sociobiologicalanalysis
4. adaptiveanalysis
5. functionalanalysis

ANSWER: d

1. Inattemptingtoexplainbehavior,B.F.Skinnerfocusedon
2. internal motivationalvariables.
3. self-image.
4. childhoodexperiences.
5. environmentalstimuli.

ANSWER: d

1. Within a scientific discipline, the focus of investigation is often cyclical in nature. In psychology, the cycle is represented by an emphasis on the study of in the 1880s and on the study of in the 1980s.
2. overt behavior; physiologicalreactions
3. conscious experience; cognitiveprocesses
4. perception;sensation
5. consciousness; overtbehavior

ANSWER: b

1. Ogunwasconstantlyfearfulandtense.Hewenttoa psychiatrist to receive treatment. Although Ogun expected to talk his problems over with the psychiatrist, the doctor talked only briefly to Ogun and prescribed a pill to help him relax. The doctor was treating Ogun with a approach.
2. biological
3. psychodynamic
4. behavioral
5. cognitive

ANSWER: a

1. Sharyabelievesthatpeople'spatternsofthoughtsandjudgmentsmotivatethemtobehaveincertainways. Sharya's views are most consistentwiththe approach topsychology.
2. psychodynamic
3. evolutionary
4. cognitive
5. behavioral

ANSWER: c

1. A philosopher who claims that "life is directed by one's thoughts" would be stating a position most consistent with the approach to psychology.
2. humanistic
3. evolutionary
4. cognitive
5. behavioral

ANSWER: c

1. Joriethinksthattheattentionherlittlebrothergetswhenhehastantrumsactuallyencourageshimtohavemore tantrums. Jorie's explanation is basedona approach.
2. psychodynamic
3. cognitive
4. humanistic
5. behavioral

ANSWER: d

1. Six-year-oldJeanhitsanotherchildandstealsthechild'slunchmoney.A psychologist who takes a psychodynamic approach would suggest that Jean
2. learnedthathittingsomeonewouldresultina reward.
3. hasanunconsciousdriveforaggression,causinghertoactout.
4. assertedherself,anexampleofbetteringherselfasa person.
5. hitthechildforfood,anadaptivemechanismtosurvive.

ANSWER: b

1. Yourfriendclaimsthataltruism,cooperation,aggression,andothersocialbehaviorsincreasethechancesof human survival and are genetically encoded and passed on from generation to generation. Your friend is supporting
2. psychoneuroimmunology.
3. psychobiology.
4. sociopsychology.
5. the evolutionaryapproach.

ANSWER: d

1. Dr.Binyaminfocusesonhowneurotransmitteractivitydifferswhenpeoplewitha calm disposition face a crisis and experience increased stress levels. Dr. Binyamin probably takes the approach to psychology.
2. behavioral
3. psychodynamic
4. cognitive
5. biological

ANSWER: d

1. A psychologist with a humanistic approach would state that behavior is driven by
2. choices.
3. instincts.
4. genetics.
5. rewards.

ANSWER: a

1. Researchershavefoundthatinfantsmayhaveaninnateabilitytorespondtofaces.Theseresearcherssuggestthat aninterestinhumanfacesmayhavedevelopedbecauseithelpsnewbornsfocusontheironlysourceoffoodand care. These researchers are most likelyfollowinga(n) approach.
2. behavioral
3. evolutionary
4. cognitive
5. biological

ANSWER: b

1. Professor Xidis claims females tolerate infidelity by their spouses more than males do because males have to makesurethey'renotcommittingtheirresourcestoraisinganothermale'soffspring.ProfessorXidisisprobably takingthe approach topsychology.
2. behavioral
3. evolutionary
4. humanistic
5. psychodynamic

ANSWER: b

1. Sabinaishavingproblemswithchronicanxiety.Shegoestoa psychiatrist who tells her that she needs medication to reduce her anxiety. Which approach to psychology does Sabina's psychiatrist take?
2. psychodynamic
3. biological
4. humanistic
5. behavioral

ANSWER: b

1. Rashmateachesa Parent Training Workshop, and she advocates that parents get to know the uniqueness of their children. She stresses that we can't see children's points of view because we don't know how they perceive the world and that children are innately good and working toward self-fulfillment. Rashma most likely identifies with the approach to psychology.
2. behavioral
3. cognitive
4. psychoanalytic
5. humanistic

ANSWER: d

1. You are generally of the opinion that genetics are of limited purpose when it comes to explaining people’s behaviors,optinginsteadtobelievethatpeopleareincontroloftheirownactions.Youwouldbemostskeptical of the claimsof
2. the evolutionaryapproach.
3. humanisticpsychology.
4. cognitive-behavioralresearch.
5. psychoanalysis.

ANSWER: a

1. A psychologist following the approach is most likely to believe that people are driven to actions by unseen behaviors that are locked deep in their unconscious, hidden from their own awareness.
2. psychodynamic
3. cognitive
4. behavioral
5. Humanistic

ANSWER: a

1. Tomekaisa clinical psychologist who specializes in working with clients who have phobias. One of the basic assumptions she makes about people's fears of spiders and snakes is that such fears can be adaptive, since spiders and snakes are sometimes dangerous. Tomeka's assumption best fits the approach to psychology.
2. humanistic
3. evolutionary
4. psychodynamic
5. cognitive

ANSWER: b

1. Dr.Butterfieldisa psychologist who believes that our choices are dictated not by our instincts but by our unique perceptions of the world. Dr. Butterfield takes a approach in her practice.
2. psychodynamic
3. humanistic
4. behavioral
5. cognitive

ANSWER: b

1. Rosabelievestherapythathelpsa person resolve unconscious conflicts will greatly reduce abnormal or problematic behavior. Rosa is taking which psychological approach?
2. biological
3. behavioral
4. psychodynamic
5. cognitive

ANSWER: c

1. Jamisaystohertherapist,Len,“Ireallywanttounderstandmyselfbetter.ThatiswhyI am in therapy.” Len replies, “Then we will have to start digging in your past and understanding all of the unconscious motives that cause you to be who you are.” Len probably takes a(n) approach to psychology.
2. evolutionary
3. psychodynamic
4. humanistic
5. cognitive

ANSWER: b

1. Jerome does not seem to be able to hold a job, having repeatedly engaged in behaviors that sabotage his own success at work. His psychotherapist tells him that he may have some unconscious conflicts that result in a fear of success and that uncovering these issues will be important in their work together. Jerome’s therapist most likely takes the approach to psychology.
2. psychodynamic
3. cognitive
4. behavioral
5. relational

ANSWER: a

1. Dr.Muellerisinterestedinstudyingeatingdisorders.Herhypothesisisthatabnormaleatingbehaviorislearned through previous successes and failures with restrictive diet programs. She most likely follows which school of psychologicalthought?
2. behavioral
3. psychodynamic
4. developmental
5. biological

ANSWER: a

1. Suewantstoquitsmoking,butshecannotseemtokicktheaddiction.A psychologist who takes a

approach might tell Sue that she keeps smoking because her brain is chemically dependent on the drug.

1. psychodynamic
2. humanistic
3. biological
4. behavioral

ANSWER: c

1. Whichapproachtopsychologyemphasizesdecisionmaking,problemsolving,andintelligence?
2. humanist
3. evolutionary
4. cognitive
5. behavioral

ANSWER: c

1. Dr.Dareworkswithchildrenwhofrequentlyskipschool.Whenstudentsattendclass,shegivesthemtokensto beredeemedforcandyattheendoftheday.Dr.Dareisusingthe approach.
2. psychodynamic
3. behavioral
4. cognitive
5. humanistic

ANSWER: b

1. Tomjustreadanarticleinthenewspaperreportingnewresearchonthelinkbetweengenesandhostility.The researchers were most likely to haveadoptedthe approach in theirresearch.
2. biological
3. psychodynamic
4. cognitive
5. behavioral

ANSWER: a

1. Bradwashavingdifficultyfindingtimetostudy.Hewenttoa counselor and they talked about Brad's perceptions of his study habits. The counselor emphasized that it was Brad's decision about whether and when to study. She stressed that Brad was a resourceful person and would be able to solve his study problem. Brad's counselor was demonstrating the approach.
2. behavioral
3. psychodynamic
4. developmental
5. humanistic

ANSWER: d

1. A psychotherapist who works from a humanistic approach would probably work with clients to emphasize the importance of
2. instincts or biologicalurges.
3. rewards andpunishments.
4. theiruniqueandindividualperceptionsoftheworld.
5. howinformationisstored,retrieved,andprocessedbythebrain.

ANSWER: c

1. Joséisinterestedinusingcomputerstomodelhowpeopleprocessinformationwhenmakingdecisionsabout employee performance. Joséfollowsthe approach inpsychology.
2. behavioral
3. psychodynamic
4. humanistic
5. cognitive

ANSWER: d

1. Carla is a psychologist who studies the mental processes of people as they are presented information about new policies for environmental conservation. She studies how the new information is taken in, how it is processed, and how it changes people's perceptions of conservation methods. Carla most likely takes the approach to psychology.
2. biological
3. behavioral
4. psychodynamic
5. cognitive

ANSWER: d

1. ”We’renotgoingtostopuntilyou’veaccomplishedeverythingyou’recapableof,”Jennifer’spersonaltrainertells her. “You can work harder and achieve all of your goals!” This statement most closely mirrors the philosophy of theapproach.
2. humanistic
3. psychodynamic
4. behavioral
5. cognitive

ANSWER: a

1. In the UnitedStates,approximately of those earning doctoral degrees in psychology todayare women.
2. One-quarter
3. Onehalf
4. Two-thirds
5. Three-quarters

ANSWER: c

1. In the United States, womenconstituteapproximately ofallpsychologistsworkinginthefield.
2. One-quarter
3. Onehalf
4. Two-thirds
5. Three-quarters

ANSWER: c

1. In the UnitedStates,approximately ofdoctoraldegreesawardedinthefieldofpsychologytodayare earned by people ofcolor.
2. One-quarter
3. One-third
4. One-half
5. Twothirds

ANSWER: a

1. Thesumofallvalues,rulesofbehavior,formsofexpression,religiousbeliefs,occupationalchoices,andthelike amonga group of people who share a common language and environment is called .
2. Nationality
3. Ethnicity
4. Race
5. Culture

ANSWER: d

1. Inwhatwaysareculturetypicallypassedfromgenerationtogeneration?
2. through example andtradition
3. through directinstruction
4. through geneticinfluence
5. through formalschooling

ANSWER: a

1. An industrial and organizational psychologist doing cross-cultural work finds that in the country of Alam the workershavethehighestjobsatisfactionwhentheyarerewardedforaccomplishingmoreandbetter-quality work than their co-workers. Alam probablyhasa(n) culture.
2. Individualist
3. Communist
4. Collectivist
5. Democratic

ANSWER: a

1. Whichofthefollowingbeliefswoulda collectivist society support?
2. Personal effort leads tosuccess.
3. Restrainingone'sselftobepartofa social unit is good.
4. Multiplevaluessuchasrealizingone'spersonalpotential,meetingpersonalobligationstoothers,and identifyingwithone'sculturalheritageareimportant.
5. Self-esteemisa direct function of one's ability to express unique aspects of one's self to others.

ANSWER: b

1. LaTasha works for a multinational corporation. She must report to executives from a collectivist culture about the status of a project conducted by her group. To communicate in the most appropriate way to these executives, she should say:
2. “Thegroupisperformingwelltogether.”
3. “Ihavedonewellinmymanagement.”
4. “Iworkedhardtomaintainunityinthegroup.”
5. “Thereisnoinformationtoreportatthistime.”

ANSWER: a

1. A person from a collectivist culture just found out that the group project he contributed to in his psychology class earned a final grade of A. What behavior will that person most likely perform after the win?
2. Shouting “I'm numberone!”
3. Emphasizingtheworkofthewholeteam
4. Celebrating victoryalone
5. Braggingtohisparentsthathewasthebrainsbehindthegroup’sproject

ANSWER: b

1. Anadvertisingcampaignaimedatgettingconsumerstobuya product because it will make them different from others would probably be most successful in cultures.
2. culturalist
3. individualist
4. collectivist
5. communist

ANSWER: b

1. Rodbelievesthatsomecollegestudentsareindependentgo-gettersandthatothercollegestudentsaremore dependentonfamilyapprovalthanonpersonalachievement.Theformergroupseemstohold values whereas the latter group holds values.
2. collectivist;individualist
3. individualist;collectivist
4. evolutionary;social
5. social;evolutionary

ANSWER: b

1. Benbelievesverystronglyinbeingcompetitiveanddoingwhatisnecessaryforhisowngoals.Heseeshimselfas beinganimportantbusinessleaderoneday.Benismostlikelya(n)
2. individualist.
3. collectivist.
4. separatist.
5. pragmatist.

ANSWER: a

1. Kariwantstowinandgetsupsetwhenshelosesinsports.Shealsotriesnottowearthesametypesofclothes thatotherpeoplewear.Despiteherattemptstobeunique,sheoftenfeelslonely.Kariismostlikelyfroma(n)

culture.

1. individualist
2. collectivist
3. multicultural
4. subcultural

ANSWER: a

1. WhenNelsonfailedhisdriver’stest,heblamedthewomanwhoadministeredthetestforbeingunfairinhowshe rated his ability to parallel park. When he passed on his next attempt, however, he made sure to tell everyone wantanexcellentdriverheis.Jackislikelyfroma(n)culture.
2. collectivist
3. Altruistic
4. competitive
5. individualist

ANSWER: d

1. Randyisa great football player who would rather be named the most valuable player of the league than have his team win a particular football game. Randy is likely from a(n) culture.
2. collectivist
3. Altruistic
4. competitive
5. individualist

ANSWER: d

1. AlthoughKwanLiloveshisfamilyandfriends,hebelievesthathisownbeliefsanddreamsarethemostimportant thingsdetermininghisfuture.Heiswillingtocompetewithotherstorealizehispotential.KwanLihasmostlikely been socializedina(n) culture.
2. individualist
3. collectivist
4. idiocentric
5. allocentric

ANSWER: a

1. Whichofthefollowingwouldbespokenbya member of a collectivist culture?
2. “Imustwinthegame.”
3. “Imustrelyonmyself.”
4. “Imustmakemyfamilyproud.”
5. “Imustscorehigherthanmyclassmatesonthistest.”

ANSWER: c

1. YourfriendIshanevercomplainsaboutbeinglonelybutoftenexpressesherworriesaboutbeingrejectedbythe groupofpeoplesheassociateswith.Herattitudesaretypicalofsomeoneraisedina(n) country.
2. monocultural
3. collectivist
4. multicultural
5. individualist

ANSWER: b

1. Whichofthefollowingisnota sociocultural factor in human behavior?
2. smilerecognition
3. gender
4. ethnicity
5. socialclass

ANSWER: a

1. Forwhichofthefollowingresearchquestionswoulditbeleast importanttoconsidersocioculturalvariables?
2. How do intimate relationshipsdevelop?
3. What factors influence parentingstyle?
4. Dopeopleinstinctivelyfollowrulesforsocialinteraction?
5. Whatfactorsinfluencethelengthoftimeallowedforgrievingthedeathofa loved one?

ANSWER: c

1. AtMacCutcheonUniversity,Dr.Westisstudyinghowfactorssuchasgender,ethnicity,andsocialclassaffectthe attitudes of domestic students toward international students. This research isfocusingon variables.
2. collectivist
3. sociobiological
4. sociocultural
5. individualist

ANSWER: c

1. OnthefirstdayofIntroductoryPhilosophyclass,Noraasksherstudentstoprovidea definition of the term critical thinking. Having aced Introductory Psychology last semester, Cassie knows that critical thinking is
2. a specific, testable proposition about something under study.
3. theprocessofassessingclaimsandmakingjudgmentsonthebasisofwell-supportedevidence.
4. a cognitive response reliant on heuristics that allows a person to draw reasonable conclusions.
5. theprocessofdescribingtheexactoperationsormethodsa scientist will use in a research study.

ANSWER: b

1. Ifyouwerereviewingevidenceforaninsuranceinvestigation,youwouldnotblindlyacceptsomeone'sclaims.

You would look for well-supported evidence. The textbook refers to this process as

1. naturalisticobservation.
2. intelligence.
3. engaging in parsimonious thoughtprocesses.
4. criticalthinking.

ANSWER: d

1. Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthefivequestionsthatprovidea strategy for critical thinking?
2. Aretherealternativewaysofinterpretingtheevidence?
3. WhatamI being asked to believe or accept?
4. Whatisthereputationoftheresearcher(s)?
5. Whatevidenceisavailabletosupporttheassertion?

ANSWER: c

1. Thetextgivesa lengthy discussion of a form of treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder called EMDR. If you were suffering from this problem and were exploring the possibility of using EMDR as part of your own treatment, which of the following questions would indicate that you were engaging in critical thinking?
2. IsthereresearchevidencetosupporttheusefulnessofEMDR?
3. HaveI ever seen EMDR mentioned in a newspaper article or television report?
4. DoI believe that EMDR can help me with my symptoms?
5. DoesanyoneelseI know have a positive experience using EMDR?

ANSWER: a

1. Dr. Wisgoski asked fifty drug addicts a series of questions about their childhoods and then collected blood samples from them. He found a high correlation between levels of the stress hormone cortisol and amount of reported childhood trauma. Dr. Wisgoski concluded that childhood trauma causes high levels of stress during adulthood, which, in turn, causes drug addiction. Dr. Wisgoski's operational definition of adult stress level is
2. childhoodtrauma.
3. blood cortisollevels.
4. drugaddiction.
5. self-report.

ANSWER: b

1. Thepredictionthat"eatingonewholetomatoeverydaywillincreasebloodpressureby10%ina six-month period" is called a(n)
2. hypothesis.
3. law.
4. theory.
5. explanation.

ANSWER: a

1. Dr.Zumbahlenisconductinga research study in which she is interested in the effects of aerobic activity on weight loss. Aerobic activity is defined by thirty minutes of exercise on the treadmill three times a week. This specific way of defining aerobic activity is referred to as a(n) definition.
2. experimental
3. construct
4. operational
5. empirical

ANSWER: c

1. Shantae is doing an experiment on how anxious people will feel if they are told that they did not do well on an intelligencetest.Sheasksherparticipantstoratehownervous,upset,andanxioustheyfeelona scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very). Participant's scores on the scale are a(n)
2. operational definition ofanxiety.
3. independentvariable.
4. confoundingvariable.
5. interveningvariable.

ANSWER: a

1. Josephineisa psychology who believes that reducing radio volume by 20% while driving will result in a 30% reduction in car accidents. This is an example of a(n)
2. hypothesis.
3. theory.
4. experimentaldesign.
5. casestudy.

ANSWER: a

1. Jasonanswereda series of vocabulary and reading comprehension questions on a web site. When he finished, the site gave him a rating of intelligence. "I don't think that test really measured intelligence," thought Jason. Jason is questioning the test's
2. consistency.
3. Statisticalvalidity.
4. datum.
5. Statisticalreliability.

ANSWER: b

1. Meganbelievesshehasfounda medication that will greatly reduce the symptoms of depression, so she decides to conduct an experiment to test her . She randomly assigns depressed people to one of two groups. One group of participants takes the medication, while the other group gets only sugar pills. The latter group is receiving a .
2. hypothesis;placebo
3. theory; randomvariable
4. bias;treatment
5. intervening variable;placebo

ANSWER: a

1. Ernesthascollectedandexaminedhisresearchdata,andnowhasa set of general principles that he believes accounts for the acquisition of personality traits. Ernest has formed a(n)of personality.
2. theory
3. operationaldefinition
4. experimentaldesign
5. opinion

ANSWER: a

1. Dr.Trentinitellshisstudentsthathewantsthemtowritetheirpaperisthemoststraightforwardmannerpossible. “Don’toverstateyourpoints,”hesays.“Rememberthelawofparsimony.”Asa student in this class, you know that Dr. Trentini is reminding you that
2. statisticallysignificantresultsarenotduetochancefactors.
3. resultsmustbereportedwiththehighestethicalstandards.
4. allmembersofa population had an equal chance of being selected for the study.
5. thecorrectexplanationtendstobethesimplestone.

ANSWER: d

1. Julian and Meghan are discussing several theories they have found that offer explanations for why children become bullies in schools. Julian is not sure how to sift through all the theories because they all seem equally convincing.Meghansuggeststhattheygowiththeexplanationthatisthesimplest.Meghan’sdecisionwasmade basedon
2. observationalmethods.
3. statisticalsignificance.
4. biasedsampling.
5. the law ofparsimony.

ANSWER: d

1. Psychologyisbasedonresearchquestionsaboutmanyphenomena.Whena psychologist asks if she can control for a phenomenon, she is ready to
2. devisea theory that will predict future phenomena.
3. describe the phenomenonempirically.
4. explainwhythephenomenonoccursandwhycertaintreatmentsaremoreeffective.
5. conductanexperimenttestingvarioustreatmentmethodsina clinical setting.

ANSWER: d

1. A community psychologist conducts research examining how women who breastfeed their babies feel that they are treated in society. She recruits women who are or who have recently nursed their children, and asks them to participate in a face-to-face interview. Each interview lasts two hours. Which goal of research is she pursuing?
2. Control
3. Prediction
4. Explanation
5. Description

ANSWER: d

1. Thegoalsofresearchinscientificpsychologyare
2. description andprediction.
3. control andexplanation.
4. description, control, andexplanation.
5. description, prediction, control, andexplanation.

ANSWER: d

1. A researcher studied how Pakistani students adapt to college by living in multicultural dorms on campus. He used the data collected to find trends of adjustment and what factors may help to ease the transition into college. What research method is being employed?
2. Naturalisticobservation
3. Experiment
4. Correlationalstudy
5. Introspection

ANSWER: c

1. Cornelius is interested in studying cooperation in children between the ages of two and six. He suspects that cooperation is greatest in groups of girls as opposed to groups of boys or coed groups. After carrying out his observation,hedecidestoexaminetheresultstodetermineanyrelationshipsbetweengenderandcooperation. Corneliusisplanningtocarryouta(n)
2. double-blinddesign.
3. randomassignment.
4. experiment.
5. correlationalstudy.

ANSWER: d

1. Dr. Lampert wants to know how college students tend to flirt with each other, so he sits in the college cafeteria andpretendstobedoinga crossword puzzle. In fact, he’s listening to the conversations of nearby students and is taking notes when he observes flirtations taking place. Dr. Lampert has chosen a research method.
2. casestudy
3. naturalisticobservation
4. controlledexperiment
5. Survey

ANSWER: b

1. A disadvantage most associated with the research method is that people who know they are being studied may alter their normal behavior.
2. casestudy
3. survey
4. double-blind
5. naturalisticobservation

ANSWER: d

1. A major limitation of naturalistic observation in the study of human behavior is that
2. accurate observations usually cannot bemade.
3. thereisnosurewaytoknowwhatiscausingthebehaviorbeingstudied.
4. studyingpeopleintheirnaturalenvironmenttellsnothingabouttheinfluenceofcontextonbehavior.
5. italwaysrequirestwoobserversandisthereforeveryexpensive.

ANSWER: b

1. What research topic would lend itself best tonaturalistic observation?
   1. Comparing smokers and nonsmokers on judgments ofself-esteem
   2. Describingplayamongchildrenina kindergarten class
   3. DescribinggenderattitudesforallChicagoans
   4. Understandingthelifeofsomeonewitha rare brain disorder

ANSWER: b

1. Dr. Kaminski is interested in studying how damage to the both the occipital and frontal lobes can lead to simultaneous loss of ability to see and speak. He has spent the last six months gathering extensive data on one patientwiththisuniqueinjurytotwodifferentpartsofthecerebralcortex.Dr.Kaminskiisconductingwhatkind ofresearch?
2. Casestudy
3. Naturalisticobservation
4. Survey
5. Experimental

ANSWER: a

1. Yasoucallspeopleandasksthema specified list of questions concerning their opinions of how irritating telemarketers can be. What kind of research is Yasou conducting?
2. Naturalisticobservation
3. Casestudy
4. Survey
5. Experiment

ANSWER: c

1. O'Malleysitsinthecornerofa classroom observing children at play. Which of the following statements is false?
2. O'Malleyhastomakesurethathispresencedoesn'taffectthebehaviorofthechildren.
3. O'Malleymightbeobtaininga more realistic view of how children play by observing them in their natural environment.
4. IfO'Malleyexpectstoseea certain behavior he may unintentionally bias the study.
5. O'Malleyhasrandomassignmentworkinginhisfavor.

ANSWER: d

1. Thanh was in a car accident a year ago in which she suffered some brain damage. Because of the rare nature of her impairment, Dr. Morello kept very detailed notes concerning the treatments administered, the effects of those treatments, and other particular aspects of Thanh's condition. He hopes to publish his findings so that if another psychologist encounters a patient with a condition like Thanh's, that psychologist will have some information to aid him or her in treating that individual. Which research method is Dr. Morello using?
2. Controlledexperiment
3. Casestudy
4. Naturalisticobservation
5. Survey

ANSWER: b

1. Jocelynisinterestedina rare form of phobia. She is particularly interested in the factors associated with the development of this phobia. The research method that would be most useful for her is
2. a case study.
3. fieldresearch.
4. anexperiment.
5. naturalisticobservation.

ANSWER: a

1. Ninawantstoknowwhetherthereisa market for a brand new product, the Arctic Blast, which freezes all types of food within seconds. To find out what percentage of people and what types of people might be interested in such a product, Nina needs to use as her method of research.
2. a survey
3. naturalisticobservation
4. a case study
5. anexperiment

ANSWER: a

1. Lupeisinterestedinknowinghowpeoplefeelaboutworkingfora male boss versus a female boss. She asks men and women in several business firms for information about their relationships with their supervisors, noting the sex of both the participant and their boss at work. What research method is Lupe using?
2. Survey
3. Casestudy
4. Experimental
5. Naturalisticobservation

ANSWER: a

1. A doctor has completed a three-year research project on patients with dissociative fugue. She has decided the next step is to run correlational studies on her data. The doctor is doing this to
2. determineifhersamplingisrepresentative.
3. findtrendsandrelationshipsamongvariables.
4. find a cause-and-effect relationship.
5. eliminatethepossibilityofexperimenterbias.

ANSWER: b

1. A psychologist is looking for a link between aggressive behavior and television violence. She measures the frequency of fighting and television-viewing habits of many twelve-year-old children. The psychologist concludes that children who watch more violent programming also get into fights more often. This is an example of
2. a case study.
3. a survey.
4. correlationalresearch.
5. experimental research.

ANSWER: c

1. Randy, a community psychologist, is working with a community AIDS organization on a project to help reduce HIV transmission. He decides to gather as much information from as many people as possible about their sexual behavior patterns. Which of the following research methods would be the best choice for him to use?
2. Naturalisticobservation
3. Casestudy
4. Survey
5. Experiment

ANSWER: c

1. A researcher was interested in determining whether test performance of students could be improved by providing them with individual tutoring. The researcher randomly divided fifty first-year college students into two groups. In Group A the instructor lectured to them for three hours per week. Group B received an equal amount of lecturing, but their instructor also met with each student for thirty minutes every week. Each group took the same final exam. The test performance of students in Group B was about the same as that of students in Group A. This study is an example of a(n)
2. correlationalstudy.
3. casestudy.
4. experiment.
5. survey.

ANSWER: c

1. A psychologist interested in determining the effects of a new exercise program on the stress levels of college students who are registered for at least 12 course credits per semester would most likely choose which research method?
2. Naturalistic observationmethod
3. Telephone surveymethod
4. Case studymethod
5. Experimentmethod

ANSWER: d

1. Giorgiwantstomanipulatecertainaspectsofhisstudytounderstandtheeffectofthosechanges.Such manipulationisa foundational part of
2. naturalisticobservation.
3. surveys.
4. casestudies.
5. experiments.

ANSWER: d

1. Dr.V wanted to test her hypothesis that sugar improves memory, so she gave one group of participants candy sweetened with sugar and another group candy sweetened with NutraSweet. Then she compared the performance of the two groups on a test of recognition memory. Dr. V's research method is
2. dependent.
3. experimental.
4. descriptive.
5. naturalistic.

ANSWER: b

1. Researcherswhowanttofindthebestexplanationforthecauseofa phenomenon when they have several rival hypotheses should
2. describethecorrelationamongthevariablesinvolved.
3. conduct controlled research using experimentalmethods.
4. conductresearchintherealworldinsteadofina laboratory.
5. continueobservingthephenomenonofinterestuntilthebestexplanationbecomesclear.

ANSWER: b

1. Dr. Adcock is a community psychologist studying whether a special program instituted for an at-risk group of junior high school students decreases behavior problems. At-risk students are randomly assigned to either Group A, the special program, or Group B, a study hall meeting at the same time. In this experiment, Group A is the

while Group B is the .

1. independent variable; dependentvariable
2. experimental group; controlgroup
3. control group; experimentalgroup
4. dependent variable; independentvariable

ANSWER: b

1. Hansisconductinganexperimenttostudytheeffectsofdifferenttypesofmusicweight-liftingperformance.He hasGroupA do their weightlifting exercises to hard rock music, and has Group B lift weights while listening to country Western songs. Group C is asked to lift weights in a room without music He measures the amount of weight they can lift after the workout. Group C is the group.
2. experimental
3. control
4. dependent
5. independent

ANSWER: b

1. Anexperimenterwantstodetermineiftakinga specific amount of the drug Prozac relieves depression. Which of the following will be most in need of an operational definition in this study?
2. The dependentvariable
3. The independentvariable
4. The inferentialstatistic
5. An experimentalconfound

ANSWER: a

1. Quisley's hypothesis is that listening to classical music improves intellectual performance. He randomly divided a mathematics class into two rooms. In room A, music by Mozart played softly in the background during a lecture.

In room B, the students listened to a lecture without background music. The independent variable is

1. whethermusicplayedduringa lecture.
2. mathematicalperformance.
3. thelevelofmathematicstaught.
4. presentonlyinthecontrolgroup.

ANSWER: a

1. Toinvestigatetheeffectsofexerciseonmathematicalproblem-solvingability,a researcher assigned participants to one of two groups. One group cycled on an exercise bike for one hour, and the other group performed no exercises. Afterward, both groups did a set of math problems and their performances were compared. In this experiment, the group that did not exercise is the
2. controlgroup.
3. dependentvariable.
4. independentvariable.
5. interveninggroup.

ANSWER: c

1. Jonbelievesthatexerciseisa cause of higher levels of life satisfaction. If Jon plans to study this hypothesis experimentally, his dependent variable would be the
2. amountofexercisehisparticipantsengagein.
3. leveloflifesatisfactionbeforetheexercise.
4. leveloflifesatisfactionaftertheexercise.
5. physical health of hisparticipants.

ANSWER: c

1. Dr.Noydconductedanexperimenttodeterminewhethertalkingtoa psychiatrist made depressed people less depressed. He randomly divided participants who scored highly on a depressive inventory into two groups. Group A talked over their problems with a psychiatrist while Group B did nothing. He found that Group A showed significantly more improvement in their depression than did Group B. In Dr. Noyd's experiment, the experimental group refers to
2. thedifferencesobservedwhetherornottherapywasreceived.
3. the people whotalked over their problems.
4. the scores on the depressiveinventory.
5. the randomassignment.

ANSWER: b

1. James read a magazine ad about a drug that doctors say may help college students perform better on multiple- choice type tests. Being the inquisitive person that he is, James decided to do an experiment to see if the magazine's claims were true. He administered the drug to one of his classes, and gave the other class a placebo. James then tested the students in both groups on material they had recently discussed in class. In this example, what is the experimental group?
2. The students who received thedrug
3. The students who received theplacebo
4. Testperformance
5. The age of thestudents

ANSWER: a

1. Sima believes that wearing black clothing causes people to behave more aggressively. In her experiment, she randomly assigns people into two groups. In Group A, participants are given black shirts to wear, while participantsinGroupB are given white shirts to wear. Each participant is then asked to play a violent video game for fifteen minutes and his or her score is computed. In this experiment, each participant's video game score is the

variable.

1. dependent
2. random
3. independent
4. confounding

ANSWER: a

1. Dr. Kurtz believes that students who use calculators learn the basics of math better. He designs an experiment in which Group A is taught a math concept and allowed to use calculators. Group B is taught the same math concept but is not allowed to use calculators. Then he gives both groups a standardized math test to assess their knowledge of the concept and compares their scores. In Dr. Kurtz's experiment, the standardized math test score is the
2. dependentvariable.
3. independentvariable.
4. confound.
5. placebo.

ANSWER: a

1. Dr. Kilgore is studying the effects of Prozac on depression. Dr. Kilgore ran a double-blind study on a group of sixty college students. Thirty students received Prozac and thirty students received a placebo. At the beginning and end of the study, Dr. Kilgore administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to determine the efficacy of the drugs. In this experiment, the group that received Prozac is considered the group.
2. independent
3. dependent
4. experimental
5. control

ANSWER: c

1. Dr. Jiminez investigated the influence of snacking on the onset of sleep in preschool children. One group of preschoolersatea candy bar prior to bedtime, and the other group ate nothing. Time until the onset of sleep was recorded for each child. In this experiment, eating or not eating the snack is the variable, and the time until the onset of sleep is the variable.
2. independent; dependent
3. dependent; independent
4. experimental; control
5. control;experimental

ANSWER: a

1. Dr.Hoodisconductinga research study in which she is examining two different methods for helping to combat social phobia in adolescents. The intervention methods being studied represent the variable.
2. independent
3. control
4. dependent
5. confounding

ANSWER: a

1. Taiisinterestedinhowalcoholconsumptionaffectsdrivingability.Hegivescollegestudentstwo,four,orsix beers and then measures how many obstacles the students "hit" when they are in a driving simulator. The dependent variable is
2. alcoholconsumption.
3. Tai’s drinkinghistory.
4. the number ofdrinks.
5. the number of obstacleshit.

ANSWER: d

1. Dr. Fontenot is studying the effects of fatigue on aggression. He hypothesizes that the more fatigue a person is experiencing, the more aggressively the person will behave. The level of aggression in Dr. Fontenot's study is the

variable.

1. independent
2. dependent
3. confounding
4. intervening

ANSWER: b

1. A researcher shows a violent film to one group of participants and a nonviolent film to another before giving both groups a test measuring aggressiveness. Which of the following statements is true?
2. Theparticipantsshowntheviolentfilmarethecontrolgroup.
3. Thetypeoffilmshownistheindependentvariable.
4. Thenonviolentfilmislikelytoproducea placebo effect.
5. Theviolentfilmisa confound.

ANSWER: b

1. In order to minimize the impact of factors other than the independent variable that can cause a change in the depend variable, participants in an experiment should be assigned to either the experimental or control group
2. onthebasisofcarefulthought.
3. randomly.
4. onthebasisofindividualtests.
5. according to agevariables.

ANSWER: b

1. InDr.Turgrove'sexperiment,heincludesa control group that receives a placebo. This type of research design is meant to control which confound?
2. Participants'expectations
3. Experimenterbias
4. Samplingbias
5. Independentvariable

ANSWER: a

1. A participant in an experiment is told that a particular pill should improve her performance on a cognitive task. The participant is then given the pill, and she performs better than usual on the task. In actuality, the pill did not contain any ingredients that would affect her performance on the task. The participant's improved performance was most likely due to
2. the double-blinddesign.
3. randomvariables.
4. the placeboeffect.
5. confirmationbias.

ANSWER: c

1. Brianaisstudyingtheimpactofroomtemperatureonthespeedatwhichstudentstakea 50-question multiple choice exam. In this study, her participants’ previous preferences for different temperature rooms is
2. the independentvariable.
3. the dependentvariable.
4. a confound.
5. the experimentalgroup.

ANSWER: c

1. A professor wanted to examine the effects of diet on learning. He put some laboratory rats on a starvation diet (Group A) but eliminated only desserts from the diet of a second group (Group B). During the experiment, the professor discovered that he needed more Group B rats, so he caught some in a local alley. The results of the experiment showed that Group B rats were faster at learning a maze, so the professor concluded that diet is related to learning speed. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
2. The professor's conclusion iscorrect.
3. Theprofessor'sconclusionisincorrectbecausetheratsinGroupA were on a different diet than the rats in Group B.
4. Theprofessor'sconclusionisincorrectbecausethetypeofratwasa confound.
5. The professor has used a double-blind procedure.

ANSWER: c

1. Inanexperimenttostudytheeffectsofalcoholconsumptiononsexualstamina,individualparticipants’drinking histories are an exampleof
2. experimenterbias.
3. the independentvariable.
4. the dependentvariable.
5. a confound.

ANSWER: d

1. Dr. Dalbey is studying the effects of fatigue on aggression. He hypothesizes that the more fatigue a person is experiencing, the more aggressively the person will behave. Unbeknownst to Dr. Dalbey, the participants' level of hunger also had an impact on their aggression. Hunger could thus be a(n) variable.
2. independent
3. dependent
4. confounding
5. intervening

ANSWER: c

1. Dr. Ayala conducts an experiment where she gives half her participants a yellow pill containing a drug that keeps them awake during psychology lectures. She gives the other half of her participants an identical-looking yellow pill that does not contain the drug. This experimental design controls for
2. experimenterbias.
3. randomvariables.
4. a placebo effect.
5. confirmationbias.

ANSWER: c

1. Whichofthefollowingisthemosteffectivewaytoeliminateexperimenterbias?
2. Useplacebos.
3. Hire ethical researchassistants.
4. Use randomvariables.
5. Use a double-blind design.

ANSWER: d

1. Laura conducted a study to determine whether her new "puppet" therapy works better than the traditional "talking" therapy. After randomly assigning her own patients to either the "puppet" or "talking" group, Laura herself administered the therapy. This study is most obviously flawed due to the potential for
2. randomvariables.
3. experimenterbias.
4. the placeboeffect.
5. participantexpectations.

ANSWER: b

1. Onewaytopreventexperimenterbiasistobesurethattheexperimenterandtheparticipantsknownothingof whoisreceivingtheexperimentaltreatmentandwhoisnot.Thisisknownas
2. experimenterdesign.
3. the placeboeffect.
4. a random assignment of variables.
5. a double-blind design.

ANSWER: d

1. TheschoolpsychologistatHappyElementarySchoolconducteda study where the students of one fourth-grade class were given five recesses during the day while students in the other class were allowed the standard two recesses. The psychologist explained to the teachers that more breaks should lead to better behavior in the classrooms and then had the teachers observe the children's progress. In this experiment, there is the risk of
2. randomsampling.
3. experimenterbias.
4. participantbias.
5. the placeboeffect.

ANSWER: b

1. Dr. Gillis has decidedtouse inhisresearchtoguardagainstbothexperimenterbiasandparticipant expectations.
2. confounds
3. randomselection
4. the placeboeffect
5. the double-blinddesign

ANSWER: d

1. Ifyouwereinterestedindeterminingtheeffectivenessofa new medication in treating depression, it would be most important that you use
2. naturalistic observationalmethods.
3. correlationalresearch.
4. a double-blind design.
5. a stratified sample.

ANSWER: c

1. Dr.AbdulwantshisresearchfindingstoberepresentativeofthestudentsatStateU.Hemakessurethatevery studenthasanequalchanceofbeinga participant, thereby ensuring that he has done sampling.
2. biased
3. operational
4. random
5. representative

ANSWER: c

1. While conducting an experiment on alcohol tolerance, Dr. Guff solicits his participants at the door to Skam's (a localdrinkingandsocialestablishment).Whenhepublisheshisfindings(thatpeopleareextremelytoleranttothe effectsofalcohol),Dr.Guff'sresearchiscriticizedbecause
2. there are too many dependentvariables.
3. he used a double-blind design.
4. the sample isbiased.
5. heuseda double-blind design and the samples are biased.

ANSWER: c

1. Dabneyisexaminingtherelationshipbetweenfamilyhistoryofdruguseandadolescentaddiction.Heselectsa sample composed of teens from one local high school. Dabney's sample may not be generalizable because it is not
2. double-blind.
3. biased.
4. representative.
5. dependent.

ANSWER: c

1. Wheneachmemberofa population has an equal chance of being chosen for a study, the individuals selected constitute a(n) sample.
2. random
3. stratified
4. independent
5. significant

ANSWER: a

1. A researcher at the university has students in the introductory psychology participant pool fill out a survey about life satisfaction. This use of the introductory psychology participant pool represents sampling of the human population.
2. random
3. biased
4. representative
5. placebo

ANSWER: b

1. Suzie is a graduate student who is conducting research on the topic of relative happiness. Suzie also teaches an introductory psychology course. Because her students are readily available, she uses them as participants in her research. This is an example of
2. dependenterror.
3. a double-blind design.
4. randomizing.
5. a convenience sample.

ANSWER: d

1. Dr.Narayanisinterestedinhowmuchofpersonalityisinherited,soshetestswhetherthepersonalitiesofsiblings aremoresimilartoeachotherthantheyaretodistantcousins.Thisresearchwouldbestbedescribedas
2. behavioralgenetics.
3. twinanalysis.
4. geneticengineering.
5. psychoanalytic.

ANSWER: a

1. Veronicaispreparinga lecture for class tomorrow on the topic of behavioral genetics. The content of her lecture will be about
2. the biology ofinheritance.
3. theevolutionaryapproachtohumandevelopment.
4. thestudyofhowgenesaffectbehavior.
5. neuropsychology.

ANSWER: c

1. Melaniehasbeendiagnosedwithbipolardisorder.Ifthedisorderisgenetic,whoisatthegreatestriskof developing thedisorder?
2. Melody, her identicaltwin
3. Marty, her olderbrother
4. Marvin, herfather
5. Marissa, hermother

ANSWER: a

1. Dr.Essenwantstoconducta study on eating habits. He suspects that there are both environmental and genetic influences that affect a person's eating behavior. To study this behavioral genetics topic, Dr. Essen will likely conduct a study.
2. marriage
3. double-blind
4. family
5. randomizing

ANSWER: c

1. Dr.Harshawisplanningtoresearchtherelationshipbetweenbehavioralgeneticsandtheeffectofimpulsivityon consumerbehavior.Tocompletehisresearch,Dr.Harshawwouldlikelyconducta
2. representativesampling.
3. twinstudy.
4. random variablestudy.
5. personalitytest.

ANSWER: b

1. If Dr. Tarantino wants to know the degree to which heredity and environment affect differences among individuals,hewouldlikelyconsideranyofthefollowingresearchapproachesexceptfora(n) study.
2. gender
3. adoption
4. family
5. twin

ANSWER: a

1. A researcher wants to know if personality traits are more similar based on genetic contributions or based on environmental factors. She examines pairs of identical twins who are raised together in the same home and also studies identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different homes by different parents. According to the textbook, this researcher is conducting a(n) study.
2. Sibling
3. Adoption
4. twin
5. family

ANSWER: b

1. Dr. Ayhee’s research is focused on exploring how environmental effects, such as stress and disease, can alter the functionsofgenesinthehumanbody,eventhoughtheDNAitselfremainsunchanged.Thisfieldofstudyisknown as
2. forensicpsychology.
3. epigenetics.
4. inferentialstudies.
5. environmentalpsychology.

ANSWER: b

1. Dr.Zoebeganworkingfora research foundation that focuses on the study of epigenetics. Dr. Zoe’s work will most likely focus on
2. theenvironmentaltriggersthatcanchangethesequenceofchemicalsintheDNA.
3. howtwin,adoption,andfamilystudiesrevealtherelativeinfluenceofheredityondevelopment.
4. identifyingexperimentalconfoundsthatconfusebehavioralgeneticsresearch.
5. diseasesandstressfactorsthatcanaltertheexpressionofgenes.

ANSWER: d

1. Forhissociologyresearchpaper,Sawyerwouldliketoreportdescriptivestatisticsfromhissurveyfindings.In otherwords,thestatisticsSawyerplanstoreportwill
2. describe a data set numerically.
3. be statisticallysignificant.
4. allowhimtomakeinferencesabouta data set.
5. reveal a cause-effect relationship.

ANSWER: a

1. Duringa thesis meeting, Dr. Voldemort suggests that Anwen consider using inferential statistics in her upcoming research project. After the meeting, Anwen meets her friend Jack and confesses she doesn’t know what Dr.

Voldemort was talking about. Jack explains that inferential statistics

1. aremeasuresofcentraltendencyandvariability.
2. aremathematicalproceduresusedtodrawconclusionsfromdata.
3. usually involve correlationcoefficients.
4. cannotbestatisticallysignificantbydefinition.

ANSWER: b

1. A researcher wants to know what conclusions she can reasonably draw from the data that she collected in her experiment. The researcher should use statistics to understand what her data mean.
2. inferential
3. quantitative
4. Variable
5. Descriptive

ANSWER: a

1. AsyougosouthfromMainetoFlorida,yourlatitudedecreases,buttheaveragedailytemperaturegoesup.This illustratesa
2. positivecorrelation.
3. negativecorrelation.
4. small standarddeviation.
5. large standarddeviation.

ANSWER: b

1. Asthenumberofhoursa student studies for an exam increases, the likelihood of his doing poorly on the exam decreases. Therefore, how many hours students study for an exam the likelihood of their doing poorly on the exam.
2. is uncorrelatedwith
3. Increases
4. is negatively correlatedwith
5. is positively correlatedwith

ANSWER: c

1. Mike'sresearchhasshowna positive correlation between the number of books in families' homes and the grade- point averages of the children in those families. Mike's results indicate
2. thatthepresenceofmanybooksina home causes children to be more studious.
3. nothing,becausethestudydidnottakelibraryborrowingintoaccount.
4. parentswhobuymanybooksencouragetheirchildrentostudy.
5. thechildrenoffamilieswitha large number of books at home tend to do well in school.

ANSWER: d

1. A researcher collects data on the amount of time children spend watching violent cartoons. He compares the behavior of a group of children who watch a lot of violent cartoons (Group 1) with a group of children who do not (Group 2). He finds that children in Group 1 are more aggressive on the playground than the children in Group 2. What can the researcher conclude?
2. Thereisa relationship between watching violent cartoons and aggressive behavior.
3. Watching violentcartoons causes aggressive behavior.
4. Aggressivebehaviorleadschildrentowatchviolentcartoonsbecausetheyarereinforcing.
5. Parentswhorewardaggressivebehavioralsoallowtheirchildrentowatchviolentcartoons.

ANSWER: a

1. Dr.Guavitaaskedfiftysmokersa series of questions about their childhoods and then collected blood samples from them. He found a high correlation between levels of the stress hormone cortisol and amount of reported childhood trauma. Dr. Guavita's research shows that childhood trauma
2. causeshighstresslevelsinadults.
3. causeshighcortisollevelsinadults.
4. mayberelatedtostresslevelsinadults.
5. isunrelatedtostresslevelsinadults.

ANSWER: c

1. Whatdoesitmeantosaythattheresultsofa study are not statistically significant? The results
2. couldreasonablybeexpectedtohaveoccurredbychance.
3. areextremelyunlikelytohaveoccurredbychance.
4. are not scientificallyvaluable.
5. areextremelyunlikelytohaveoccurredbychanceandarenotscientificallyvaluable.

ANSWER: a

1. Ellenwantstoseeiftheleveloflightingina room will affect the performance of individuals on an IQ test. She lets one group in her study have very bright lights and a second group have more normal lighting. She finds that the individuals in the bright light group have better scores on the test than do the individuals in the normal light group.

The difference between the two groups' scores is statistically significant, which means

1. lightingdefinitelymakesa difference.
2. thedifferencebetweenthegroupsisduetochance.
3. lighting significantly affectsperformance.
4. thedifferencebetweenthegroupsisprobablynotduetochance.

ANSWER: d

1. Ifyouarereadingaboutanexperiment,whatfeatureisnecessarytogiveyouconfidencethatthereisa cause- effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
2. Randomassignment
3. Casestudies
4. Randomsampling
5. Statisticalsignificance

ANSWER: d

1. AlexisisveryexcitedbecausethedatathatshehasgatheredtosupportherMaster’sthesishavejustbeen determinedtobestatisticallysignificant.Tohaveresultsthatarestatisticallysignificantmeans
2. descriptive statistics wereused.
3. participantswererandomizedinhisstudy.
4. there was no randomselection.
5. thereisa small chance that the results were caused by random variables.

ANSWER: d

1. A researcher might test the influence of environment on cognitive development by taking newborn children away from their parents and assigning half of them to a rich cognitive environment and half to a deprived cognitive environment. What is wrong with this experiment?
2. Thereisnothingwrongwiththisexperiment.
3. There is no controlgroup.
4. Theexperimental method violates ethical standards.
5. ThereisnowaytocontrolfortheHawthorneeffect.

ANSWER: c

1. An experimenter is studying the facial expression of the emotion terror. He plans to point a loaded gun at participants as they enter the room and photograph them at the same instant. Such an experiment would be ethically
2. acceptableiftheexperimenterexplainedtheexperimentafterward.
3. acceptableiftheexperimenterexplainedtheexperimentafterwardandiftheparticipantswerepaid.
4. acceptable if the participants werepaid.
5. unacceptable because the risks and discomfort to the participants outweigh the potential benefits of the knowledgegained.

ANSWER: d

1. Participantsmaybeexposedtoriskordiscomfortduringresearch
2. onlywhenriskanddiscomfortaretemporary.
3. onlywhenminimalriskanddiscomfortareoutweighedbythebenefittotheknowledgebaseandtohuman welfare.
4. when nonhuman participants areused.
5. whentheyarepaidfortheirparticipation.

ANSWER: b

1. A psychologist proposed an experiment in which he would tell participants that their performance on an intelligence test was extremely low (regardless of actual performance) and then measure their self-esteem. What might an Institutional Review Board ethics committee say about such a proposal?
   1. Deceptionisallowableonlyifitisrevealedafterwardandiftheemotionaldistressthatitcausesisshort- lived.
   2. Deceptionisallowableonlyifparticipantsgiveinformedconsentpriortotheexperiment.
   3. Deception is neverallowable.
   4. Deceptionsuchasthiswouldcauseemotionaldiscomfort,soitshouldnotbedone.

ANSWER: a

1. Animalsinpsychologicalresearchtypicallyexperience
2. extremepain.
3. starvation.
4. inhumaneconditions.
5. ethicaltreatment.

ANSWER: d

1. Congratulations! You have been hired to teach psychology at the university. During the first week of classes, a student stops by your office and tells you, “I'm thinking of becoming a psychology major, but I don't think I want to be a therapist. What else can I do with a psychology degree?” Briefly summarize four of the many options available.

ANSWER: There are many options besides going into the clinical subfield and becoming a therapist. Those options include:

Development psychologists examine the changes that occur as we age. As a developmental psychologist, you would study the entire lifespan, from infants to the elderly.

Social psychologists research how people affect one another. A social psychologist may examine an advertising strategy, the development of prejudices, or the impact of peer pressure. Industrial and organizational psychologists can work as consultants, helping businesses understand the needs, motivations, and stressors affecting their employees. Productivity and worker satisfaction would be major areas of interest.

Educational psychologists research effective teaching and student learning. An educational psychologist would study the impact of lectures versus discussions as well as effectiveness group activities versus individual projects.

1. Imagine you are watching the news with four psychologists, each of whom takes a different approach to psychology (biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, cognitive). After the lead story ends, you ask, “What would make someone do something horrible and violent like that?” How would each psychologist respond to your question?

ANSWER: The biological psychologist: “The violent behavior is most likely the result of a hormonal imbalance.

It's also possible that the person inherited genes that may give the person violent tendencies.”

The behavioral psychologist: “The person learned to be violent. The person most likely grew up in an environment where violence was common or an environment where violence typically resulted in people getting what they wanted.”

The psychodynamic psychologist: “We all have violent urges buried deep in our minds. This individual's internal conflicts were so great that the urges could not be kept unconscious.”

The cognitive psychologist: “The individual most likely perceived a threat, determined the cause of the threat, and then decided that the violent response was the appropriate solution to resolve the threatening situation.”

smile and tell you, “that is a great thing to be, but what is there to study? Everyone knows that psychology began and ended with the work of Freud!” If you wanted to teach your parents about some of the other early schools of thought in psychology, what information would you share?

ANSWER: There are many possible answers a student may give, but some relevant points might include the following:

Structuralism: the early work of Wilhelm Wundt, that was later named structuralism by his student Edward Titchener, emphasized understanding the basic elements of consciousness Functionalism: this was the work of William James, focused on understanding the purposes (or functions) of consciousness and knowing how it assists us in our lives.

Gestalt psychology: the work of such individuals as Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka focused on studying “wholes” rather than breaking things into pieces in order to understand them. In this manner, they felt that other approaches were losing what they were attempting to know by breaking them apart to analyze them.

Behaviorism: the early behaviorists, led by Watson, disregarded other approaches that focused on unseen mental processes and argued that a science should only focus on that which is observable and measurable.

1. Picktwocountrieswithdifferentcultures,oneanindividualistandtheothera collectivist. Compare and contrast these cultures on at least three variables.

Variable Individualist Collectivist Personal identity Separate from others Connected to others Major goals Self-defined: be unique; realize your potential; compete with others Defined by others: belong; occupy your proper place; meet your obligations to others; be like others Criteria for self- esteem Ability to express unique aspects of the self; be self-assured Ability to restrain the self and be part of a social unit; be self-effacing Sources of success and failure Success comes from personal effort; failure from external factors Success due to help from others; failure due to personal faults Major frame of reference Personal attitudes, traits, and goals Family, work group

ANSWER:

1. A friend of yours claims that psychology isn't a science. Explain why your friend is wrong by relating the scientific goals of psychological research to the research methods psychologists use.

ANSWER: Psychology is a science in the sense that researchers in psychology strive to achieve four goals just like scientists in other fields, namely: (1) to describe phenomena, (2) to make predictions about phenomena, (3) to provide control over important variables associated with the phenomena, and thereby (4) to explain how and why the phenomena occur. To achieve these goals, psychologists, like scientists in other fields, employ a variety of research methods. To describe and predict aspects of the phenomena under investigation, psychologists employ (1) naturalistic observation, (2) case studies, and (3) surveys. To control and explain the phenomena, psychologists use (4) experiments, including quasi-experiments, to demonstrate cause-effect relationships among specific variables.

Note: An acceptable answer may also include reference to the use of hypotheses, theories, operational definitions, and data, but should include the goals and methods identified above.

1. It has been said that laughter is the best medicine, but can research be done to substantiate or discredit this assertion?Imaginethatyouhavebeenhiredtofindoutiflaughterisaneffectivetreatmentforthecommoncold. As you describe your experimental design, address the following questions: What are your independent and dependent variables? How will you operationally define your variables? Who will participate in your research, andhowwillyouselectthem?

ANSWER: In my research, laughter is the independent variable, and the dependent variable would be cold symptoms. The laughter would be operationally defined as auditory chuckles, and I would measure the duration of the chuckles as well as the frequency. Cold symptoms would be operationally defined as coughing and sneezing. I would measure the frequency of both. I would randomly select three doctors from the Midwest. During winter, I would randomly pick twenty-four patients from each doctor. A third would be assigned to the experimental group, a third to the placebo group, and a third to the control group. The experimental group would be shown humorous cartoons and sitcoms. The placebo group would be shown a film of two monkeys playing catch with a plastic carp. The control group would not be shown anything. The study would last two weeks, and participants would be monitored for the cold symptoms. If laughter were an effective medicine, we would expect to see a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of sneezing and coughing in the participants in the experimental group when compared to the participants in both the placebo and control groups.

1. Selecta television or radio commercial that makes a claim (e.g., "Bluebird fabric softener makes your clothes feel softer"). Put that claim to the test by using the five-question process of critical thinking.

ANSWER: What am I being asked to believe or accept?

- Bluebird fabric softener makes clothes feel softer. What evidence is available to support theassertion?

- TestresultsrunbyBluebird."Unsolicitedclaims"byusersthatBluebirdmakestheirclothingfeel softer.

Are there alternative ways of interpreting the evidence?

- Bluebirdmaybeattemptingtoconvincepotentialconsumersthattheirproductissuperior.Bluebird may be looking toincrease profits.

What additional evidence would help evaluate the alternatives?

- Independent testing by unbiased researchers; comparisons of Bluebird to similar products. What conclusions are mostreasonable?

- Commercials often make exaggerated claims toinfluence consumers. Further research would be needed to support (or refute)Bluebird's claims.

1. Providesomeevidencethatsupportsthestatementthatpsychologyisa field that could not be successful without the current contributions of both women and minorities in the United States.

ANSWER: In addition to noting the historical contributions of many important figures in psychology, students seeking full credit would note that:

- amongactivepsychologistsworkinginthefield,two-thirdsofthemarewomen

- amongdoctoraldegreesbeingawardedinthefield,two-thirdsofthemareconferredtowomen

- amongdoctoraldegreesbeingawardedinthefield,oneoutofeveryfiveareconferredtopeopleof color.

Students might also note the importance of recognizing different cultural backgrounds in psychological research, opting to define and discuss the importance of collectivist and individualist cultures.