Test Bank Exploring Psychology 12th Edition by David G. Myers ##TestBank

1. The type of thinking that examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions is called

2. Surveys indicate that people are more likely to support “gun safety laws” than “gun control laws.” These survey results best illustrate the importance of

3. Questioning whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates

4. In their research on people’s perception of how prisoners accused of terrorism are questioned, Dr. Pedersen and Dr. MacDonald have found that people are more approving of “enhanced interrogation” than “torture.” This finding demonstrates which of the following?

5. Patricia recently read an online article about the meaning of horoscopes, which explained how the locations of the stars at one’s birth determines one’s personality and life course. Patricia is skeptical of this information. She concludes that the assumptions and conclusions of this article are faulty, the writer is biased and lacks credibility, and the evidence to support this claim does not justify a cause-effect conclusion. Patricia has engaged in

6. People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ________ cases.

7. Checking on the credibility of the sources of information you use in a class report is most indicative of

8. Sixteen-year-old Marc would like to learn to drive, but his parents won’t let him. When he asks why, they remind him about two family members who were involved in collisions with younger drivers. “Teenagers are always getting into accidents,” his father tells him. Marc’s parents’ reasoning best illustrates the danger of

9. Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions illustrates

10. When people generalize from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases, they are falling prey to

11. Critical thinking most clearly involves

12. A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger

13. A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates

14. All those in a group being studied make up the

15. Jennifer was worried that the wording of the questions in a diet and exercise survey may have encouraged respondents to express unusually positive levels of health. Jennifer’s concern best illustrates

16. To learn about the gaming habits of all the children attending Eastchester High School, Professor Matteo randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school’s students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)

17. Shane is discussing climate change with Brandon. Shane is convinced that climate change is not real because it has been an unusually cold summer. Brandon believes that climate change is real but is open to the possibility that he could be wrong. Who would be most likely to engage in critical thinking?

18. When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as

19. Which of the following is NOT associated with critical thinking?

20. Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations?

21. Janice is concerned about pollution and its effects on the planet. She has read several news articles, paying careful attention to the content in the articles and the sources of the information. She has also reviewed information that seems contrary to her view. She is involved in

22. Senator Scott always held his political rallies at large stadiums because of the big, enthusiastic crowds that attended. As a result, he became falsely confident of his chances of re-election. In this instance, the senator needs to be alerted to the value of

23. When you question the claim that hypnosis helps people to recall memories more accurately, you are most clearly demonstrating

24. To assess opinions about a planned student walkout at her school, Aaliyah sent a questionnaire to every tenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Aaliyah is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using

25. Who speculated that a meal makes us sleepy by causing gas and heat to collect around our heart?

26. Suppose you want to find out which candidate women will vote for in an upcoming national election. To be sure the sample you survey is representative of the nation’s population of women, you should survey

27. Aristotle suggested the source of our personality is the

28. In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that

29. Who developed the first psychological laboratory?

30. To accurately generalize study results, researchers need

31. Wilhelm Wundt developed the first ________ used in psychology, which measured how long it took people to press a telegraph key after hearing a ball hit a platform.

32. Dr. Dimitrov would like to study marijuana use among young adults. To generalize her findings to all young adults, she needs a representative sample. To obtain such a sample, Dr. Dimitrov should

33. Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

34. Which two research designs often show that one trait or behavior tends to correlate with another?

35. The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using

36. Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

37. Which school of thought in psychology focused on the structure of the human mind?

38. During the COVID-19 pandemic, higher rates of mask-wearing predicted fewer reported COVID-19 symptoms. We could also say that

39. Edward Titchener and others attempted to reveal the basic elements of the mind by asking people to look inward. They were using a method known as

40. To study how religious beliefs may predict political preferences, Professor Steele and his colleagues are most likely to use

41. Which early psychologist aimed to discover the mind's structure?

42. Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables?

43. Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.

44. To determine whether students’ intelligence scores are related to their later professional achievements, researchers would most likely employ

45. Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called

46. Professor Stevens wants to examine the relationship between false news and negative attitudes about refugees. Professor Stevens’ research would be an example of

47. Antonio and other research participants are asked to report elements of their experience as they look at differently shaped objects. This research involves a technique known as

48. Professor Terrance has conducted a study that examined the relationship between level of physical activity and academic performance among children. He is most likely to use ________ to determine if a relationship exists.

49. The unreliability of ________ led to the waning popularity of structuralism.

50. A direct relationship in which two factors increase together or decrease together represents

51. Edward Titchener is to William James as structuralism is to

52. The weakest degree of relationship between two variables is expressed in which of the following correlation coefficients?

53. Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to

54. A positive correlation indicates

55. William James was a prominent American

56. Dr. Abe is an expert in weight-loss management and techniques. He repeatedly finds that as consumers eat fewer calories, they also lose weight. This is an example of a

57. Which early psychologist aimed to study the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings?

58. Professor Schmidt is a developmental psychologist who examines external influences on the parent-child relationship. She has found that as parental work pressure decreases, the level of parental stress decreases, which then increases the level of parent-child interaction. The relationship between parental work pressure and parental stress is a

59. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

60. Professor Madigan’s research would most likely show a positive correlation between

61. Which early school of thought in psychology focused on how the mind functions?

62. An inverse relationship in which one factor increases as another factor decreases represents

63. Late in the nineteenth century, Kumar was interested in studying how mental and behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. Kumar’s school of thought was called

64. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that

65. Which theorist most clearly influenced William James' efforts to understand the adaptive functions of thinking and consciousness?

66. Stan is reading peer-reviewed research studies that have found that as the amount of corporal punishment increases, the physical health of the child decreases. This demonstrates a(n)

67. Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

68. If Professor Juan discovered that people with lower incomes are more satisfied with their lives than people with higher incomes are, this would indicate that wealth and life satisfaction are

69. The psychology textbook that William James authored was titled

70. If the correlation between adolescents’ sugar consumption and their athletic ability is –1.00, this would indicate that

71. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

72. Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between the variables?

73. Which psychologist was the first woman to officially earn a doctorate degree and was the author of the influential book, The Animal Mind?

74. Suppose that people who see a lot of violent movies are also more likely to be aggressive. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violent movies increases aggressive behavior, because

75. In the United States, Canada, and Europe, which of the following is true regarding gender and psychology today?

76. A large survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to view their teachers as kind and helpful, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to view their teachers as hostile and unsupportive. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had influenced their views of their teachers. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of

77. Between 1997 and 2020, more than ________ percent of the elected presidents of the Association for Psychological Science were women.

78. If psychologists discovered that older parents tend to have children with higher intelligence scores than do younger parents, this would demonstrate that

79. Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of

80. Dr. Mirza has found that adults who watch more television are more likely to be obese. Which conclusion can he reach?

81. Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of

82. Dr. Dundon has researched the effects of sexual media content for the past four years and has repeatedly found that teenagers who view more sexual media are also more likely to report engaging in unprotected sex, having sex with several partners, and consuming alcohol or drugs prior to having sex. What does this mean?

83. The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as

84. Based on a recent survey indicating that people who smoke regularly report having less energy, a news article includes the headline “Smoking Makes You Sleepy!” What is wrong with this conclusion?

85. Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the introspective study of self-esteem to be

86. To support her argument that corporal punishment during childhood leads to criminal behavior in adulthood, Shaistha cites a recent report stating that “Eighty percent of prisoners in the United States were spanked as children.” This is problematic because

87. Behaviorists dismissed the value of

88. What do the parallel research findings of “Eighty percent of prisoners in the United States were spanked as children” and “Seventy-five percent of college students in the United States were spanked as children” demonstrate?

89. John B. Watson was an American

90. Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?