Test Bank for Human Development A Cultural Approach 2nd Edition by Arnett
Chapter 1 A Cultural Approach to Human Development
Section 1 Human Development Today and Its Origins.................................................. 3
Test Item File................................................................................................................... 3
Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................... 3
Short Answer Questions............................................................................................ 30
Essay Questions......................................................................................................... 31
Section 2 Theories of Human Development.................................................................. 33
Test Item File................................................................................................................. 33
Multiple Choice Questions........................................................................................ 33
Short Answer Questions............................................................................................ 63
Essay Questions......................................................................................................... 64
Section 3 How We Study Human Development............................................................ 66
Test Item File................................................................................................................. 66
Multiple Choice Questions........................................................................................ 66
Short Answer Questions............................................................................................ 98
Essay Questions......................................................................................................... 99
Section 4 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions............................................. 101
Section 1 Human Development Today and Its Origins
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The way people grow and change across the lifespan is referred to as ____.
a. development
b. evolution
c. change
d. growth
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 3
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 7 d= 1 r = .19
2. What is the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology?
a. clan
b. society
Incorrect. A society refers to a group of people.
c. culture
Correct. A group’s customs refers to culture.
d. beliefs
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 3
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
3. ____ is the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology.
a. Culture
b. Ethnicity
c Race
d Nationality
Answer: A
Page: 3
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
4. Human beings everywhere have essentially the same biological constitution, yet their paths through the life span are remarkably different depending on ____.
a their genetic lineage
b. their culture
Correct. Culture is the varying factor.
c. the strength of their id
d. the expression of their phenotype
Incorrect. Phenotype is one’s complete genetic makeup; culture is a much stronger contributor to differences in individuals’ lives.
Answer: B
Page: 3
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 82 a= 12 b= 82 c= 0 d= 6 r = .62
5. According to the text, for most of history the total human population was under ______.
a. 1 million
b. 10 million
c. 100 million
d. 1 billion
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 4
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6. For most of human history how many children did women typically birth?
a. 1 to 2
b. 4 to 8
c. 10 to 12
d. 13 to 15
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 4
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
7. The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago. What has been hypothesized as the reason for the population increase at that time?
a. the discovery of medicine
b. the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals
Correct. Agriculture and the domestication of animals both contributed to the increase in population. But after this increase in the population, the growth rate was very slow for thousands of years.
c. an increase in the size of women’s pelvic openings that assisted in labor
Incorrect. Women’s pelvic openings did not change during this time and have remained the same.
d. construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 4
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 76 a= 20 b= 76 c= 4 d= 0 r = .51
8. When did the human population reach 500 million people?
a. 400 years ago
b. 1,000 years ago
c. 4,000 years ago
d. 10,000 years ago
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 4
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
9. How long did it take the human population to double from 500 million to 1 billion?
a. 150 years
b. 300 years
c. 450 years
d. 600 years
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 4–5
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
10. Which of the following most contributed to the large increase in world population that occurred around the 1800s to 1900s?
a. Families increased the average number of children per household from one to three children.
b. Less women were dying in childbirth because they waited longer to have children.
c. The domestication of animals provided a larger food supply.
Incorrect. Agriculture and the domestication of animals both contributed to the increase in population 10,000 years ago. But after this increase in the population, the growth rate was very slow for thousands of years.
d. More people lived due to the discovery of vaccinations and medical treatments for deadly diseases.
Correct. Major medical advances kept people alive and healthy.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
11. The human population doubled from 1 to 2 billion between 1800 and 1930. What led to this increase in population?
a. government-controlled farming
b. globalization and shared resources
Incorrect. Globalization did not happen until much later, even though there was some sharing of discoveries.
c. medical advances that eliminated many diseases
Correct. The elimination or sharp reduction of diseases like smallpox, typhus, and cholera helped the population growth rate skyrocket.
d. people had more children
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
12. The total fertility rate (TFR) is defined as the number of ____.
a. births per woman
b. conceptions per woman
c. fetuses that were spontaneously aborted
d. women on fertility drugs
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
13. What is the current total fertility rate (TFR) worldwide?
a. 1.4
b. 2.5
c. 4.2
d. 5.6
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
14. At what point does the total fertility rate (TFR) become the replacement rate?
a. 1.4
b. 2.1
c. 2.8
d. 3.2
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
15. If current trends continue, when will the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) reach the replacement rate?
a. 2020
b. 2050
c. 2080
d. 3010
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
16. What trend is occurring with the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) over the past 10 years?
a. The TFR is continuing to increase sharply.
b. The TFR is continuing to decrease sharply.
c. The TFR has continued to hold steady for the past ten years.
d. The TFR is continuing to increase gradually.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 5
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
17. ____ is the number of births per woman.
a. Total fertility rate
b. Expressive births
c. Implicit calculation of replacement
d. The sum of replacement
Answer: A
Page: 5
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
18. Nearly all of the population growth in the decades to come will take place in ____.
a. developed countries
b. developing countries
Correct. In contrast, the population growth rate in developed countries is expected to decline.
c. emerging countries
Incorrect. The textbook does not refer to emerging countries, rather developing countries.
d. South American countries
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 66 a= 32 b= 66 c= 1 d= 1 r = .21
19. Given what is known about the population changes in the past 10 years, which country is likely to see the highest total fertility rate (TFR)?
a. United States
b. Canada
Incorrect. Canada is a developed country and will likely see a decrease in population.
c. South Korea
d. India
Correct. India is considered an economically developing country and will likely see a population increase.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5–6
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
20. What will happen to the populations of developed countries during the next few decades and beyond? They will _____.
a. increase more than developing countries
Incorrect. The population of developed countries will decline in population.
b. remain stable in population
c. decrease
Correct. Population growth rates in developed countries have been declining and will continue to do so.
d. increase slowly
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 5
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
21. What term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?
a. affluent countries
Incorrect. Affluent countries are referred to as “developed” countries.
b. developed countries
Correct. These include the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, nearly all of Europe, Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand.
c. developing countries
d. population-rich countries
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 5
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
22. The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and nearly all the countries of Europe are examples of ____.
a. developed countries
Correct. As economic powerhouses, these countries are considered developed.
b. developing countries
c. collective cultures
d. individualistic cultures
Incorrect. Yes, some are individualistic cultures; however, Asian countries often have collective cultures.
Answer: A
Page: 5
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
23. What term is used in the text to refer to countries which have less wealth, but are experiencing rapid economic growth?
a. impoverished countries
Incorrect. Countries that have less wealth, but are experiencing rapid economic growth are referred to as “developing” countries.
b. developed countries
c. developing countries
Correct. These are countries, such as India and China, that have less wealth but are experiencing rapid economic growth.
d. population-rich countries
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 5
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
24. What percent of the current world’s population lives in the most affluent countries?
a. 18%
b. 34%
c. 51%
d. 68%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 6
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
25. ____ refers to the most affluent countries in the world.
a. Developed countries
b. Developing countries
c. Collective cultures
d. Individualistic cultures
Answer: A
Page: 5
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
26. Developed countries roughly make up ____ of the world’s population, whereas, developing countries make up ____.
a. 18%, 82%
b. 27%, 73%
c. 37%, 63%
d. 47%, 57%
Answer: A
Page: 6
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 7 d= 1 r = .19
27. Developed countries can be viewed as ____, whereas developing countries can be seen as ____.
a. wealthy; populated
Correct. The majority of the world’s wealth is located in developed nations; 82 percent of the world’s population is located in developing nations.
b. populated; wealthy
c. collective; individualistic
d. individualistic; collective
Incorrect. It is a misconception that all developed nations are individualistic.
Answer: A
Page: 5–6
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
28. What developed country is projected to have the steepest decline in population between now and 2050?
a. the United States
b. Germany
c. Japan
d. Canada
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 6
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
29. Which of the following is true regarding population changes by country?
Correct. Japan is experiencing a low fertility rate as well as very limited immigration. As a result, Japan will drop in population.
b. England is projected to grow in population due to a significant increase in total fertility rate (TFR).
c. Canada is projected to increase in population due to high rates of immigration.
d. The United States is projected to drop in population due to limits placed on immigration.
Incorrect. The United States is the only developed country that is projected to increase in population.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 6
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
30. Between now and 2050, what will the increase in population in the United States be nearly entirely due to?
a. immigration
Correct. As with most developed nations, the total female birthrate in the United States has been decreasing, but people are emigrating to the United States in steady numbers.
b. minority fertility
c. majority fertility
d. in-vitro fertilization
Incorrect. The population of the United States will increase by 2050, but this increase will be due to immigration.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 6
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
31. What country allows for more legal immigrations than most other countries and has tens of millions of illegal immigrants as well?
a. the United States
Correct. If trends continue, the United States will have nearly 100 million more immigrants by the year 2050.
b. Canada
Incorrect. The most immigration occurs in the United States.
c. Germany
d. Japan
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 6
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
32. Statistically speaking, a child born today will most likely be from ______.
a. a developing country
Correct. 82 percent of the world’s population is located in developing countries.
b. a developed country
Incorrect. Developed nations or economically wealthy countries make up 18 percent of the world’s population and are stable in population growth.
c. an economically wealthy country
d. a high social economic status culture
Answer: A
Page: 6
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
33. What portion of the United States’ population will increase from 16 to 30 percent by 2050?
a. African American
b. Anglo American
c. Asian American
d. Latino
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 6
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
34. José was born in a country where his parents make less than $2 a day and he is expected to attend grade school but not college. Jose was most likely born in a ____.
a. developed country
b. developing country
Correct. Poverty and lack of education are issues in many developing countries.
c. collective culture
Incorrect. José most likely lives in a developing country, which should not be confused with a collective culture, although many developing countries do share this trait.
d. individualistic culture
Answer: B
Page: 7–8
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.2
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 3 d= 0 r = .23
35. What percent of the world’s population lives on a family income of less than $6,000 per year?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 7
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
36. Although economic growth has been strong for the past decade, what region remains the poorest region in the world?
a. Africa
b. South America
c. Southeast Asia
d. Western Australia
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
37. What percent of the world’s population lives in the United States?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
38. What percent of individuals in developed countries attend college or other post-secondary training?
a. 30%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 90%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
39. What percent of children in developing countries complete primary schooling?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
40. ____ cultures emphasize independence and self-expression, whereas ____ cultures emphasize obedience and group harmony.
a. Individualistic; collective
b. Collective; individualistic
c. Developed; developing
d. Developing; developed
Answer: A
Page: 8
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 92 a= 92 b= 1 c= 7 d= 0 r = .24
41. What percent of children in developing countries are enrolled in secondary education?
a. 30%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 90%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
42. Who attends colleges, universities, and other forms of post-secondary education in developing countries?
a. the wealthy elite
b. most of the population
c. about half of the middle class
d. about one-fourth of the middle class
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
43. What term is used to refer to people in the rural areas of developing countries, who tend to adhere more closely to the historical aspects of their culture than do people in urban areas?
a. agrarian cultures
b. conventional cultures
Incorrect. The term is traditional cultures—ones that adhere to the historical aspects of their culture. These cultures closely resemble the culture of early humans through relatively modern times.
c. traditional cultures
Correct. These cultures closely resemble the culture of early humans through relatively modern times.
d. rural cultures
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
44. What general values do developed countries tend to regard highly?
a. collectivistic
Incorrect. Developed countries tend to highly regard individualistic values, in contrast to developing countries that tend to emphasize collectivistic values.
b. individualistic
Correct. Developed countries tend to highly regard individualistic values, in contrast to developing countries that tend to emphasize collectivistic values.
c. traditional
d. modern
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
45. What general values do developing countries tend to regard highly?
a. collectivistic
Correct. Developing countries tend to highly regard collectivistic values, in contrast to developed countries that tend to emphasize individualistic values.
b. individualistic
Incorrect. Developing countries tend to highly regard collectivistic values, in contrast to developed countries that tend to emphasize individualistic values.
c. traditional
d. modern
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 8
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
46. Individuals from collectivist cultures would be most likely to value:
a. making independent decisions.
Incorrect. This is a value that is associated with individualistic culture.
b. spending time alone.
c. getting along with their family members.
Correct. Social harmony is a value often attributed to collectivist culture.
d. receiving praise for hard work on an academic exam.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 8
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Applied
47. What did Arnett define as the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication?
a. globalization
Correct. The pace of globalization has accelerated over the past few decades.
b. social networks
Incorrect. Social networks are a part of globalization.
c. the Internet
d. small world syndrome
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 9
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
48. Globalization is ____.
a. the number of births per woman
b. the ways people grow and change across the life span
c. the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology
d. the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication
Answer: D
Page: 9
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.2
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
49. Within any given country, which of the following sets most of the norms and standards, and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power?
a. majority culture
b. minority culture
c. ethnic populace
d. subcultural groups
Answer: A
Page: 9
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
50. In the United States, which of the following would be considered the minority culture?
Incorrect. The majority culture sets the norms and standards of a country.
b. the wealthiest 1% of the population
c. individuals who did not complete high school
Correct. The minority culture has little power under a majority culture.
d. the motion picture and radio industries
Answer: C
Page: 9
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
51. Who sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power in most countries?
a. power culture
b. controlling culture
Incorrect. The majority culture sets the norms and standards of a country.
c. minority culture
d. majority culture
Correct. The majority culture is generally made of people with high socioeconomic status.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 9
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
52. ____ includes an individual‘s educational level, income level, and occupational status.
a. Nationality
b. Ethnicity
c. Sociohistorical index
d. Socioeconomic status
Answer: D
Page: 9
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
53. Also referred to as a person‘s social class, his or her ____ includes their level of education, income, and occupational status.
a. socioeconomic status
b. ethnicity
c. culture
d. sociohistorical index
Answer: A
Page: 9
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .22
54. What term is often used to refer to a person’s social class, which includes educational level, income level, and occupational status?
a. social class status
b. socioeconomic status
c. tax bracket status
d. education status
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 9
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
55. The expectations that cultures have for males and females are different from the time they are born. The degree of the difference depends on _____.
a. culture
b. age
c. gender
d. socioeconomic status
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 10
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
56. In American culture, a physician spends 12 years in college and training, generally has a high income, and possesses a strong occupational status. In terms of socioeconomic status, a physician would most likely be _____.
a. low SES
Incorrect. A high socioeconomic status is related to education, income, and occupational status. In the United States, doctors generally have a high SES.
b. middle SES
c. moderate SES
d. high SES
Correct. Having a higher level of education, strong economic wealth, and high occupational status, a physician would be deemed high SES.
Answer: D
Page: 9–10
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
57. LaWanda has a high school diploma and is currently working as a waitress but is attending school in hopes of becoming a pediatrician. Her current socioeconomic status is likely ____; however, when she becomes an established pediatrician, her socioeconomic status will be ____.
a. low; high
Correct. Having a lower level of education, a lower income, and a low occupational status, a waitress would be at a lower SES; physicians have one of the highest levels of education, a very high income, and high occupational status, therefore they qualify as higher SES.
b. high; moderate
Incorrect. A waitress with only a high school diploma has a lower level of education, income, and occupational status than a physician, so LaWanda currently has a lower SES than she will when she becomes a pediatrician.
c. high; low
d. moderate; low
Answer: A
Page: 9–10
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
58. Infant mortality in the United States is higher among ____ families than in ____ families, in part because ____.
a. middle-SES; low-SES; middle-SES mothers are more likely to live in rural parts of the country
b. middle-SES; high-SES; middle-SES fathers are more likely to be absent from the family
c. high-SES; low-SES; high-SES mothers are not likely to consume fluoride in their drinking water
d. low-SES; high-SES; low-SES mothers are less likely to receive prenatal care
Answer: D
Page: 10
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 97 a= 1 b= 1 c= 1 d= 1 r = .24
59. The expectations cultures have for males and females are different from the time they ____. However, the degree of the differences ____.
a. are conceived; is minimal among cultures
b. are born; varies greatly among cultures
c. reach puberty; is consistent among cultures
d. reach adulthood; is minimal among nations
Answer: B
Page: 10
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
60. What term describes a variety of aspects of different groups that include cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion, and language?
a. gender
b. race
Incorrect. The correct term is ethnicity, of which race is just one part.
c. ethnicity
Correct. Ethnicity is a crucial part of human development.
d. age
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 10
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
61. ____ may include a variety of components, such as cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion, and language.
a. Ethnicity
b. Race
c. Socioeconomic status
d. Cultural independency
Answer: A
Page: 10
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
62. Kalid is an African American who was born in New York but is currently living in Alabama. When asked his political and religious beliefs, he describes himself as more similar to those who are located in the northeastern states than those who are located in the southern part of the United States. At times, his friends amuse themselves at Kalid’s expense by mocking his Brooklyn accent. The above statements are describing Kalid’s ______.
a. nationality
Incorrect. If one were to solely focus on Kalid’s citizenship, nationality would be correct; however, ethnicity is the correct term because it includes components such as race, cultural traditions, and language.
b. race
c. ethnicity
Correct. An individual’s country of origin, religion, and language all contribute to his or her ethnicity.
d. mainstream cultural group
Answer: C
Page: 10
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
63. In ____, the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics. Among the young, those who will be ____ until they can reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment.
a. Social Darwinism; able to gain financial resources
b. the Theory of Psychoanalysis; controlled by their unconscious
c. natural selection; most likely to survive
d. Humanistic Psychology; congruent between their different “selves“
Answer: C
Page: 11
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
64. What term is used to describe the development of the individual?
a. ontogenetic development
Correct. Phylogenetic development refers to the development of the human species; ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual.
b. phylogenetic development
Incorrect. Phylogenetic development refers to the development of the human species; ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual.
c. polygenetic development
d. autogenetic development
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 11
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
65. What term is used to describe the development of the human species?
a. ontogenetic development
Incorrect. Ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual and phylogenetic development refers to development of the human species.
b. phylogenetic development
Correct. Ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual and phylogenetic development refers to development of the human species.
c. polygenetic development
d. autogenetic development
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 11
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
66. Which of the following best highlights phylogenetic development?
a. Jenny grows from 3 to 5 feet in the period of two years.
Incorrect. Ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual and phylogenetic development refers to development of the human species.
b. Manuel gets married after he finishes college and soon has two children.
c. Amalia is the top reader in her class. Last year, she struggled in this area.
d. Irene has red hair. Her entire family has red hair because of a genetic mutation that was passed down for centuries.
Correct. Ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual and phylogenetic development refers to development of the human species.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 11
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
67. Who first wrote about the principles of evolution in his book The Origin of Species?
a. Alfred Binet
b. Francis Galton
c. Charles Darwin
d. Robert Hook
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 11
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
68. Charles Darwin, in his book The Origin of Species, first proposed the theory of _____.
a. natural selection
b. social Darwinism
c. psychosocial reproduction
d. the unconscious id
Answer: A
Page: 11
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
69. In the book ____, Charles Darwin proposes the theory of natural selection.
a. The Origin of Species
b. Principles of Psychology
c. On Becoming a Person
d. Walden Two
Answer: A
Page: 11
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
70. What term describes the process in which the young of any species will be more likely to survive because they were born with variations on a wide range of characteristics that are best adapted to their environment?
a. evolution
Incorrect. The correct term, natural selection, describes the adaptability of organisms, which is a tenet within the general framework of evolution.
b. adaptive centrism
c. mutational change
d. natural selection
Correct. Natural selection describes the adaptability of organisms, which is a tenet within the general framework of evolution.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 11
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
71. In a town in England, the wings of a local butterfly species had a black and white pattern. Over the years, as air pollution worsened in the town, a coat of black soot often covered everything. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is a logical sequencing?
a. Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were most likely to blend in with the sooty background.
Correct. Butterflies that were slightly darker were less likely to be spotted by predators, and more likely to survive and reproduce; over consecutive generations the larger group of butterflies became darker.
b. Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were least likely to blend in with the sooty background.
Incorrect. The butterflies became lighter only after the amount of pollution was decreased and soot no longer darkened everything in the environment, leaving the lighter butterflies now less vulnerable to predators.
c. Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviors were altered by the toxins that were in the black soot.
d. Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a hidden gene.
Answer: A
Page: 11
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
72. Which of the following best describes natural selection?
a. Individuals are striving to find consistency between their ideal self, their real self, and their fear self.
b. Humans are born as blank slates and they are conditioned unknowingly and without free will by their environment.
c. Humans are in a constant struggle to control their unconscious urges for physical gratification and aggressive impulses.
d. Species change little by little with each generation, and over a long period of time they can develop into new species.
Answer: D
Page: 11
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
73. Which of the following best describes how the scientific community views Darwin’s proposal of evolution?
a. Most researchers have discounted the theory of evolution, as it lacks empirical and scientific support.
b. Darwin’s theory of evolution received a high degree of support at its initial proposal; however, in recent times it has lost the backing of the scientific community.
c. There is an enormous amount of evidence that has accumulated to verify the theory and support the principle of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolutionary change.
d. Darwin’s theory of evolution has been abandoned for the more comprehensive and scientifically supported theory of Intelligent Design.
Answer: C
Page: 11
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
74. The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans is known as the _____.
a. hominid line
b. Neolithic line
c. Upper Paleolithic line
d. amphibious line
Answer: A
Page: 12
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
75. By 200,000 years ago, the early hominid species had evolved into our species: ______.
a. Homo sapiens
b. Hydro sapiens
c. Poly sapiens
d. Hetero sapiens
Answer: A
Page: 12
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
76. How much larger was the size of early Homo’s brain compared to the brains of earlier hominids?
a. 100%
b. 200%
c. 55%
d. 70%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 12
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
77. Evolutionary biologists believe that the larger brains of early Homo babies meant that babies were born less mature than they were for earlier hominids, resulting in ____.
a. a greater likelihood of death at birth
Incorrect. The larger, more immature brains resulted in a longer time period of infant dependency on their parents.
b. a longer time before the rest of the body could support the head in infancy
c. a longer period of dependency of infants on their parents
Correct. This is a trait that modern humans share with their early Homo ancestors.
d. a great likelihood that its head would get stuck in the pelvic opening
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 12
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
78. Evolutionary biologists believe that the jaw and teeth of early Homo sapiens reduced in size because:
a. the brain also reduced in size.
Incorrect. The brain increased in size as the jaw decreased.
b. the overall size of the body was also decreasing.
c. food cooked with fire is easier to chew compared to raw food.
Correct. The controlled use of fire allowed Homo to chew easier. There was no longer a need for a strong jaw and large teeth.
d. there was a great likelihood that its head would get stuck in the pelvic opening
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 12
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
79. When did the early hominid species evolve into Homo sapiens?
a. 20,000 years ago
b. 200,000 years ago
c. 2,000,000 years ago
d. 20,000,000 years ago
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 12
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
80. How much larger are the brains of Homo sapiens than the brains of the early Homo species that immediately preceded us?
a. 100cc
b. 300cc
c. 500cc
d. 700cc
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 12
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
81. The Upper Paleolithic period was from ______.
a. 40,000 to about 10,000 years ago
b. 4,000 to about 1,000 years ago
c. 60,000 to about 300,000 years ago
d. 6,000 to about 60,000 years ago
Answer: A
Page: 13
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
82. Human art first appeared during the ____.
a. Upper Paleolithic period
b. Lower Mesozoic period
c. Middle Cenozoic period
d. Lower Jurassic period
Answer: A
Page: 13–14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
83. It is clear that during the ____ human began to use boats and trade with others.
a. Upper Paleolithic period
b. Lower Mesozoic period
c. Middle Cenozoic period
d. Lower Jurassic period
Answer: A
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
84. Which of the following tools were developed by human beings during the Upper Paleolithic period?
a. the bow and arrow and the spear thrower
b. the gun and canon
c. the folding-blade knife and shovel
d. the pistol and shotgun
Answer: A
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
85. Which of the following experienced global temperatures that resemble the temperatures of today?
a. Neolithic period
b. Upper Paleolithic period
c. Early Civilization period
d. Monolithic period
Answer: A
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
86. Which of the following is an indicator of the Upper Paleolithic period in human evolutionary history?
a. Humans began to bury their dead.
b. Humans began to walk.
c. Humans began to read.
d. Humans began hunting animals.
Answer: A
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
87. The cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals occurred during the ____ period of evolutionary history.
a. Neolithic
b. Jurassic
c. Paleolithic
d. Monolithic
Answer: A
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
88. The Upper Paleolithic was the time of the last _____.
a. Ice Age
b. period of global warming
c. devastating tsunami
d. eruption of a Super Volcano
Answer: A
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
89. When was the Neolithic Period?
a. 100,000 to 70,000 years ago
b. 80,000 to 60,000 years ago
c. 40,000 to 10,000 years ago
d. 10,000 to 5,000 years ago
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
90. What time period included major climate change that allowed humans to cultivate plants and domesticate animals?
a. Neolithic
b. Jurassic
c. Paleolithic
d. Monolithic
Answer: A
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
91. The final major historical change that provided the basis for how we live today began around 5,000 years ago with the development of ____.
a. agriculture and animal husbandry
b. roadways
c. family units
d. civilization
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
92. ____ is characterized by cities, written language, specialization of work, and differences among people with wealth and status.
a. A civilization
b. The ethnicity of a group
c. Nationality
d. A race of people
Answer: A
Page: 14
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
93. Which of the following is a characteristic of human evolutionary history and a similarity that we have with our ancestral relatives, hominid?
a. Humans have especially long arms to allow them to move in trees.
b. Humans have small skulls to make the birthing process easier.
c. Humans have a relatively short time span during which they depend upon adults.
d. Humans have a relatively long period of childhood dependence on adults before reaching maturity.
Answer: D
Page: 15
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.6
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
94. ____ claims that many traits and characteristics in human development are influenced by our evolutionary history.
a. Evolutionary psychology
b. Social Darwinism
c. Cultural anthropology
d. Natural psychology
Answer: A
Page: 15
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.6
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
95. Although women are capable of giving birth to at least eight children in the course of their reproductive lives, how many children do most women have today?
a. 0 to 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6 or more
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 15
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
96. From an evolutionary perspective, it is believed that the human species originated in ____.
a. the forests and plateaus of South America
b. the plains and lowlands of North America
c. the grasslands and forests of Africa
d. the tundra and deciduous forests of the Arctic
Answer: C
Page: 15
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.6
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
Short Answer Questions
97. What are the components of SES?
Answer: education level, income and occupational status
Page: 9–10
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
98. Describe two ways that Homo sapiens was different from earlier Homo species.
Answer: Homo sapiens have smaller and lighter bones, smaller jaws and teeth and a much bigger brain.
Page: 12
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
99. What are two characteristics that mark civilization, the final historical change that began around 5,000 years ago?
Answer:
- cities
- writing
- specialized kinds of work
- differences in wealth/status
- a centralized political system
Page: 14
Learning Objective: 1.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
100. Describe a research question an evolutionary psychologist might investigate.
Answer: Varies. An evolutionary psychologist might explore the evolutionary basis of why men rate attractiveness as more important in mate selection and women rate earning potential higher.
Page: 15
Learning Objective: 1.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
101. Compare and contrast features related to developed and developing countries.
Answer: Developed countries are economically developed, affluent, and have high medial levels of income and education. Developing countries have lower levels of income and education but may be experiencing economic growth.
Page: 5–6
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
Essay Questions
102. India is the second most populous country and is projected to have more people than any other country by 2050. Describe three aspects of Indian people and/or culture.
Answer: Most of the population lives on less than two dollars a day; about half are underweight and malnourished; less than half complete secondary school; about 50% of women are literate and 75% of men; most live in rural areas. It is a developing country that is quickly becoming a leader in the global economy in manufacturing, telecommunications, and services.
Page: 6
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
Section 2 Theories of Human Development
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is probably the oldest known conception of the life course, written about 3,000 years ago?
a. the Dharmashastras
b. the Bible
c. the Koran
d. the Talmud
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 18
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
2. According to the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, how long does each stage of a man’s life last?
a. 5 years
b. 15 years
c. 25 years
d. 35 years
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 18
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
3. The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, divide lifespan into _____.
a. two stages, each of which lasts 50 years
b. three stages, each of which lasts 25 years
c. four stages, each of which lasts 25 years
d. six stages, each of which lasts 30 years
Answer: C
Page: 18
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
4. Which of the following is a correct order for man’s life stages as described by the Dharmashastras?
a. forest dweller, apprentice, householder, and renunciant
b. householder, apprentice, renunciant, and forest dweller
c. renunciant, forest dweller, householder, and apprentice
d. apprentice, householder, forest dweller, and renunciant
Answer: D
Page: 18
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
5. The Dharmashastras include four life coursesthat were reflective of the stages of a man’s life. What important period of life is missing from this model of life stages?
- infancy and early childhood
Correct. The apprentice stage does not consider infancy to be a unique stage of development.
b. marriage and parenthood
c. grandparenting
Incorrect. At this stage, a man’s first grandson is born.
d. end of life
Answer: A
Page: 19–20
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
6. Aadit is in his early teens and is dependent on his parents. As he grows up and learns the skills necessary for adult life, he will move forward and become independent. According to the Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, Aadit is in the ____ stage.
a. apprentice
Correct. The apprentice stage is between the ages of 0 and 25. He is dependent upon his parents and in the process of learning new skills.
b. householder
Incorrect. At this stage, closer to age 26, one has become independent.
c. forest dweller
d. renunciant
Answer: A
Page: 18–19
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
7. From the Dharmashastras, at which of the following stages are people supposed to begin to withdraw from worldly attachments? This means an end to sexual life, a decline in work responsibilities, and the beginning of a transfer of household responsibilities to the sons of the family.
a. apprentice stage
b. householder stage
c. forest dweller stage
Correct. In this stage, from age 51 to 75, individuals are to pass worldly possessions and social responsibilities to their sons.
d. renunciant stage
Incorrect. Individuals at this stage go even further to reject worldly attachments and prepare for the end of this life and entrance into the next.
Answer: C
Page: 19
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
8. Yuthika is 42 years old, married, and the father of three children. He is considered head of the household and has many responsibilities. Beyond taking care of his own children, he is also responsible for taking care of his elderly parents. According to Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, Yuthika is in the ____ stage.
a. apprentice
Incorrect. The apprentice is 0 to 26 years of age, when a boy is still dependent on his parents.
b. householder
Correct. The householder stage is from the ages of 26 to 50; and major characteristics are family and work responsibilities and becoming the head of a household.
c. forest dweller
d. renunciant
Answer: B
Page: 18–19
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
9. According to Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, an individual who is 65 years old is in the ____ stage.
a. apprentice
b. householder
c. forest dweller
d. renunciant
Answer: C
Page: 18–19
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
10. According to Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, an individual who is 45 years old is in the ____ stage.
a. apprentice
b. householder
c. forest dweller
d. renunciant
Answer: B
Page: 19
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
11. The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, say that life has ____ stages.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Answer: C
Page: 18
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
12. According to the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, what is the purpose of life during the final stage (renunciant)?
a. to withdraw from the world
b. to prepare for the end of life and entry into the next
c. to embrace the world and gain material possessions to pass to the next generation
d. to reach the highest level of spirituality
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 19–20
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
13. According to Solon, a Greek philosopher who lived 2,500 years ago, how many segments are there in a lifespan?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 20
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
14. According to Solon, a Greek philosopher who lived 2,500 years ago, how long did each segment of the lifespan last?
a. 5 years
b. 7 years
c. 9 years
d. 11 years
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 20
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
15. Ancient philosopher Solon divided the lifespan into ____.
a. two 35-year segments
b. five 13 year segments
c. ten 7-year segments
d. fifteen 5-year segments
Answer: C
Page: 20
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
16. Which of the following best describes a life stage as proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Solon?
a. Ages 28–35: The ages of marriage and parenthood, when a man bethinks him that this is the season for courting.
b. Age 13: The age of moral responsibility, when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah signifying that he is responsible for keeping the religious commandments, rather than his parents being responsible for him.
c. Age 56–63: The religious ideal in this stage is for a man to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest, devoting himself to prayer and religious study, living only on alms and cultivating patience and compassion.
d. Age 63–70: The renunciant goes even farther in rejecting worldly attachments. The purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry into the next.
Answer: A
Page: 20
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
17. The Jewish holy book, the Talmud, describes the lifespan as consisting of ___ segments.
a. 10
b. 14
c. 20
d. 25
Answer: B
Page: 21
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
18. Like the Hindu Dharmashastras, the life course described in the Talmud goes up to age ___.
a. 70
b. 80
c. 90
d. 100
Answer: D
Page: 20
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
19. Which of the following best describes a life stage from the Jewish holy book, the Talmud?
a. Ages 35–42: A stage of maturity of mind and morals, when his mind, ever open to virtue, broadens, and never inspires him to profitless deeds.
b. Age 13: The age of moral responsibility, when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah signifying that he is responsible for keeping the religious commandments, rather than his parents being responsible for him.
c. Age 60: The religious ideal in this stage is for a man to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest, devoting himself to prayer and religious study, living only on alms and cultivating patience and compassion.
d. Age 42–56: The renunciant goes even farther than the forest dweller in rejecting worldly attachments. The purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry into the next.
Answer: B
Page: 20
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
20. Jacob is ready to accept the moral responsibilities of his Jewish religion and has chosen to have a ceremony signifying his change from parental responsibility to self-responsibility. According to the Jewish holy book, the Talmud, at what age can Jacob take this on?
a. 10
b. 13
c. 15
d. 18
Answer: B
Page: 20
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
21. When comparing three ancient conceptions of life, the Dharmashastras, theTalmud, and the philosopher Solon, a common theme is that _____.
a. preparation for life is made in youth, skills and expertise are gained in adulthood, and wisdom and peace are the fruits of old age.
Correct. All three perspectives provide distinct stages in which individuals grow and mature with time.
b. the lifespan has a maximum of 120 years and those years can be divided into six substages.
Incorrect. The Dharmashastras end at age 100, the Talmud ends at 100, and Solon ends life’s stages at 70 years.
c. youth is a time for maturity, adulthood is a time of social responsibility, and the final stage is a time for psychological regression and self-absorption.
d. all of these perspectives assume that individuals will have a short lifespan and not make it to the final stages of the life cycle.
Answer: A
Page: 18–20
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
22. When comparing three ancient conceptions of life—the Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the philosopher Solon—a major difference is ____.
a. they are all based upon biological and genetic evidence
b. they all come from a Western historical point of view
c. they all end at 100 years of life
Incorrect. The Dharmashastras end at age 100, the Talmud ends at 100, and Solon ends life’s stages at 70 years.
d. they each have very different ways of dividing up the lifespan
Correct. The Dharmashastras has four stages, the Talmud has 14, and Solon has 10 stages.
Answer: D
Page: 18–20
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
23. Based upon an understanding of three ancient conceptions of life, the Dharmashastras, theTalmud, and the philosopher Solon, it is clear that ______.
a. lifespan is not really divided into clear and definite biologically based stages but is partly socially driven
Correct. Dissimilar to insects’ life stages of larva, juvenile, and adult, the human lifespan is also culturally and socially driven.
b. stages of the lifespan are consistent across cultures and therefore must be genetically based
c. lifespan is determined by one’s genetic inheritance and social factors do not play a role in longevity
d. lifespan is divided into clear and definite biologically based stages and is not influenced by social factors
Incorrect. From a superficial understanding, one might assume that the lifespan is broken into clear and distinct stages; however, when one compares the stages of three different perspectives it is clear that social forces play a role.
Answer: A
Page: 21
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 71 a= 71 b= 12 c= 12 d= 6 r = .16
24. One important difference among the three ancient conceptions of human development— the Dharmashastras, theTalmud, and the philosopher Solon—is that they have very different ways of ____.
a. dividing the lifespan into segments or stages
b. defining the afterlife
c. developing a sense of the lifespan based on their religious thoughts
d. expressing their theories regarding development
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 21
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
25. According to the text, how long has the scientific study of human development existed?
a. 20 years
b. 70 years
c. 120 years
Correct. The scientific study of human development is a relatively young field.
d. 200 years
Incorrect. The scientific study of human development has existed for 120 years.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 21
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
26. Working with persons suffering from various mental health problems, Freud concluded that a consistent theme across patients was that they seemed to have experienced some kind of ____.
a. incongruent self-concept that is interfering with daily functioning
Incorrect. Incongruent self-concept is consistent with Freudian perspective.
b. momentous event that classically conditioned a fear within them
c. traumatic event in childhood now buried in their unconscious
Correct. The essence of Freudian psychotherapy is unlocking traumatic events from one’s childhood that are buried in the unconscious.
d. biological unfolding of the genetic code that is interfering with daily life
Answer: C
Page: 21
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 88 a= 6 b= 0 c= 88 d= 6 r = .22
27. According to Freud, traumatic events during childhood that are buried in the unconscious mind are also known as ____ memories.
a. repressed
b. expressed
c. conscious
d. conditioned
Answer: A
Page: 21
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
28. Freud developed the first method of psychotherapy, which he called ______.
a. psychoanalysis
b. psychosocial moratorium
c. behavioral therapy
d. humanistic psychology
Answer: A
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
29. Sigmund Freud divided human development into ____ stages.
a. psychosexual
b. psychosocial
c. psychobiological
d. psychocognitive
Answer: A
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
30. Which of the following comprise Freud’s theory of personality?
a. id, ego, superego
b. conscious, collective unconscious, subcortical unconscious
c. the self, the shadow, the anima
d. real self, fear self, future self
Answer: A
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
31. Carlos cannot wait to go get home and eat his candy bar, so he eats it in the backseat of the car. He does not care that his mother clearly told him not to eat in her car. According to Freud, what part of his mind is operating here?
- id
Correct. According to Freud, the id seeks out pleasure and does not care about the ramifications.
b. ego
c. superego
Incorrect. Freud felt that the superego functions as our conscious mind, which restricts our satisfaction of desire and makes us feel guilty for disobeying.
d. unconscious mind
Answer: A
Page: 22
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
32. Jenica wants to leave school early because her favorite music group is playing down the street. When she stops and thinks about it, she realizes that leaving school early would be a very bad idea and she would get in trouble for doing so. She chooses not to leave. According to Freud, what part of his mind is operating here?
- id
Incorrect. According to Freud, the id seeks out pleasure and does not care about the ramifications.
b. ego
c. superego
Correct. Freud felt that the superego functions as our conscious mind, which restricts our satisfaction of desire and makes us feel guilty for disobeying.
d. unconscious mind
Answer: C
Page: 22
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
33. According to Freud, when a traumatic event is buried, it is _____.
a. sublimated
b. repressed
Correct. Freud believed that repressed traumatic memories affect a person’s development even if he or she cannot recall them.
c. cathartic
Incorrect. Cathartic is a term that refers to the notion that certain experiences can release repressed anxieties.
d. forgotten
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 21
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
34. Freud developed the first method of psychotherapy, which he called _____.
a. psychosexual therapy
b. psychodynamic theory
c. dream analysis
Incorrect. Dream analysis is one aspect of psychoanalysis, but is not the method of psychotherapy.
d. psychoanalysis
Correct. A major component of psychoanalysis was unearthing repressed memories through discussion of dreams and childhood experiences.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
35. What was the goal of Freud’s psychotherapeutic approach?
a. to make repressed memories conscious
Correct. Freud believed that simply uncovering repressed memories could be enough to heal a patient.
b. to keep repressed memories permanently repressed
Incorrect. The goal of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed memories into the client’s awareness to be assessed and analyzed.
c. to have the client express his or her sexuality without reprimands or judgment
d. to reestablish child–parental relationships
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
36. According to Freud, what is enough to heal the patient?
a. to make repressed memories conscious
Correct. Freud had patients talk about their dreams and childhood memories in an effort to uncover repressed memories of trauma.
b. to keep repressed memories permanently repressed
Incorrect. The goal of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed memories into the client’s awareness to be assessed and analyzed.
c. to have the client express his or her sexuality without reprimands or judgment
d. to reestablish child–parental relationships
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
37. What did Freud believe was the force that drove human development?
a. biology
b. culture
Incorrect. Freud believed the driving force is sexuality.
c. sexual desire
Correct. Later theories of development recognize that sexuality is only one of many driving forces.
d. family life
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
38. What is Freud’s theory of human development?
a. bio-sexual theory
b. psychosexual theory
c. sexual stage theory
d. libido-drive theory
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
39. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud’s first three psychosexual stages?
a. oral stage, anal stage, and phallic stage
b. phallic stage, oral stage, and anal stage
c. anal stage, phallic stage, and oral stage
d. oral stage, phallic stage, and anal stage
Answer: A
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
40. Daquon, who is 4 years old, at times notices that his penis becomes erect and is fascinated by this “strange” phenomenon. According to Freud, Daquon is in the ____ stage of psychosexual development.
a. oral
b. anal
Incorrect. The anal stage happens closer to age 2; at this time infants are potty training and may become fascinated by feces.
c. phallic
Correct. At age 4, he notices his genitalia and is fascinated; according to Freud, this is a classic signifier of the phallic stage.
d. fixation
Answer: C
Page: 22
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
41. Freud proposed that all children experience a(n) ____ in which they desire to displace their ____ parent and enjoy sexual access to the ____ parent.
a. Thanatos drive; other-sex; same-sex
b. Oedipus complex; same-sex; other-sex
c. catharsis; same-sex; other-sex
d. Freudian slip; other-sex; same-sex
Answer: B
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 85 a= 3 b= 85 c= 8 d= 4 r = .36
42. What operates on the pleasure principle and constantly seeks immediate and unrestrained satisfaction?
a. id
Correct. The id functions in opposition to the superego, which acts as one’s conscience.
b. ego
Incorrect. According to Freud, the ego balances the demands of the id and the superego.
c. superego
d. libido
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
43. Adults in the environment teach the child to develop a conscience that restricts the satisfaction of desires and makes the child feel guilty for disobeying. What did Freud call this aspect of his theory?
a. id
b. ego
Incorrect. According to Freud, the ego balances the demands of the id and the superego.
c. superego
Correct. Freud believed that the superego functioned in opposition to the id, which constantly seeks immediate satisfaction.
d. libido
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 53 a= 6 b= 24 c= 53 d= 6 r = .70
44. According to Freud, what balances the demands of the id and the superego?
a. id
b. ego
Correct. The ego operates on the reality principle, which balances the id’s desire for pleasure with the constraints of the superego.
c. superego
Incorrect. According to Freud, the superego refers to the individual’s conscience.
d. libido
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
45. What principle describes an individual’s ability to seek satisfaction within the constraints imposed by the superego?
a. pleasure principle
Incorrect. According to Freud, the pleasure principle refers to the individual’s desire to seek satisfaction of biological drives.
b. reality principle
Correct. Freud believed that the reality principle is what drives the ego, as opposed to the pleasure principle that drives the id.
c. balancing principle
d. libido principle
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
46. According to Freud, what stage of development are infants in when sexual sensations are concentrated in the mouth?
a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
47. According to Freud, what stage of development are infants in when sexual sensations are concentrated in the anus?
a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
48. According to Freud, what is the most important stage in his theory?
a. anal
b. phallic
c. latency
d. genital
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 22
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
49. Nisha constantly chews on pencils and straws. According to Freud, Nisha _____.
a. likely has a strong superego that is constantly monitoring her behavior
b. has sexual feelings for her other-sex parent
c. is operating on the reality principle
d. is fixated, or stuck, in the oral stage of development
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 22
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
50. Freud proposed that all children desired to replace their same-sex parent and enjoy sexual access to the other-sex parent. What was Freud’s term for this concept?
a. genital complex
b. incest complex
c. parental complex
Incorrect. Although the concept involved parents, the term Freud used is the Oedipus complex.
d. Oedipus complex
Correct. The Oedipus complex is named for the Greek myth in which Oedipus unwittingly fulfilled a prophecy that said he would kill his father and marry his mother.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
51. During what stage did Freud believe the child represses sexual desires and focuses his or her energy on learning social and intellectual skills?
a. anal
b. phallic
c. latency
Correct. Freud believed that this stage occurred in middle childhood after the phallic phase.
d. genital
Incorrect. According to Freud, it is during the latency stage that children focus on social and intellectual skills.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
52. During which stage did Freud believe that the individual’s sexual drive reemerges, but this time in a way approved by the superego and directed toward persons outside the family?
a. anal
b. phallic
Incorrect. According to Freud, it was during the genital stage that individuals focused their reemerging sexuality on members outside the family.
c. latency
d. genital
Correct. Freud believed that this stage occurs during adolescence, after the period of latency.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
53. According to Freud, when did everything important to development occur?
a. during the oral and anal stages
b. before the latency stage
c. before adulthood
Correct. His five stages of psychosexual development end with adolescence and the genital stage.
d. during adulthood
Incorrect. According to Freud, one’s personality was set long before adulthood.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
54. Which of the following is a major criticism of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development?
a. He focused too much on sexuality and it is hard to reduce human development to a single motive.
b. He studied children excessively and spent too much time on experimental methods.
c. He underemphasized the significance of childhood and overemphasized later time periods.
d. He spent too much time studying a diversity of subjects and people from varying ages.
Answer: A
Page: 23
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
55. Your roommate is a smoker. He really would like to quit and has been reading about Freudian theory. He thinks that he is fixated at the oral stage and that he should make an appointment with a clinician who specializes in psychosexual therapy. What would you tell him?
a. Few professionals adhere to Freud’s theory, even psychoanalysts, so he should try something else.
Correct. Most people who study human development today agree that human behavior is governed by more complex motivations than just sexuality.
b. He should probably try it. Freud would say that he was orally fixated.
Incorrect. Although Freud would argue that your roommate was orally fixated, few professionals adhere to his theory.
c. It sounds to you like he is actually anally fixated.
d. It will take time, but psychoanalysis should probably work for him.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 22
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
56. Today, what is the status of Freud’s stages of psychosexual stages in explaining human development?
a. Few people who study human development adhere to the theory.
Correct. Most people who study human development today agree that human behavior is governed by more complex motivations than just sexuality.
b. It is the accepted theory of how people’s personalities develop.
c. There are some arguments regarding the theory, but overall it has met the test of time.
Incorrect. Most professionals who study human development do not adhere to the theory as a way to explain human development.
d. The first three stages have been very explanatory, but the two last are not.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 23
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
57. Which of the following theorists proposes that human development is broken into psychosocial stages?
a. Erik Erikson
b. Sigmund Freud
c. B. F. Skinner
d. Carl Rogers
Answer: A
Page: 23
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
58. Unlike Freud, Erikson proposed that human development continues ____ and is not solely determined by the years of childhood.
a. throughout the lifespan
Correct. Erikson’s psychosocial stages are each significant in their own right and continue until late adulthood.
b. into the teenage years
c. until the mid-20s
d. until a midlife crisis
Incorrect. Many are familiar with Erikson’s concept of midlife crisis; however, this is only one stage, called ego generativity versus stagnation.
Answer: A
Page: 23
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 92 a= 92 b= 3 c= 5 d= 0 r = .28
59. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory comprises ______ stages.
a. four cognitive
b. five psychosexual
c. eight psychosocial
d. three moral
Answer: C
Page: 23
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
60. Which of the following is the correct order of Erik Erikson’s third, fourth, and fifth stages of psychosocial development?
a. initiative vs. guilt, identity vs. identity confusion, generativity vs. stagnation
b. ego integrity vs. despair, intimacy vs. isolation, identity vs. identity confusion
c. trust vs. mistrust, industry vs. inferiority, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
d. initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion
Answer: D
Page: 23
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
61. Grant is in the 3rd grade and is enthusiastic about learning in school. Beyond recess he enjoys reading books, doing his math homework, and learning new spelling words. He is also confident in his ability to accomplish goals that he has set for himself. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Grant in?
a. trust vs. mistrust
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c. initiative vs. guilt
Incorrect. Initiative vs. guilt is a stage prior to elementary school, closer to age 5 and preschool.
d. industry vs. inferiority
Correct. During the grade school years, the child is in Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority stage.
Answer: D
Page: 23
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
62. Hector is in second grade. He has just finished his first science fair project and is very proud of it. Although he did not know anything about gravity before his project, he now feels confident that he understands the concept. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Hector in?
a. trust vs. mistrust
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c. initiative vs. guilt
Incorrect. Initiative vs. guilt is a stage prior to elementary school, closer to age 5 and preschool.
d. industry vs. inferiority
Correct. During the grade school years, the child is in Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority stage.
Answer: D
Page: 23
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
63. Erikson’s eighth and final stage of psychosocial development is _____.
a. trust vs. mistrust
b. generativity vs. stagnation
c. ego integrity vs. despair
d. industry vs. inferiority
Answer: C
Page: 24
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
64. Irina just had her first grandchild. She loves this child very much and wants to make sure he thrives in her family. Although she is retired, she has decided to stay home with her granddaughter and help the family. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Maria in?
a. intimacy vs. isolation
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c. generativity vs. stagnation
Correct. Generativity vs. stagnation occurs in middle adulthood and focuses on the contribution to the well-being of our next generation.
d. integrity vs. despair
Incorrect. This is the last stage of development and involves life reflection.
Answer: C
Page: 24
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
65. Who developed a psychosocial theory in which the driving force behind development is not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment?
a. Freud
Incorrect. Freud believed the driving force is sexuality.
b. Erikson
Correct. Although Erikson was part of Freud’s circle in Vienna, he doubted the validity of Freud’s theories.
c. Bronfenbrenner
d. Piaget
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 23–24
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
66. What was one of the ways that Erikson’s theory differed from Freud’s theory? Erikson believed that _____.
a. sexuality was even more important than Freud did
Incorrect. Freud believed the driving force of human development is sexuality; Erikson did not.
b. personality was set at birth, while Freud thought that it was completed by age 6
c. development continued throughout the lifespan, and Freud believed that only the early years were important
Correct. Erikson’s theory of human development continues through late adulthood.
d. biological factors were more important in terms of development, and Freud believed that culture was more important
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 24
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 6 c= 82 d= 0 r = .52
67. Erikson believed that each stage had a distinctive developmental challenge, which he referred to as a _____.
a. fixation
Incorrect. Freud discussed fixations. The developmental challenge for Erikson was the crisis.
b. sensitivity
c. critical period
d. crisis
Correct. Erikson believed that a successful resolution of the crisis prepares the person well for the next stage of development.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 23–24
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
68. What happens when a person who had difficulty with the developmental challenge in one stage enters the next stage? He or she is ______.
a. equally likely to do well with the new stage as someone who achieved the developmental challenge at the earlier stage
Incorrect. Erikson believed that failure to complete the crisis in one stage increased the likelihood of failure at the next stage.
b. at high risk for being unsuccessful at the next stage as well
Correct. Erikson believed that failure to complete the crisis in one stage increased the likelihood of failure at the next stage.
c. advised to regress to the earlier stage and successfully complete the developmental challenge before moving on
d. more likely to do well since he or she experienced the difficulty in the previous stage
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 23
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 66 a= 12 b= 66 c= 21 d= 1 r = .16
69. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during infancy?
a. trust vs. mistrust
Correct. At this stage, a child establishes a bond with his or her caregivers.
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Incorrect. The developmental challenge in infancy is trust versus mistrust.
c. initiative vs. guilt
d. industry vs. inferiority
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 23
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 82 a= 82 b= 0 c= 6 d= 0 r = .56
70. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during toddlerhood?
a. trust vs. mistrust
Incorrect. The developmental challenge in toddlerhood is autonomy versus shame and doubt.
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Correct. In this stage, a toddler starts to develop a healthy sense of self as distinct from others.
c. initiative vs. guilt
d. industry vs. inferiority
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 23
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
71. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during early childhood?
a. trust vs. mistrust
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Incorrect. The developmental challenge in early childhood is initiative versus guilt.
c. initiative vs. guilt
Correct. During this stage in early childhood, a person learns to initiate activities in a purposeful way.
d. industry vs. inferiority
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 23
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
72. According to Erik Erikson, a toddler who is 3 years old and develops a sense of self distinct from others is in which of the following psychosocial stages?
a. trust vs. mistrust
Incorrect. Trust versus mistrust is Erikson’s first stage of life, encountered during infancy.
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Correct. From age 2 to 4, toddlers are in Erikson’s autonomy versus shame and doubt stage; the child attempts to be autonomous based upon his or her sense of self.
c. initiative vs. guilt
d. industry vs. inferiority
Answer: B
Page: 23
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
73. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during late childhood?
a. trust vs. mistrust
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c. initiative vs. guilt
Incorrect. The developmental challenge in late childhood is industry versus inferiority.
d. industry vs. inferiority
Correct. During this stage one begins to learn the skills and knowledge of his or her culture.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 23
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
74. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during adolescence?
a. identity vs. identity confusion
Correct. During this stage, one develops a secure and coherent identity.
b. intimacy vs. isolation
Incorrect. The developmental challenge in adolescence is identity versus identity confusion.
c. generativity vs. stagnation
d. ego integrity vs. despair
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 23
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
75. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during early adulthood?
a. identity vs. identity confusion
Incorrect. The developmental challenge in early adulthood is intimacy versus isolation.
b. intimacy vs. isolation
Correct. During this stage, one establishes a long-term, committed love relationship.
c. generativity vs. stagnation
d. ego integrity vs. despair
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 24
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
76. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during middle adulthood?
a. identity vs. identity confusion
b. intimacy vs. isolation
Incorrect. The developmental challenge in middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation.
c. generativity vs. stagnation
Correct. During this stage, one is focused on caring for others and contributing to the well-being of the young.
d. ego integrity vs. despair
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 24
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
77. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during late adulthood?
a. identity vs. identity confusion
b. intimacy vs. isolation
c. generativity vs. stagnation
Incorrect. The developmental challenge in late adulthood is integrity versus despair.
d. ego integrity vs. despair
Correct. During this stage, one evaluates his or her lifetime and accepts life as it is.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 24
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
78. Which theory of human development has endured better?
a. Freud’s psychosexual theory
Incorrect. Erikson’s psychosocial theory has endured better. Nearly all researchers who study human development would argue that development is a lifelong process with important changes occurring at each period.
b. Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Correct. There is near-consensus among researchers who study human development that development is a lifelong process with important changes occurring at each period, whereas Freud believed that all development occurred before adulthood.
c. Gilbert’s biosocial theory
d. Hall’s bio-behavioral theory
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 24
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
79. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory focuses on ____ that shape human development in the social environment.
a. biological factors
b. genetic inputs
c. instinctive drives
d. multiple influences
Answer: D
Page: 24
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.10
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 71 a= 12 b= 0 c= 6 d= 71 r = .67
80. Whose theory is not a stage theory of human development, but rather a theory that focuses on the multiple influences that shape human development in the social environment?
a. Freud
b. Erikson
Incorrect. Although Erikson was very interested in the social aspects of development, his theory was a stage theory. Bronfenbrenner’s theory was not.
c. Bronfenbrenner
Correct. Bronfenbrenner presented his theory as a reaction to what he viewed as an overemphasis in developmental psychology on the immediate environment.
d. Piaget
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 24
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
81. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory has ____ key levels or systems that play a part in human development.
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
Answer: C
Page: 24–25
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.10
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
82. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the immediate environment, the settings where people experience their daily lives?
a. microsystem
Correct. In most cultures, the microsystem includes relationships with parents, siblings, peers, teachers, coaches, etc.
b. mesosystem
Incorrect. Bronfenbrenner referred to the person’s immediate environment as the microsystem.
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 25
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
83. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the network of interconnections between the various immediate environments that the individual experiences?
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
Correct. The mesosystem helps explain why a parent’s abusive behavior may result in a child having difficulty with teachers.
c. exosystem
Incorrect. Bronfenbrenner referred to the network of interconnections between the microsystems as the mesosystem.
d. macrosystem
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 25
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
84. Which of the following are components of the microsystem from Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?
a. parents, siblings, peers and friends, and teachers
Correct. The microsystem is made up of elements that affect the child directly and are based upon daily, immediate contact.
b. schools, religious institutions, and the media
Incorrect. Larger social institutions such as schools and religion are components of the exosystem; they are influential, however they have a more indirect effect than the microsystem.
c. cultural beliefs and values, and economic and governmental systems
d. time and historical change
Answer: A
Page: 25
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.10
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
85. In Asian countries such as South Korea, competition to get into college is intense and depends chiefly on adolescents’ performance on a national exam at the end of high school; consequently, the high school years are a period of extreme academic stress. Fierce competition to get into college is an example of which of the following of Bronfenbrenner’s systems?
a. microsystem
Incorrect. The microsystem is comprised of one’s immediate environment, including parents, teachers, and friends.
b. exosystem
Correct. The exosystem is comprised of social institutions and may have an indirect effect on development, as compared to the microsystem having a direct effect.
c. macrosystem
d. mesosystem
Answer: B
Page: 25–26
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.10
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
86. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development (e.g., schools, religious institutions, media)?
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
Incorrect. Bronfenbrenner referred to the exosystem as being comprised of the societal institutions that have indirect effects on development.
c. exosystem
Correct. The exosystem is comprised of social institutions and may have an indirect effect on development, as compared to the microsystem having a direct effect.
d. macrosystem
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 25
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
87. Many developmental psychologists feel that the two biggest influences on a child’s life are their parents and their peers. According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory, which system would therefore have the most influence?
- microsystem
Correct. The microsystem is comprised of the immediate environment of family, classmates, and peers.
b. mesosystem
Incorrect. Bronfenbrenner referred to the exosystem as the societal institutions that have indirect effects on development.
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 25
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
88. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the broad system of cultural beliefs and values and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values?
a. mesosystem
b. exosystem
Incorrect. The exosystem is comprised of social institutions and may have an indirect effect on development.
c. macrosystem
Correct. For example, the macrosystem in countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia is built on the beliefs and values of Islam.
d. chronosystem
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 26
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
89. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes?
a. mesosystem
b. exosystem
c. macrosystem
d. chronosystem
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 26
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
90. Many theories of development do not address culture. Why does Bronfenbrenner’s theory hold that culture is so important? He recognizes that ______.
a. cultural beliefs are the basis for many other conditions of children’s development
Correct. Bronfenbrenner believed that other developmental psychologists over-emphasized the immediate environment.
b. nearly everyone lives in a very similar culture
c. culture should be factored out to determine what really influences development
Incorrect. Bronfenbrenner believed that culture was a very important aspect of development and influenced other aspects of development. Culture heavily influences the way that people develop.
d. culture is damaging and can be devastating to a young child’s development
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 25
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
91. The textbook that you are using, A Cultural Approach to Human Development, divides development into ____.
a. major theories
b. major life stages
c. psychological paradigms
d. psychoanalytic phases
Answer: B
Page: 27
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
92. In the textbook A Cultural Approach to Human Development, after the stage of adolescence there are ____ stages of adulthood.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Answer: C
Page: 27
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
93. ____ is a life stage in which most people are not as dependent on their parents as they were in childhood and adolescence but have not yet made commitments to the stable roles in love and work that structure adult life for most people.
a. Emerging adulthood
b. Young adulthood
c. Middle adulthood
d. Late adulthood
Answer: A
Page: 27
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
94. Within the textbook, the stage of early childhood is from _____.
a. birth to 12 months
b. 12 to 36 months
c. 3 to 6 years
d. 6 to 9 years
Answer: C
Page: 27
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
95. Scholars of human development generally regard development as ______.
a. discontinuous
b. continuous
c. stage-like
d. abrupt
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 27
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
96. Which of the following signifies the onset of adolescence?
a. puberty
b. a deepening voice
c. widening of the hips
d. hormonal fluctuations
Answer: A
Page: 27
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
97. Human development can be viewed from a stage perspective, or as a gradual, _____ process.
a. continuous
Correct. There are two major paradigms that developmentalists may hold: stage and/or continuous models.
b. disjointed
c. sloping
d. inverted
Incorrect. Inverted developmental patterns are not discussed in this chapter.
Answer: A
Page: 27
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
98. Which of the following is the best example of continuous development?
- James goes from crawling to walking overnight.
Incorrect. Discontinuous development is stage-like. There is no steady progression.
b. Jose says his first word on his first birthday.
c. Jenny learns how to play the piano by first learning notes, and then playing them in a sequence.
Correct. Continuous development is a gradual skill development.
d. Jalisa takes a class and learns how to knit at the end of the hour.
Answer: C
Page: 27
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
99. Emerging adulthood exists in some cultures and not others, and consequently young adult responsibilities such as marriage and stable work may be taken on as early as ____ or as late as ____.
a. 17 or 18; 29 or 30
b. 24 or 25; 36 or 37
c. 34 or 35; 42 or 43
d. 45 or 46; 51 or 52
Answer: A
Page: 27
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
Short Answer Questions
100. Describe one way that Erikson’s theory was different from Freud’s.
Answer: Erikson placed more emphasis on the social and cultural basis of development and did not believe that the events and influences of early childhood were primary determinants of later development. He believed that development happened throughout the lifespan.
Page: 21–23
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
101. Give an example of a country with a macrosystem that is different from the one where you grew up. Explain how that difference would likely impact your development.
Answers will vary. Example: Afghanistan has macrosystem beliefs that women are inferior to men and, therefore, should not be educated. As a female, opportunities there would be far fewer than in the U.S.
Page: 26
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
102. Define two of the systems in Bronfenbrenner’s theory and give a concrete example of each.
Answer: Microsystem: the immediate setting. A child’s home is an example. Mesosystem: the connections between microsystems. An example would be a parent going to a school conference.
Page: 25–26
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
103. Why is emerging adulthood considered to be a phenomenon of developed countries rather than developing countries?
Answer: Emerging adulthood is the stage between adolescence and young adulthood. Usually, the person is still dependent on their parents financially because they are pursuing an education, but they are less dependent than they were earlier, in the sense that they make more independent decisions. They have not yet taken on many of the roles of adulthood such as starting a career, getting married, or having a child because all of these milestones happen later today than they did in previous generations. In developing countries, emerging adulthood is less likely to exist because education usually ends by adolescence and marriage and childbearing happens in the late teens or early twenties.
Page: 27
Learning Objective: 1.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
104. Why would you expect the textbook author, Arnett, to use Bronfenbrenner’s model as a frame for his book more than Freud’s theory?
Answer: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory emphasizes the need to look at how various aspects of the environment shape human development. Unlike Freud, he highlights the importance of culture as well as emphasizing that children actively shape their environments.
Page: 21–23, 24–26
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
Essay Questions
105. In what religion are there sacred law books called the Dharmashastras? Briefly describe the following four stages described in these books and put them in the correct order: Forest dweller, Apprentice, Householder, and Renunciant.
Answer: These law books are part of the Hindu religion.
Apprentice: learning skills.
Householder: man marries and is in charge of the household.
Forest dweller: person begins to withdraw from worldly possessions and devotes themselves to prayer.
Renunciant: a time to prepare for death.
Page: 18–19
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
106. Describe one similarity and one difference in the way that the conception of the life course is outlined in the Dharmashastras, the view of the ancient Greek philosopher, Solon, and the Talmud.
Answer: They are similar in that all have a time of learning early in life, and a time of responsibility in mid-life, followed by a time of preparation for death at the end of life. They all exclude women in their stages. One difference is that the number of stages differs.
Page: 18–21
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
Section 3 How We Study Human Development
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In its classic form, the scientific method has how many steps?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 29
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
2. What is the first step of the scientific method?
a. Identify a question of scientific interest.
b. Form a hypothesis.
c. Choose a research method and a research design.
d. Collect data.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 29
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
3. According to the text, what is a researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest?
a. a scientific idea
b. a hypothesis
c. a proof
d. a law
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 29
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
4. A researcher is interested in examining how well children who are good at delaying gratification do academically. The researcher would state “children who can delay gratification get better grades in school than children who cannot delay gratification.” What step of the scientific method was just accomplished?
a. identifying a question of scientific interest
Incorrect. The researcher just generated a hypothesis to examine scientifically.
b. forming a hypothesis
Correct. A hypothesis is one possible answer to the question of interest.
c. selecting a research method and a research design
d. collecting data
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 29
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 98 a= 1 b= 98 c= 1 d= 0 r = .23
5. The scientific method involves five basic steps: ____.
a. observe the environment; generate a theory of the phenomenon to be studied; generate possible hypotheses; systematically vary variables; and conduct an experiment
b. collect data to test a theory; manipulate variables within a laboratory setting; conduct a statistical analysis of the data; synthesize the results; and publish the findings
c. identify a question to be investigated; form a hypothesis; choose a research method and a research design; collect data to test the hypothesis; and draw conclusions that lead to new questions and hypotheses
d. generate a conclusion; isolate variables; determine how variables are related to the conclusion; conduct the research study; and published the findings
Answer: C
Page: 29
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6. The first step in the scientific method is to _____.
a. collect data to test the hypothesis
b. identify a question of scientific interest
c. form a hypothesis
d. choose a research method and a research design
Answer: B
Page: 29
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
7. Cameron is a graduate student who is working on her doctoral thesis and is in the process of conducting a research study on how learning phonics contributes to reading skills in 1st graders. Based upon the scientific method, after collecting data to test her hypothesis, Cameron’s next task is to _____.
a. draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
Correct. Collecting data is the fourth step; and drawing conclusions in formulating new questions and hypotheses is the fifth and last step of the scientific method.
b. identify a question of scientific interest
Incorrect. This is the first step.
c. form a hypothesis
d. choose a research method and a research design
Answer: A
Page: 29
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
8. The second step in the scientific method is to ____.
a. collect data to test the hypothesis
b. identify a question of scientific interest
c. form a hypothesis
d. choose a research method and a research design
Answer: C
Page: 29
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
9. A ____ is the researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest.
a. paradigm
b. theory
c. hypothesis
d. world view
Answer: C
Page: 29
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
10. Which of the following is an example of a scientific hypothesis?
a. “Space exploration benefits our world and the United States needs to increase funding for NASA.”
Incorrect. This is an opinion; it is not testable based on scientific research.
b. “Marital satisfaction tends to improve when the youngest child is grown and leaves the home because parents now have more time and energy for the marital relationship.”
Correct. This is a testable statement based upon a question of marital satisfaction and child rearing.
c. “HIV causes AIDS, and AIDS is a disease and will never be cured.”
d. “If a tree falls in the forest, and no one is there to hear it; does it make a sound?”
Answer: B
Page: 29
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
11. Questionnaires and interviews are examples of ____.
a. ways to generate hypotheses
Incorrect. Questionnaires and interviews are two commonly used examples of the research method.
b. faulty research designs
c. statistical procedures used to analyze data
d. the research method
Correct. Questionnaires and interviews are two commonly used examples of the research method.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 30
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
12. The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study is the ____.
a. data collection schedule
b. research design
Correct. The research design is the plan for when and how to collect the data, while the research method is the global approach to research.
c. scientific plan
d. research method
Incorrect. The research design is the plan for when and how to collect the data, while the research method is the global approach to research.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 30
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
13. Sirena administered a survey to her psychology class to poll them on their stress level in college. She hypothesized that students would report higher stress levels toward the end of the semester. Which step of the scientific method is she employing?
a. Step 1
Incorrect. The first step of the scientific method is to identify a research question.
b. Step 2
c. Step 3
Correct. The third step in the scientific method involves collecting data to test her hypothesis.
d. Step 4
Answer: C
Page: 30
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
14. A researcher is interested in whether toddlers who are taught to solve a puzzle can remember the strategy two weeks later. What would be the population of interest?
a. all toddlers
Correct. Studies are designed to answer questions regarding populations, not just answer questions regarding those who are in the study.
b. the toddlers in the study
Incorrect. The population of interest would be all toddlers. Studies are designed to answer questions regarding populations, not just answer questions regarding those who are in the study.
c. all children
d. only toddlers who are in preschool
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 30
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
15. How does the text define the term “population”?
a. only those individuals who are in the research study
Incorrect. The population is defined as the entire category of people. The sample should be representative of the population so that the results can be generalized back to the population.
b. the entire category of people
Correct. The sample should be representative of the population so that the results can be generalized back to the population.
c. a smaller subset of an entire category of people
d. those individuals in the research pool
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 30
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
16. How does the text define the term “sample”?
a. only those individuals who are in the research study
Correct. The sample is defined as the group of people who participate in a research study. The population is the entire category of people.
b. the entire category of people
Incorrect. The sample is defined as the group of people who participate in a research study. The population is the entire category of people.
c. a smaller subset of an entire category of people
d. those individuals in the research pool
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 30
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
17. Your professor hands you a sealed bag of potato chips and asks you to open the bag and take out two scoops of chips. The scoops of chips are analogous to:
a. a sample.
Correct. The sample is defined as a collection taken from the population.
b. a population.
Incorrect. The population would be the entire bag of chips.
c. a hypothesis.
d. a generalizable scoop.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 30
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
18. What is the goal when developing a sample for a research study? To generate a sample that will be _____.
a. easy to find
b. an answer to the scientific question
Incorrect. The sample should represent the population of interest so that the results can be generalized from the sample to the population.
c. representative of the population
Correct. The sample should represent the population of interest so that the results can be generalized from the sample to the population.
d. as large as possible
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 30–31
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
19. What principle defines the concept when findings from a sample can be used to draw appropriate conclusions regarding the population?
a. generalization
Correct. If the sample represents the population, then the results from it can be generalized.
b. representation
Incorrect. Generalization refers to when the findings from the sample can be used to understand the population. If the sample represents the population, then the results from it can be generalized.
c. theory formation
d. sample characterization
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 30–31
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
20. What aspect of a study outlines the way the study was conducted and how the data were collected?
a. procedure
Correct. The procedure is determined by the research design.
b. method
Incorrect. The procedure outlines the way the study was conducted.
c. statistical analysis
d. generating conclusions
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 31
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
21. The last step of the scientific method is to ______.
a. form a hypothesis
b. choose a research method and a research design
c. collect data
d. draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 31
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
22. The third step in the scientific method is to:
a. collect data to test the hypothesis.
b. identify a question of scientific interest.
c. form a hypothesis.
d. choose a research method and a research design.
Answer: D
Page: 30
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
23. The first step in the scientific method is ____; the third step is to ____.
a. identifying a question of scientific interest; choose a research method and a research design
b. forming a hypothesis; choose a research method and a research design
c. identifying a question of scientific interest; collect data to test the hypothesis
d. collecting data to test the hypothesis; choose a research method and a research design
Answer: A
Page: 29–30
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
24. A sample is ____.
a. a framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research
b. a group of people who participate in a research study
c. a statement indicating that participation in the study is voluntary, and that persons may withdraw from participation in the study at any time
d. the way the study is conducted and the data are collected
Answer: B
Page: 30
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
25. The sample should represent the ____, which is the entire category of people the sample represents.
a. theory
b. population
c. variable
d. hypothesis
Answer: B
Page: 30
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 82 a= 6 b= 82 c= 0 d= 0 r = .52
26. To study adolescents’ attitudes toward contraceptive use, a researcher recruits subjects from a waiting room of a community clinic that offers free contraceptive services to all. This researcher has a sample that is ____.
a. not representative of all adolescents
Correct. Recruiting at a community clinic limits one’s subject pool and is biased.
b. similar to the general population of adolescents
Incorrect. The sample is only representative of individuals who use the services of the community clinic and not all adolescents in general.
c. representative of adolescents in America, but not other developed nations
d. representative of female adolescents and not males
Answer: A
Page: 30
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
27. Which of the following best describes when findings from the sample make it possible to draw conclusions about the larger population than the sample is intended to represent?
a. generalizability
b. validity
c. reliability
d. standardization
Answer: A
Page: 31
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
28. The ____ of the study is the way the study is conducted and the data are collected.
a. validity
b. procedure
c. reliability
d. sample
Answer: B
Page: 31
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
29. Which of the following best describes a theory?
a. a framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research
b. the way the study is conducted and the data are collected
c. a group of people who participate in a research study
d. the researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest
Answer: A
Page: 31
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 59 a= 59 b= 0 c= 0 d= 29 r = .21
30. Once a researcher writes a manuscript describing the methods used, the results of the statistical analyses, and the interpretation of the results, the researcher typically ____.
a. submits the manuscript for publication in a scientific journal
b. posts the manuscript on his or her website
c. sends the manuscript to other researchers
d. files the manuscript away so that no one else can duplicate the study
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 31
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
31. Which of the following best describes an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
a. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating, and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation.
b. Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for the deception.
c. Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.
d. They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines.
Answer: D
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
32. What is the process by which an editor of a journal sends a manuscript to other researchers to evaluate for potential publication in a journal?
a. editorial evaluation
b. editor’s choice
c. publication priority
d. peer review
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 31
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
33. According to the text, a framework that represents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research is the definition of ____.
a. a research study
b. a hypothesis
Incorrect. A hypothesis is one aspect of a theory. The text defines theory as the set of interconnected ideas.
c. a theory
Correct. A theory generates hypotheses that can be tested in research, and research leads to modifications of a theory, which generates more hypotheses and research.
d. the scientific method
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 31
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
34. To prevent ethical violations, most institutions that sponsor research, such as universities and research institutes, require a proposal for research to be approved by a(n) ______.
a. Ethical Standard Board
b. Institutional Review Board
c. Department of Research
d. University Research Sponsorship Department
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
35. The purpose of an Institutional Review Board is ____.
a. to prevent ethical violations and judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines
b. to design research studies, test hypothesizes, and secure funding
c. to generate theories, measure variables, and publish findings in peer-review journals
d. to supervise and monitor research that is being conducted and to support the mission of the university
Answer: A
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
36. Frank is a researcher at a large university and is nervous about an important meeting with a group who will scrutinize his research proposal while judging whether or not it follows reasonable ethical guidelines. Frank is meeting with _____.
a. an institutional review board
Correct. The phrase “while judging whether or not it follows reasonable ethical guidelines” is the signifier of an IRB.
b. a rank and tenure committee
c. a president’s board committee
d. a funding and endowment board
Incorrect. An endowment board determines the financial appropriateness of a proposal. Its role is not discussed in the text.
Answer: A
Page: 32
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
37. ____ occurs at the beginning of the research study, whereas the ____ occurs at the end.
a. Debriefing; confidentiality
b. Confidentiality; reliability
c. Informed consent; debriefing
d. Debriefing; informed consent
Answer: C
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
38. Participants want to feel sure that their responses will be ____.
a. graded fairly
b. recorded accurately
c. confidential
d. not judged
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
39. Which of the following is usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines?
a. Department of Research
b. Ethical Standard Board
c. Institutional Review Board
d. University Research Sponsorship Department
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
40. What is the most important consideration in human development research in terms of ethical standards? That the participants will ____.
a. gain knowledge about themselves
b. have fun participating
c. not be harmed
d. learn something from the study
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 86 a= 7 b= 0 c= 86 d= 7 r = .55
41. What typically includes information about who is conducting the study, what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating, and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation?
a. IRB proposal
b. informed consent form
c. research participation advertisement
d. study proposal
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
42. Once the study has been carried out and the data collected, the participants must be _____.
a. debriefed
b. paid
c. allowed to leave
d. evaluated for psychological damage
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
43. Professor Smith is conducting a research study on discrimination; however, he is afraid that if he tells subjects the true nature of his research, they might provide a socially desirable response and skew his results. To minimize socially desired responses and skewed results, Professor Smith may use ______.
a. deception
Correct. Withholding the true intent of the research study from subjects would minimize socially desirable responses.
b. informed consent
Incorrect. Informed consent is a standard ethical requirement of human development research regardless of the research method.
c. an intuitional review board
d. a debriefing
Answer: A
Page: 32
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
44. Informed consent is for ____, whereas a debriefing is for ____.
a. the beginning of a research study; the end of a study
Correct. Informed consent is provided to subjects at the beginning of a study to provide them with enough information to decide whether or not to participate; the debriefing is provided at the end of a study, sharing results and findings.
b. the end of a research study; the beginning of a study
Incorrect. This is the reverse of the correct answer.
c. animal subjects; human subjects
d. human subjects; animal subjects
Answer: A
Page: 32
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
45. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) require researchers to show that deception in a proposed research study ____.
a. is a clear objective of the American Psychological Association
b. will be completely funded by endowment
c. will contribute to scientific knowledge
d. will cause no harm to subjects
Answer: D
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
46. When subjects ____, they are provided with findings, results, and conclusions of the research study they participated in. In addition, if deception was used, they must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for the deception.
a. are randomly selected
b. are provided informed consent
c. are debriefed
Correct. Results, findings, and major conclusions are provided to subjects during the debriefing. Also, if deception was used, the rationale and justification are explained.
d. are dependent variables
Incorrect. The dependent variable is the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment.
Answer: C
Page: 32
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
47. Which of the following best describes confidentiality within scientific research?
a. Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.
b. Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.
c. They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines.
d. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating, and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation.
Answer: B
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
48. Which of the following best describes informed consent within scientific research?
a. Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.
b. Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.
c. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating, and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation.
d. They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines.
Answer: C
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
49. Which of the following best describes a debriefing within scientific research?
a. Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.
b. Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.
c. They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines.
d. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating, and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation.
Answer: A
Page: 32
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
50. What is the most commonly used method in social science research?
a. case study
b. questionnaire
c. experiment
d. correlational study
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 33
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
51. When participants are provided with specific responses to choose from on a questionnaire, what type of format is being used?
a. open-ended question format
b. closed-question format
c. stream of consciousness format
d. multiple choice format
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 33
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
52. When participants are allowed to state their responses following the questions, what type of format is being used?
a. open-ended question format
b. closed-question format
c. stream of consciousness format
d. multiple choice format
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 33
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
53. Your professor gives you a writing assignment that asks you to describe a dream you had this week. What type of format is being used by this project?
a. open-ended question format
b. closed-question format
c. stream of consciousness format
d. multiple choice format
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 33
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
54. What research method allows a researcher to hear people describe their lives in their own words?
a. case study
b. survey
c. experiment
d. interview
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 34
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
55. On a survey of beverages you consumed during the past week, you are presented with the following choices: water, milk, coffee, tea, and soda. What format is being used?
- open-ended question format
Incorrect. Open-ended questions allow you to state whatever you choose.
b. closed-question format
Correct. Closed-questions force you to choose from the items presented to you.
c. stream of consciousness format
d. multiple choice format
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 33–34
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
56. What is an example of a qualitative research design?
a. case study
b. questionnaire
c. experiment
d. interview
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 33
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
57. Which of the following best describes a questionnaire with a closed-question format?
a. observing people and recording their behavior either through filming or through written records
b. participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question
c. researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them
d. participants are provided with specific responses to choose from
Answer: D
Page: 33
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
58. Which of the following best describes a questionnaire with an open-ended question format?
a. observing people and recording their behavior either through filming or through written records
b. participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question
c. researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them
d. participants are provided with specific responses to choose from
Answer: B
Page: 33
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
59. Which of the following research questions would be best examined by a questionnaire?
a. What is the rate of alcohol use of high school students?
Correct. High schools students are under the legal age to drink alcohol so there is no other ethical alternative research method.
b. What are the cognitive abilities of a 3-year-old?
c. How does damage to the brain affect one’s cognitive and behavioral abilities?
d. How do antidepressant drugs minimize depressive symptoms?
Incorrect. The effects of antidepressant drugs are best examined within an experimental design.
Answer: A
Page: 33
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
60. Qualitative data is ____, whereas quantitative data is ____.
a. informed consent; debriefing
b. reliable; valid
c. non-numerical; numerical
d. internally measured; externally measured
Answer: C
Page: 34
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 91 a= 3 b= 3 c= 91 d= 3 r = .30
61. Professor Parks is conducting a research study where he is asking individuals to rate their satisfaction with their first year of college. His questionnaire is based upon a scale where students respond to questions by choosing one of the following descriptors: “5. very satisfied; 4. somewhat satisfied; 3. not very satisfied; 2. not at all satisfied.” Professor Parks is gathering ____.
a. valid data
b. quantitative data
Correct. This kind of scale allows researchers to convert closed questions from a qualitative measure to quantitative measure.
c. qualitative data
Incorrect. A questionnaire that asks open-ended questions or direct observations is closer to qualitative measure.
d. reliable data
Answer: B
Page: 34
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
62. Which of the following best describes ethnographic research?
a. observing people and recording their behavior either through filming or through written records
b. participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question
c. researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them
d. participants are provided with specific responses to choose from
Answer: C
Page: 35
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
63. Observational methods have an advantage over questionnaires and interviews in that they involve _____.
a. the reporting of behavior by a close relative of the participant
b. actual behavior rather than self reports of behavior
c. the self-reporting of behavior
d. less-involved data analysis
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 34
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 88 a= 0 b= 88 c= 0 d= 0 r = .53
64. Clarence Maloney is a cultural anthropologist. Having lived with individuals from the Republic of Maldives in the Indian Ocean, he has chronicled their daily lives and provided detailed descriptions of this cultural group to the scientific community. Currently, climatologists and anthropologists are working together to illustrate how rising sea levels have changed the daily behaviors of these people and are comparing it to what Maloney had described in the past. Which of the following best describes the type of research that Clarence Maloney conducted?
a. an ethnography
Correct. Ethnographies are commonly used by anthropologists. They may live with a cultural group, describing many detailed aspects.
b. a quasi-experiment
Incorrect. This is an example of an ethnography, commonly used by anthropologists.
c. a correlation
d. a survey
Answer: A
Page: 35
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
65. What type of research method involves researchers spending a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them?
a. ethnographic research
b. on-site research
c. group-processing research
d. survey research
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 35
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
66. A book that presents an anthropologist’s observations of what life is like in a particular culture is known as a(n) _____.
a. biography
b. ethnography
c. groupography
d. anthrography
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 35
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
67. What is the main disadvantage of the ethnographic method?
a. It is a flawed method.
b. Most groups usually will not allow researchers to study them.
c. Researchers do not place any validity on the design.
d. It requires a great deal of time and sacrifice on the part of the researcher.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 35
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
68. What research method entails the detailed examination of the life of one person or a small number of people?
a. survey
b. interview
c. case study
d. experiment
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 35
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
69. What is a disadvantage of the case study method? The results are ____.
a. not valid
b. difficult to generalize
c. usually exaggerated by the participant
d. too difficult to analyze
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 36
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 71 a= 0 b= 71 c= 12 d= 6 r = .21
70. Jean Piaget based his ideas about infants’ cognitive development on his detailed observations of his own three children. This is an example of what research method?
a. survey
Incorrect. The method that examines one person or a small group of people is the case study. Surveys are generally used for large groups of people.
b. interview
c. case study
Correct. Case studies examine one person or a small group of people.
d. experiment
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 36
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
71. A study measuring heart rate, body temperature, and hormone levels is taking what type of measurements?
a. biological
Correct. Biological changes are the basis of biological measurements.
b. ethnographic
c. case study
Incorrect. Case studies examine one person or a small group of people.
d. experimental
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 35
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
72. ____ refers to the consistency of measures, whereas ____ refers to the truthfulness of a measurement.
a. Reliability; validity
b. Validity; reliability
c. Variance from the mean; standardization
d. Standardization; variance from the mean
Answer: A
Page: 38
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 88 a= 88 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .53
73. ____ refers to the consistency of measurements—if a research method obtains similar results on different occasions.
a. Standardization
b. Measurability
c. Validity
d. Reliability
Answer: D
Page: 38
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
74. ____ refers to the truthfulness of a method—if a research method measures what it claims to measure.
a. Variance from the mean
b. Validity
c. Reliability
d. Standardization
Answer: B
Page: 38
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
75. ____ are programs intended to change the attitudes or behaviors of the participants.
a. Interventions
b. Primary preventions
c. Experiments
d. Confounding variables
Answer: A
Page: 37
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
76. The ____ variable is the variable that is different for the experimental group than for the control group. The ____ variable is the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment.
a. quasi-experimental; correlational
b. correlational; quasi-experimental
c. dependent; independent
d. independent; dependent
Answer: D
Page: 37
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
77. The ____ variable is the variable that is different for the experimental group than for the control group.
a. quasi-experimental
b. correlational
c. dependent
d. independent
Answer: D
Page: 37
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
78. The ____ variable is the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment.
a. quasi-experimental
b. correlational
c. dependent
d. independent
Answer: C
Page: 37
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
79. In an experiment, what group receives the treatment?
a. experimental group
Correct. The experimental group receives the treatment so that the performance of the participants in this group can be compared to the performance of the participants in the control group to determine if the treatment had an effect.
b. comparison group
c. cohort group
d. control group
Incorrect. The control group does not receive the treatment so that the performance of the participants in this group can be compared to the performance of the participants in the experimental group to determine if the treatment had an effect.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 37
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
80. In an experiment, what group does NOT receive the treatment?
a. experimental group
Incorrect. The experimental group receives the treatment so that the performance of the participants in this group can be compared to the performance of the participants in the control group to determine if the treatment had an effect.
b. comparison group
c. cohort group
d. control group
Correct. The control group does not receive the treatment so that the performance of the participants in this group can be compared to the performance of the participants in the experimental group to determine if the treatment had an effect.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 37
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
81. According to the text, what variable in an experiment is different for the experimental group than for the control group?
a. extraneous variable
Incorrect. The extraneous variables are all of the variables in an experiment that are not the independent or dependent variables.
b. control variable
c. dependent variable
d. independent variable
Correct. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in an experiment to determine if the treatment is effective.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 37
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
82. According to the text, what variable in an experiment is measured to calculate the results of the experiment?
a. extraneous variable
b. control variable
c. dependent variable
Correct. The dependent variable is what distinguishes the experiment group from the control group.
d. independent variable
Incorrect. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in an experiment to determine if the treatment is effective.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 37
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
83. What is the advantage of the experimental method?
a. It can detect correlations.
b. It allows for a high degree of control over the participant’s behavior.
c. It helps to describe the behavior of a single participant.
Correct. Rather than monitoring behavior that occurs naturally, the researcher attempts to change the normal patterns of behavior by randomly assigning participants to an experimental or a control group.
d. It follows a group of participants over many phases of measurement.
Incorrect. Although longitudinal designs can be experimental, the advantage of the experimental method is that it allows for the very careful control of extraneous variables.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 37
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
84. In order to measure aggressiveness in toddlers, a researcher sat on a park bench for an afternoon and observed children playing on the slides and climbing equipment. To get clean results, it was very important that the toddlers not know that someone was observing them. What type of experiment would best fit these criteria?
a. ethnography
Incorrect. Ethnographic research involves spending extensive time among people being observed.
b. case study
c. experimental research strategy
d. natural experiment
Correct. Natural experiments are conducted on situations that exist naturally.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 38
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
85. A ____ is a situation that exists naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer.
a. holistic experiment
b. natural experiment
c. random experiment
d. quasi-experiment
Answer: B
Page: 38
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
86. According to the text, what type of experiment occurs when the researcher does not control the variables in a particular environment but provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer?
a. developmental experiment
Incorrect. The type of experiment that occurs when the researcher does not control the variables of interest are natural experiments.
b. natural experiment
Correct. Observing adoptive families for whom no genetic relationship exists is one example of a natural experiment.
c. accidental experiment
d. qualitative experiment
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 38
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
87. What research term refers to the consistency of measurements?
a. validity
Incorrect. According to the text, validity refers to the truthfulness of a method.
b. reliability
Correct. For example, a study where two different interviewers obtained similar results from interviewees would be considered reliable.
c. correlation
d. generalization
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 38
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
88. According to the text, what research term refers to the truthfulness of a method?
a. validity
Correct. Validity is more difficult to establish than reliability.
b. reliability
Incorrect. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure.
c. correlation
d. generalization
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 38
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
89. If you are diabetic, you want a glucose monitor that provides consistent results. In other words, if you tested your blood sugar five times in a row, it should show the same reading across all five measurements. A criteria for a good glucose monitor would be one that has high:
a. validity.
Incorrect. Validity asserts that it is measuring what it says it is measuring.
b. reliability.
Correct. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure.
c. correlation.
d. generalization.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 38
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
90. If you are diabetic, you want a glucose monitor that accurately tests your blood sugar. It would be dangerous if it gave you an inaccurate reading. Using this criteria, a good glucose monitor would be one that has high:
a. validity.
Correct. Validity asserts that it is measuring what it says it is measuring.
b. reliability.
Incorrect. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure.
c. correlation.
d. generalization.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 38
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
91. In ____ research, data is collected on a sample of people on a single occasion. Then, the researcher examines potential relations between variables in the data, based on the hypotheses of the study.
a. semi-reliable
b. quasi-lateral
c. longitudinal
d. cross-sectional
Answer: D
Page: 39
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
92. Professor Cook is conducting a research study on the cognitive abilities of infants and young children. Rather than follow subjects from birth to the age of 10, he assesses small groups from various ages. Of 1-year-olds he measures five children, of 2-year-olds he measures five different children, and so forth. By the time he has completed his study, Dr. Cook has an assessment of 50 different children from 10 different age groups. Which of the following describes the research method that Dr. Cook is using?
a. a cross-sectional design
Correct. In cross-sectional research, data are collected on a sample of people on a single occasion. Then, the researcher examines potential relations between variables in the data, based on the hypotheses of the study.
b. a longitudinal design
Incorrect. A longitudinal study follows the same persons over time and collects data on two or more occasions.
c. a quasi-experimental design
d. a semi-reliable design
Answer: A
Page: 39
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
93. What type of design collects data on a sample of people on a single occasion?
a. survey method
b. longitudinal method
Incorrect. The longitudinal method observes a group for at least two measurements and potentially many measurements.
c. cross-sectional method
Correct. Cross-sectional studies can be completed quickly and inexpensively, but the resulting correlations can be difficult to interpret.
d. correlational method
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 39
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
94. What is the main strength of a cross-sectional study? It can ____.
a. isolate the influence of a generation
b. be completed quickly and inexpensively
Correct. The main disadvantage is that resulting correlations can be difficult to interpret.
c. assess the influence of time between measurements
Incorrect. Since the cross-sectional design only assesses a group at one time of measurement, it cannot be used to evaluate the influence of time between measurements.
d. assess the strength of a relationship
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 39
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
95. A(n) __________is a statistical relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other.
a. correlation
b. theory
c. experiment
d. quasi-experiment
Answer: A
Page: 39
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
96. A(n) ____ means that when one variable increases, the other increases as well; a(n) ____ means that when one variable increases, the other decreases.
a. positive correlation; negative correlation
b. negative correlation; positive correlation
c. additive correlation; subtractive correlation
d. subtractive correlation; additive correlation
Answer: A
Page: 39
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
97. Which of the following is an example of a positive correlation?
a. exercise and physical health
Correct. As exercise increases, a person’s physical health would be predicted to increase.
b. immunizations and illnesses
Incorrect. This is a negative correlation; as immunizations increase, the rate of illnesses would be predicted to decrease.
c. poor weather conditions and motor vehicle accidents
d. gas prices and the rate of driving
Answer: A
Page: 39
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
98. Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?
a. exercise and physical health
b. study time and grades
Incorrect. As study time increases, one would predict an increase in grades; a positive correlation.
c. exposure to sunlight and plant growth
d. gas prices and the rate of driving
Correct. As gas prices increase, the rate of driving would be predicted to decrease.
Answer: D
Page: 39
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
99. It is a basic statistical principle of scientific research that ____, meaning that when two variables are correlated, it is not possible to tell whether one variable ___ the other.
a. the standard curve is always correlational; is expressed by
b. quasi-experiments have functionality; is related to
Incorrect. The term quasi-experimental does not have a scientific meaning and is not discussed in the text.
c. correlation does not imply causation; caused
Correct. A basic principle of a correlation is that one cannot imply causation just because two factors are related; there are too many variables that are unaccounted for.
d. hypotheses always support the theory; acted as a catalyst for
Answer: C
Page: 39
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 71 a= 6 b= 6 c= 71 d= 6 r = .49
100. What type of correlation occurs when both variables increase in the same direction together?
a. positive correlation
Correct. For example, as exercise increases, a person’s physical health would be predicted to increase.
b. negative correlation
Incorrect. When both variables vary in the same direction, the correlation is positive.
c. inverse correlation
d. multiple correlation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 39
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
101. What type of correlation occurs when one variable increases while the other variable decreases?
a. positive correlation
Incorrect. When the variables vary in opposite directions, the correlation is negative.
b. negative correlation
Correct. As gas prices increase, the rate of driving would be predicted to decrease.
c. no correlation
d. multiple correlation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 39
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
102. A(n) ____ design is one in which the same persons are followed over time and data are collected on two or more occasions.
a. ethnographic research
b. quasi-experimental research
c. longitudinal research
d. cross-sectional research
Answer: C
Page: 40
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
103. Dr. Mitchell is conducting a research study on temperament. As a basis of this study, he plans to follow 1,000 subjects from the age of 5 to the age of 35. At periodic times he will revisit subjects and their temperament. Dr. Mitchell’s research study is planned to last for 30 years. Which of the following best describes the type of research Dr. Mitchell is conducting?
a. ethnographic research
b. quasi-experimental research
c. longitudinal research
Correct. The same persons are followed over time and data are collected on two or more occasions. The length of longitudinal research designs varies widely, from a few weeks or months to years or even decades.
d. cross-sectional research
Incorrect. Cross-sectional studies sample various subjects from smaller subpopulations of the larger desired time frame.
Answer: C
Page: 40
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: 2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
104. A basic statistical principle of scientific research is that correlation _____.
a. indicates causation
Incorrect. Correlation does not indicate causation, it only indicates a significant relationship.
b. does not imply causation
Correct. This principle is nevertheless frequently overlooked in research on human development.
c. implies causation if it is significantly positive
d. implies causation if it is significantly negative
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 39
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
105. What type of design follows the same group of people over time and collects data on two or more occasions?
a. survey method
b. longitudinal method
Correct. The length of longitudinal studies varies widely, from a few weeks or months to a few years or decades.
c. cross-sectional method
Incorrect. The cross-sectional design observes a group for only one measurement.
d. correlational method
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 40
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
106. What effect occurs when the performance of people of different ages varies because they grew up in different generations?
a. gender effect
b. time of measurement effect
c. age effect
Incorrect. The effect of aging is a different course of variability than the cohort effect, even though aging is influenced by the generation in which one was born.
d. cohort effect
Correct. Longitudinal studies that follow one population over time can minimize the cohort effect.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 40
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
107. What term describes when participants drop out of a longitudinal study?
a. selective survival
b. attrition
Correct. Attrition is highest among low-SES groups, meaning longitudinal studies can end up being less representative of the SES range of the entire population.
c. cohort effect
Incorrect. The cohort effect occurs because of differences in generations. Attrition is the term that describes when participants drop out of a longitudinal study.
d. selective sampling
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 40
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
Short Answer Questions
108. Your professor assigns a presentation and requires that all sources come from peer-reviewed journals. What does peer-reviewed mean?
Answer: This means that the editor of the journal sends the manuscript to others who are experts in the field, who then decide whether the work is rigorous enough to meet the standards of publication.
Page: 31
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
109. Give an example of qualitative data. Can a researcher turn interview data into quantitative data? Explain.
Answers will vary. Example: A researcher could ask students about their hoped-for self and feared self in an interview. Responses could then be coded into categories, such as health, education, and family.
Page: 34
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
110. Questionnaires are the most commonly used research method in the social sciences. Are there any disadvantages? Explain.
Answer: Questionnaires that provide closed-end responses cannot capture the complexity of many phenomena in the same way that open-ended interviews can.
Page: 33
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
111. What is ethnographic research and are there any disadvantages?
Answer: Ethnographic research is often conducted by anthropologists. It entails living among a population to get an insider’s view of a culture. The disadvantages include: a lot of time and money to spend long periods of time in often remote areas, and also, the researcher may be biased in his/her interpretations.
Page: 35
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
112. Who was Doddy and how did Darwin study him?
Answer: Doddy was Darwin’s infant son, whom Darwin studied by keeping a diary to learn how development progresses. In this case study method, Darwin documented his observations, such as how Doddy got angry when cake was taken away from him and he slapped his nurse. He concluded that this aggressive behavior must be innate because Doddy had never been hit.
Page: 36
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
Essay Questions
113. In 1947, Sidney Farber injected a two-year-old boy who had leukemia with various versions of an experimental drug that led to remission. By the next year he had treated 16 patients and had enough data for a publication. Parents were sometimes told about the drug trial, but often it was after the fact. Children were almost never informed or consulted. Authorities at Children’s Hospital in Boston were infuriated at these clinical trials; they figured that because these children were on their deathbeds anyways, it would be better to “let them die in peace.” Can clinical trials such as these be carried out with children today? Why or why not?
Many clinical trials are being carried out today, but because we now have Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), Farber would be required to get informed consent from the parents of children under age 18, and the child would be told that they were free to stop the experiment at any time for any reason.
Page: 32
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions
EOM_Q1.1.1
Between now and 2050, the increase in the population of the United States will be nearly entirely caused by what?
a. Increased life expectancy
b. Higher majority fertility
c. Higher minority fertility
d. Immigration
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Changes in human population
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.1 Describe how the human population has changed over the past 10,000 years and explain why the United States is following a different demographic path from other developed countries.
EOM_Q1.1.2
S. is a young girl who lives in a rural area of a developing country. Her family adheres strongly to the historical traditions of their culture. S. lives in a(n) ____________ culture.
a. conservative
b. traditional
c. archaic
d. conventional
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Demographic profiles of developed countries and developing countries
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.2 Distinguish between the demographic profiles of developed countries and developing countries in terms of cultural values, income, and education.
EOM_Q1.1.3
A. and W. are brothers and work together. A. owns a cleaning business and his brother W. helps when the jobs are too big for A. to do alone. These brothers most likely live in a(n) _____________ culture.
a. collectivistic
b. individualistic
c. conventional
d. caste
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Individualism and collectivism
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.2 Distinguish between the demographic profiles of developed countries and developing countries in terms of cultural values, income, and education.
EOM_Q1.1.4
Dr. Wu is conducting research and plans to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of his participants. His measure of SES will most likely include which of the following?
a. Income level, education level, and occupational status
b. Income level, area of education or specialized training, and race
c. Income level and reputation
d. Income level and ethnicity
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Socioeconomic status (SES)
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.3 Define the term socioeconomic status (SES) and explain why SES, gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of human development within countries.
EOM_Q1.1.5
Phoebe is very proud of her ability to speak Japanese, her parents’ native language, and she has taught herself a number of traditional Japanese dances and songs. Phoebe is proud of her _______________.
a. ethnicity
b. majority culture
c. socioeconomic status
d. caste status
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Ethnicity
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.3 Define the term socioeconomic status (SES) and explain why SES, gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of human development within countries.
EOM_Q1.2.1
Unlike earlier hominids, Homo sapiens had ___________.
a. much heavier and thicker bones
b. smaller teeth and jaws
c. a slightly smaller brain
d. a narrower pelvis among females and a larger pelvis among males
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Homo sapiens
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.4 Explain the process of natural selection and trace the evolutionary origins of the human species.
EOM_Q1.2.2
Which of the following statements best describes the effects of natural selection?
a. Species are eliminated, or “selected,” one-by-one over thousands of years, and no new species are developed.
b. Species change little by little with each generation, and over a long period of time they can develop into new species.
c. New species are naturally developed only every 2,000 years, and all previously existing species die out.
d. Species change over short periods of time, and this change occurs roughly every 1,000 years.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Evolution
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.4 Explain the process of natural selection and trace the evolutionary origins of the human species.
EOM_Q1.2.3
The dramatic change in the development of the human species that took place during the Upper Paleolithic period was that, for the first time, _______.
a. brains got larger
b. tools were created
c. art appeared
d. jaws got larger to eat a wider variety of plants
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Major changes in human cultures since the Upper Paleolithic period
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.5 Summarize the major changes in human cultures since the Upper Paleolithic period.
EOM_Q1.2.4
Dr. Jenks is interested in how mate selection is shaped by our evolutionary history. She most likely considers herself a(n) ___________.
a. biopsychologist
b. developmental psychologist
c. evolutionary psychologist
d. social archeologist
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Evolutionary psychology
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.6 Apply information about human evolution to how human development takes place today.
EOM_Q1.2.5
Which of the following is TRUE?
a. The development of larger brains allowed our species to be capable of altering our environment.
b. Biologically, humans have changed drastically since the origin of Homo sapiens.
c. There are fewer than 10 cultures around the world today.
d. We are a species that originated in south Asia.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Human evolution
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.6 Apply information about human evolution to how human development takes place today.
EOM_Q1.3.1
The Dharmashastras are the sacred law books of the ________________ religion that describe four stages of a man’s life.
a. Christian
b. Hindu
c. Jewish
d. Buddhist
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Ancient conceptions of development through the life span
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.7 Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
EOM_Q1.3.2
According to the Jewish holy book, ______ is the age of moral responsibility.
a. 8
b. 10
c. 13
d. 18
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Ancient conceptions of development through the life span
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.7 Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
EOM_Q1.3.3
The Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the conception of life proposed by Solon ______.
a. were written within a year of one another
b. were written by men
c. each divide the life span into 5-year periods
d. are all sacred law books of the Hindu religion
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Ancient conceptions of development through the life span
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.7 Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
EOM_Q1.4.1
According to Freud _____________.
a. the root of mental health problems in his patients was that they seemed to have experienced some type of traumatic event during the transition to young adulthood
b. children experience the anal stage that leads them to want to have sexual access to their opposite-sex parents
c. everything important in development happened before adulthood
d. the oral stage lasts from about ages 3 to 6
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.8 Summarize Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development and describe its main limitations.
EOM_Q1.4.2
One critique of Freud’s theory is that ______________.
a. it reduced human behavior to only one motive: the need to be integrated into the social environment
b. Freud never studied children
c. it was derived from studying his own patients, most of whom were middle-class men
d. he focused on culture much more than other aspects of development
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Limitations of Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.8 Summarize Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development and describe its main limitations.
EOM_Q1.4.3
Bram does not ever want to get married. The idea of a lifetime commitment makes him anxious and uncomfortable, and any time a girlfriend brings up the subject of marriage, he breaks up with her. According to Erikson, Bram will not successfully resolve the ____________ crisis.
a. autonomy versus commitment
b. identity versus identity confusion
c. generativity versus stagnation
d. intimacy versus isolation
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.9 Describe the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development.
EOM_Q1.4.4
Belinda’s parents are divorced, but they work together to be sure that they have open lines of communication with their daughter’s teacher and attend as many school functions as possible. The strong interconnection between Belinda’s parents and the various aspects of her school is an example of the ___________________.
a. microsystem
b. macrosystem
c. mesosystem
d. exosystem
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.10 Define the five systems of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and explain how it differs from stage theories.
EOM_Q1.4.5
Which statement concerning the developmental period known as emerging adulthood is most accurate according to Arnett?
a. It is a life stage in which most people have not yet made commitments to the stable roles of love and work that structure adult life for most people.
b. Compared to emerging adults of past generations, today’s emerging adults are more dependent upon their romantic partners.
c. Emerging adulthood is a period that replaces middle age.
d. It is more common in developing countries than in developed countries.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Emerging adulthood
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 1.11 Outline the cultural-developmental model that will be the structure of this book and describe the new life stage of emerging adulthood.
EOM_Q1.5.1
Dr. Kim decided to conduct interviews with middle school children rather than administering questionnaires because she wanted to hear from them in their own words. Her use of interviews is an example of _______________.
a. an unbiased sample
b. confidential responses
c. a theory
d. the research method
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The scientific method
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.12 Recall the five steps of the scientific method and the meanings and functions of hypotheses, sampling, and procedure in scientific research.
EOM_Q1.5.2
Even though Dr. Hernandez is not administering drugs, but merely asking adolescents questions about various drugs, she still needs to submit her proposal to the ____________ to prevent potential ethical violations.
a. Grants and Standards Board
b. Institutional Review Board
c. International Standards Board
d. University Research Screening
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Ethical standards
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.13 Describe some ethical standards for human development research.
EOM_Q1.5.3
Hypotheses refer to _________.
a. developing a research design
b. creating unbiased questions on a questionnaire
c. forming a possible answer to a research question
d. choosing a research method
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: The scientific method
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.12 Recall the five steps of the scientific method and the meanings and functions of hypotheses, sampling, and procedure in scientific research.
EOM_Q1.5.4
When Dr. McIntyre conducted her research with elementary and middle schools students, rather than having a space for a name, students were asked to come up with a password and write it on the top of their questionnaire packet. This was done to ensure _______.
a. debriefing of participants
b. informed consent
c. confidentiality
d. generalizability of the findings
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Ethical standards
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.13 Describe some ethical standards for human development research.
EOM_Q1.5.5
Shaleen is a student in an Introductory Psychology class and is participating in a study at her university. Which of the following is likely to happen first?
a. Her demographic data will be analyzed.
b. She will be debriefed so that she can decide whether she wants to participate.
c. She will sign a consent form.
d. She will answer questions in a questionnaire booklet.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Ethical standards
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.13 Describe some ethical standards for human development research.
EOM_Q1.6.1
For his post-doctorate research, Yani plans to study human development among indigenous cultures in the mountains of Peru. He plans to move to Peru to integrate with his study subjects, make social connections with them, and observe their daily life up close. Which type of research method is he using?
a. An intervention
b. Ethnographic research
c. An experiment
d. A quasi-experiment
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Ethnographic research
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.14 Summarize the main methods used in research on human development.
EOM_Q1.6.2
Which of the following is TRUE regarding research methods?
a. The most commonly used method in social science research is the open-ended interview.
b. The main drawback of the experimental method is that the findings may not generalize in real-life settings.
c. The strength of the case study approach is the ability to generalize the findings.
d. The main advantage of gathering non-numerical data from interviews is that coding is relatively quick and inexpensive.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The main methods used in research on human development
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.14 Summarize the main methods used in research on human development.
EOM_Q1.6.3
Bernice is planning to conduct a cross-sectional study for her dissertation. Which of the following is a limitation that she and her advisor discuss before she begins to collect her data?
a. Subjects are likely to drop out of the study.
b. It tends to be more time-consuming than longitudinal research.
c. Differences may be due to cohort differences.
d. Because of a rigorous peer-review process, cross-sectional studies are unlikely to be accepted for publication.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Research designs used in human development research
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.15 Describe the major types of research designs used in human development research.
EOM_Q1.6.4
You are interested in studying the potential changes in intelligence over the lifespan. You have selected 250 people who are currently two years old and you plan to assess them every five years for 40 years. What type of study are you planning on conducting?
a. Quasi-experimental
b. Ethnographic
c. Longitudinal
d. Cross-sectional
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Research designs used in human development research
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.15 Describe the major types of research designs used in human development research.
EOM_Q1.6.5
What type of correlation describes the situation in which the more hours spent sitting or in sedentary activity on the job, the higher the person’s body mass index (BMI)?
a. A positive correlation
b. A negative correlation
c. No correlation
d. A curved correlation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Research designs used in human development research
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.15 Describe the major types of research designs used in human development research.
EOC_Q1.1
The United States __________________.
a. is the developed country that will experience the steepest decline in population between now and 2050
b. is one of the few developed countries that will experience an increase in population, due largely to immigration
c. is expected to have approximately the same proportion of Latinos by 2050, but far fewer African Americans
d. has a total fertility rate that is lower than most developed countries due to the availability of birth control
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Population growth and change
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.1 Describe how the human population has changed over the past 10,000 years and explain why the United States is following a different demographic path from other developed countries.
EOC_Q1.2
If a researcher wanted to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of her adult participants, she would need to ask them about which of the following?
a. Educational level
b. Number of children
c. Religion
d. Ethnicity
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Variations within countries
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.3 Define the term socioeconomic status (SES) and explain why SES, gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of human development within countries.
EOC_Q1.3
Unlike early hominids, Homo sapiens had ___________________.
a. a narrower pelvis
b. a shorter period of dependency
c. a slightly smaller brain
d. smaller jaws
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Our evolutionary beginnings
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 1.4 Explain the process of natural selection and trace the evolutionary origins of the human species.
EOC_Q1.4
Which of the following occurred during the Neolithic period?
a. The climate got much colder.
b. Humans began to bury their dead for the first time.
c. The domestication of animals developed.
d. Humans reached Australia for the first time.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: The origin of cultures and civilizations
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.5 Summarize the major changes in human cultures since the Upper Paleolithic period.
EOC_Q1.5
Which of the following best represents the impact of evolution on human development?
a. Biologically, humans have changed drastically since the origin of Homo sapiens.
b. Our development of bipedal locomotion is the most distinctive characteristic of our species.
c. Cultures shape the raw material of biology into widely different paths throughout the life span.
d. Instincts reduce humans’ capacity for cultural learning more than they reduce animals’ capacity for cultural learning.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Human evolution and human development today
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 1.6 Apply information about human evolution to how human development takes place today.
EOC_Q1.6
The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, describe _____ stages of a person’s life.
a. ten
b. two
c. four
d. twelve
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Ancient conceptions of development
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.7 Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
EOC_Q1.7
The three traditional conceptions of life (in the Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and as proposed by Solon) differ _____________________.
a. in that only one is a view of how we develop if all goes well
b. in the way that they divide the life span
c. in the level of maturity they attribute to youth
d. in the stage of life when wisdom is evident
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Ancient conceptions of development
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.7 Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
EOC_Q1.8
According to Freud, _______ is the driving force behind human development.
a. attachment to one’s mother
b. sexual desire
c. cognitive development
d. trust
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Freud’s psychosexual theory
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 1.8 Summarize Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development and describe its main limitations.
EOC_Q1.9
Although Shanamae makes a good salary in sales, she is questioning whether her work in the retail industry is making a meaningful contribution to society. She is thinking of going back to school to train to be a nurse, so that she can give back to society by helping others. According to Erikson, she is in the stage of ______________.
a. ego integrity versus despair
b. industry versus inferiority
c. generativity versus stagnation
d. industry versus stagnation
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.9 Describe the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development.
EOC_Q1.10
The United States’ belief in the value of individual freedom, as demonstrated in its capitalist economic system and its governmental system of representative democracy, reflects which system of Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
a. Exosystem
b. Chronosystem
c. Microsystem
d. Macrosystem
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.10 Define the five stages of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and explain how it differs from stage theories.
EOC_Q1.11
Where does the developmental life stage of emerging adulthood usually appear?
a. In developed countries
b. In traditional cultures
c. In collectivistic cultures
d. In developing countries
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: A cultural-developmental model for this book
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 1.11 Outline the cultural-developmental model that will be the structure of this book and describe the new life stage of emerging adulthood.
EOC_Q1.12
________ generates hypotheses that can be tested in research.
a. An unbiased sample
b. A theory
c. The research design
d. The research method
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The five steps of the scientific method
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 1.12 Recall the five steps of the scientific method and the meanings and functions of hypotheses, sampling, and procedure in scientific research.
EOC_Q1.13
In the famous case of Henrietta Lacks, an African American woman’s cancer cells were removed from her cervix without her knowledge by a surgeon right before her death in 1951. Researchers wanted to study these HeLa cells to learn about the genes that cause cancer and those that suppress it. The ethical requirement of ________ would protect against this happening today.
a. informed consent
b. deception
c. confidentiality
d. generalizability of the findings
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Ethics in human development research
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 1.13 Describe some ethical standards for human development research.
EOC_Q1.14
Which of the following statements is true regarding research methods?
a. Qualitative data is considered unscientific among most researchers in the field of psychology.
b. The strength of the case study approach is the ability to generalize the findings.
c. The ethnographic method allows the researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives.
d. The most commonly used method in social science research is the open-ended interview.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Research methods
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 1.14 Summarize the main methods used in research on human development.
EOC_Q1.15
Which of the following is a problem with cross-sectional research?
a. Participants tend to drop out of the study.
b. It tends to be more expensive to conduct than longitudinal research.
c. It tends to be more time-consuming than longitudinal research.
d. It yields a correlation, which may be difficult to interpret.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Research designs
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 1.15 Describe the major types of research designs used in human development research.
