1. A person who systematically gathers information so as to describe, predict, and explain abnormality is called a clinical:
a.
mentalist.
b.
legalist.
c.
scientist.
d.
practitioner.
ANSWER:
c
2. If a person wants a career focused on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, that person should consider becoming a clinical:
researcher.
investigator.
statistician.
a
3. Which statement is the MOST accurate conclusion about the current state of abnormal psychology in the United States?
There is no single definition of abnormality or theoretical understanding of mental illness causes.
We do know what mental illness is, but we do not understand the best way to treat it.
We have returned back to the demonology era.
Today, we understand what causes mental illness and how best to treat it; we can also define it.
4. Commonly accepted features of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and:
danger.
damage.
delusions.
deference.
5. The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as:
norms.
culture.
morality.
conventions.
6. A society's _____ is(are) comprised of that society's history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts.
laws
norms
culture
conventions
7. Deviant behavior is behavior that:
is illegal.
violates the society's norms.
is dangerous to self or others.
causes dysfunction in the individual's life.
b
8. In which of these would aggressive behavior be seen as normal behavior?
a society that values cooperation
a culture that emphasizes competitiveness
a family that has experienced a traumatic event
a person who has exhibited this behavior since early childhood
9. Which depressed person would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder because of the specific circumstances present in his or her life?
someone whose mother was depressed
someone whose community was recently destroyed by a hurricane
someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance
someone who also had an alcohol use disorder
10. If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was:
suffering from a mental illness.
deviant but not dangerous.
exhibiting a typical reaction.
statistically deviant.
11. Which individual would be MOST likely to be classified as exhibiting dysfunctional behavior?
a person who experiences grief immediately after losing her job and then her house
a person who is nervous about shopping alone for weeks after being attacked by a mugger
a person who always washes his hands immediately after returning home from grocery shopping
a person who engages in multiple checking rituals each day and consequently is unable to hold down a job
d
12. Which statement about deviant behavior is TRUE?
What is defined as deviant can change over time.
What is considered deviant behavior is the same across all cultures.
Deviant behavior is a precursor to psychologically abnormal behavior.
People who engage in deviant behavior are always unaware that their behavior is deviant.
13. Morgan hears voices that others do not but she is not distressed by them. This illustrates that:
distress must always be used to determine abnormality.
behavior that is not really dangerous can never be considered abnormal.
distress does not have to be present for a person's behavior to be considered abnormal.
behavior that is not distressful is not abnormal.
14. Which statement about distress is TRUE?
Distress is a subjective experience.
Distress is always considered abnormal.
Distress is more common in young children.
Distress is always characterized by overt, observable signs.
15. An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time and expresses great distress over this behavior. This individual's behavior would be considered abnormal because it is:
disturbed.
deviant.
dysfunctional.
dangerous.
16. Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?
distress
deviance
dysfunction
danger to self or others
17. Which person would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that the person's behavior is dysfunctional?
someone who is too confused to drive safely
someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class
someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice
someone who cannot stay alone for even one night
18. Just a few decades ago, a woman's love for racecar driving would have been considered abnormal. This statement illustrates that:
abnormal thinking centers on fear.
abnormality can be situational.
everyone is a little eccentric.
women are labeled as "abnormal" more frequently than are men.
19. A person who is having suicidal thoughts and can see no reason for living BEST fits which definition of abnormality?
danger
20. Research shows that danger to self or others is found in:
all cases of abnormal functioning.
most cases of abnormal functioning.
some cases of abnormal functioning.
no cases of abnormal functioning.
21. Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not:
distressed.
22. According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really:
mental illness.
problems in living.
caused by one's early childhood experiences.
eccentric behaviors with a biological cause.
23. A researcher spends 15 hours or more each day conducting experiments or doing library reading and recording observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country but doesn't interfere with others' lives. The BEST description of the researcher's behavior is that it is:
eccentric.
abnormal.
24. College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because:
the behavior is not illegal.
they are just considered eccentric.
they don't harm anyone but themselves.
drinking is considered part of college culture.
25. Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because:
they are not deviant.
they freely choose and enjoy their behavior.
they are dangerous only to others, not to themselves.
while they are distressed by their behavior, others are not.
26. Which is NOT a characteristic of eccentrics noted by researchers in the field?
a disinterest in others' opinions or company
having a diagnosable mental illness
being creative
being a poor speller
27. Studies show that eccentrics are more likely than individuals with mental disorders to say:
"I feel like my behavior has been thrust on me."
"I am in a lot of pain, and I suffer a great deal."
"I wish I were not so 'unique.' "
"I'm different, and I like it."
28. According to Jerome Frank, all forms of therapy have three essential features: a sufferer who seeks relief, a trained and socially accepted healer, and a(n):
clinical diagnosis.
period of remission.
acceptance of a higher power.
series of contacts between the sufferer and the healer.
29. Arvind is feeling overwhelmed at work and has been having anxiety episodes for a few weeks. Acting on the advice of a friend, Arvind takes a vacation and subsequently feels less distress. Is this an example of therapy?
Yes, a person in distress took action and felt relief.
Yes, a person sought relief, obtained advice, and acted upon that advice.
No, there is no trained healer in this scenario.
No, the sufferer felt some relief, but there is no mention of the episodes resolving the problem permanently.
30. Which statement BEST defines treatment?
It is a procedure that cures an illness.
It is any process that provides relief to a sufferer.
It is a process that aids the person in developing functional coping skills.
It is a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior.
31. A theorist who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help with problems in living as:
pupils.
patients.
trainees.
clients.
32. A theorist who views therapists as teachers of more functional behavior and thought is MOST likely to view abnormality as a(n):
illness.
spiritual issue.
a problem in living.
developmental disorder.
33. It is thought that people in prehistoric societies believed abnormal behavior resulted from:
advancing age.
a person not having a soul.
evil spirits that invaded the body.
a state of being disconnected from the Earth and nature.
34. The ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull is called:
trephination.
shaman.
couvade.
exorcism.
35. Ancient societies commonly treated abnormal behavior by:
committing the affected persons to asylums.
providing moral treatment.
performing an exorcism.
changing the diet.
36. A person seeking help for a psychological abnormality is made to drink bitter herbal potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that "evil spirits" will be driven from the person's body. This form of "therapy" is called:
37. Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve:
releasing evil spirits trapped in the brain.
bringing the four body humors back into balance.
punishing the body for its sins.
giving control over to a higher power.
38. Hippocrates' contribution to the development of understanding mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of:
stress.
natural causes.
brain pathology.
spiritual deviations.
39. Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four humors, one of which was:
water.
lymph gland fluid.
phlegm.
cerebrospinal fluid.
40. Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by:
hypnotizing patients.
chaining patients to walls.
correcting underlying physical pathology.
encouraging patients to speak about past traumas.
41. Luther experiences unshakable sadness. His friends have stopped trying to cheer him up because nothing works. An ancient Greek physician would have labeled his condition:
mania.
hysteria.
melancholia.
42. Which approach was LEAST likely to be used by an ancient Greek physician to treat someone believed to be suffering from an imbalance of the humors?
exercise
lobotomy
bloodletting
a change in diet
43. In the Middle Ages, the model of mental illness that MOST people believed in was the:
moral model.
medical model.
psychogenic model.
demonology model.
44. People in the Middle Ages might find that a flash mob is MOST similar to:
mass madness.
general paresis.
45. Which statement is NOT a reason that demonology dominated views of abnormality in Europe in the Middle Ages?
The power of the clergy increased greatly.
The Church rejected scientific forms of investigation.
The Church controlled education.
Overall health during this period was slowly improving.
46. A condition that people in the Middle Ages included in the general term mass madness was:
leprosy.
epilepsy.
lycanthropy.
47. The Middle Ages condition of mass madness referred to a large group of people who:
believed that God did not exist.
had borderline personality disorder.
shared delusions and hallucinations.
engaged in violent criminal acts against others.
48. St. Vitus' dance, characterized by people suddenly going into convulsions, jumping around, and dancing, was also known as:
phlegmatism.
tarantism.
49. Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were:
physicians.
nobility.
peasants.
clergy.
50. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, cities began to flourish. How did this help foster a shift away from demonology?
City officials made it illegal to teach demonology.
Government officials took over care of the mentally ill.
Government officials began to treat the mentally ill as criminals.
The mentally ill were run out of cities and left to take care of themselves.
51. Who was the individual considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology?
Hippocrates
Johann Weyer
Dorothea Dix
Emil Kraepelin
52. Johann Weyer was a physician in the:
1200s.
1500s.
1700s.
1800s.
53. In the fifteenth century, where would pilgrims in Europe who sought "psychic healing" have been MOST likely to go?
La Bicêtre in Paris, France.
Gheel, Belgium.
Athens, Greece.
Bethlehem Hospital in London, England.
54. The textbook authors describe the treatment of mental illness in the early 1600s as a forerunner to community mental health programs because:
local residents provided housing, food, and companionship to the mentally ill.
asylums were created to provide long-term care for those persons with mental illness.
government officials enacted laws to protect the rights of those persons with mental illness.
those persons receiving care for mental illness were required to "give back" in the form of community service.
55. In the early asylums, treatment for mental illness began with the intention to provide:
harsh treatment.
good care.
religious therapies.
psychogenic therapy.
56. In many areas in the mid- and late 1500s, asylums such as Bethlehem Hospital in London became:
shrines.
tourist attractions.
sheltered workshops.
centers of moral treatment.
57. What is the most famous characteristic of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547?
Popularly called "Bedlam," it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients.
It was the first asylum founded by Hippocrates.
It was founded by Henry VIII as a place to house his numerous ex-wives.
It was the first asylum in which the moral treatment of patients was practiced.
58. The asylums of the 1500s were originally:
churches and parishes.
privately owned homes.
hospitals and monasteries.
prisons and government offices.
59. Why did many of the asylums in the 1500s became virtual prisons over time?
overcrowding
food shortages during this period
research linking mental illness with crime
public outcry over the dangers of mental illness
60. The person who brought the reforms of moral therapy to northern England was:
John Dix.
Joseph Gall.
William Tuke.
Benjamin Rush.
61. Which of these was Philippe Pinel's argument for his asylum reform?
Mental problems had a biological basis and required medication.
Patients were afflicted by demons and needed prayer and exorcisms.
Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.
Mental illness was caused by immoral behavior and could be cured with beatings.
62. Which of these was NOT one of Pinel's reforms at La Bicêtre?
free movement around the hospital grounds
sunny, airy rooms instead of dark dungeons
support and advice given to the patients
weekly feasts tailored to each patient's diet
63. How did the perception of patients with psychological problems change during the spread of moral treatment?
They were seen as dependent and as a drain on society's resources.
They were seen as morally superior to people without psychological problems.
They were seen as potentially productive human beings who deserved care.
They were seen as religious proselytizers who treated everyone with kindness.
64. The person who brought the reforms of moral therapy to the United States is:
65. Which development was part of the legacy of Dorothea Dix?
Deinstitutionalization
State mental hospitals
Federal prisons
Privatization of mental hospitals
66. Which was NOT a factor in the decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century?
the total lack of success of moral treatment
funding and staffing shortages
prejudice against poor immigrant patients in hospitals
the assumption that all patients could be fully cured with moral treatment
67. Hippocrates' model of mental illness can be described as:
psychiatric.
somatogenic.
psychogenic.
supernatural.
68. Who discovered the link between general paresis and syphilis?
Benjamin Rush
Fritz Schaudinn
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
69. The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that:
mental patients should be deinstitutionalized.
organic factors can cause mental illness.
antibiotics cannot "cure" viral diseases.
physicians should be the practitioners treating mental illnesses.
70. For those who hold the somatogenic view of mental illness, the best treatment setting for those with mental disorders would be a:
community center.
spa and retreat center.
counselor's office.
hospital.
71. Which statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior?
Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking.
Alcoholism tends to run in families.
People with Lyme disease often have psychological symptoms.
Most people with depression are helped with medication.
72. In the first half of the 1900s, biological treatments for mental illness:
largely failed.
were highly successful.
were not evaluated for effectiveness.
frequently worsened patients' conditions.
73. Physicians in the early 1900s tried all of the following medical (biological) treatments for mental illness, EXCEPT:
tooth extraction.
hydrotherapy.
tonsillectomy.
electroconvulsive therapy.
74. An initial negative consequence of the somatogenic perspective on abnormality was that:
physicians began "overdiagnosing" people with mental illness.
individuals with mental illness were often treated in a medical hospital.
researchers did not explore other possible causes and treatments for mental illness.
people used the perspective as a foundation for eugenic sterilization.
75. What was the driving idea behind the eugenic sterilization of the mentally ill?
They could not provide a good environment for their children.
They were mentally defective (that is, developmentally delayed).
They reproduced at a rate higher than that of the general population.
They should not be allowed to pass on their defective genes.
76. Which event in the 1950s led to improvements in biological treatments for mental disorders?
discovery of psychotropic medications
development of advanced neurosurgical techniques
development of standardized screening tests for mental illness
improved understanding of the electrical system of the human body
77. A theorist who believes that psychological factors are the primary causes of abnormal functioning adheres to the _____ perspective.
Hippocratic
somatogenic
psychogenic
demonologic
78. Friedrich Anton Mesmer became famous, or "infamous," for his work with patients who were suffering from bodily problems that had no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed:
hysterical.
phlegmatic.
bilious.
79. Which perspective was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g., mysterious paralysis) could be induced by hypnosis?
Psychogenic
Somatogenic
Demonological
Moral
80. In what way did the experiments performed by Bernheim and Liébault provide support for the psychogenic perspective of abnormality?
Using hypnosis, they could produce artificial symptoms such as blindness in healthy subjects.
Using small amounts of electrical current, they could induce "false" psychological problems in healthy subjects.
Using biofeedback systems, they could reduce anxiety symptoms in subjects.
Using guided imagery, they could cure patients with a variety of psychological disorders.
81. The early psychogenic treatment that was advocated by Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud was:
prayer.
bloodletting.
hypnotism.
trephining.
82. Freud believed that all functioning, normal and abnormal, originates from:
one's underlying biological makeup.
unconscious psychological processes.
the internal battle between good and evil.
conscious internal drives and moral external forces.
83. Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:
moral therapy.
psychoanalysis.
all psychological therapy.
84. Psychoanalysis was developed as a form of:
outpatient therapy.
behavioral therapy.
somatogenic therapy.
85. Surveys have found that 43 percent of people today believe that mental illness is caused by:
sinful behavior.
lack of willpower.
lack of self-discipline.
something people bring on themselves.
86. If a person's primary symptom was excessive worry, the psychotropic drug MOST likely to be prescribed for that person would be an:
antipsychotic.
antidepressant.
antibiotic.
antianxiety medication.
87. People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be _____ than they were 50 years ago.
medicated with psychotropic drugs
hospitalized in mental institutions
homeless or in prison
treated in outpatient facilities
88. Which statement BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization?
Most people with severe disturbances are receiving treatment.
Many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street.
Care is now consistent, and there is no shuttling back and forth through different levels of care.
Communities have been able to pick up the care of those with severe disturbances and provide effective treatment for almost all of them.
89. A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other mood disorders. This drug would be classified as:
psychotropic.
somatotropic.
90. Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:
psychedelics.
antineurotics.
psychotropics.
psychophysiologicals.
91. Tanner is confused and usually thinks that he is a superhero. If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would MOST likely be a(n):
stimulant drug.
antianxiety drug.
antipsychotic drug.
antidepressant drug.
92. Jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self-worth. The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication, it would likely be a(n):
93. Compared with the number of patients hospitalized in U.S. mental hospitals in the 1950s, the number of hospitalized patients today is:
significantly less.
slightly less.
slightly more.
significantly more.
94. One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the:
policy of deinstitutionalization.
decrease in the effectiveness of medications.
decrease in the use of private psychotherapy.
move to the community mental health approach.
95. In the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient:
in a mental hospital.
on the street or in jail.
receiving drug counseling in a shelter.
in private therapy paid for by the state.
96. Hospitalized patients with mental illness who show symptom improvement while taking medications are likely to be discharged. Studies have shown that many of these patients:
fail to make lasting recoveries.
ultimately become a danger to others.
are rehospitalized in less than six months.
commit suicide after years of inadequate treatment.
97. The approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person pays a psychotherapist for services is called:
sociological therapy.
the medical approach.
private psychotherapy.
the community mental health approach.
98. Which statement BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances?
Many are treated by generalists who specialize in a number of different types of disorders.
Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment.
It is difficult to find treatment for someone experiencing a "problem in living."
Private psychotherapy is available only to the wealthy.
99. Problems with marital, family, peer, work, school, or community relationships would be MOST similar to:
the sorts of problems Freud treated.
milder problems in living.
problems treated in specialized treatment centers.
other problems treated with antipsychotics.
100. Researchers have shown that in a typical year in the United States, approximately _____ percent of people with psychological disorders receive clinical treatment.
15
30
45
60
101. Suicide prevention, substance abuse treatment, and eating disorder clinics are MOST similar to which kind of market?
Whole Foods, a large market that offers many different types of foods
Sweet Cupcakes, a store that specializes in only one type of food
Corner Market, a mom-and-pop store that carries rather old-fashioned foods
New York Deli, a high-end market that serves only the wealthy
102. According to surveys, about what proportion of adults in the United States receive psychological therapy for milder problems of living, such as work-related problems?
1 in 10
2 in 10
4 in 10
6 in 10
103. A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the era when Sigmund Freud was practicing is that:
fewer patients are suffering from anxiety and depression.
fewer patients receive outpatient treatment.
people are more likely to receive treatment for problems in living.
there are fewer specialized programs focused on treating only one type of problem.
104. Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders (babies of teenage mothers, children of those with severe mental disorders) are categorized as:
positive psychology.
eco-anxiety treatment.
preventive.
105. A community program works to lower the poverty rate. What kind of principle of mental health care is exhibited by this approach?
prevention
isolation
spiritual guidance
experimental treatments
106. Which pair of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health?
prevention and positive psychology
perfection and primary psychology
people and professional psychology
promotion and public psychology
107. If a university had a first-year program designed to ease the transition from high school to college and to decrease the dropout rates, that program would have elements MOST similar to:
mental health prevention programs.
positive psychology programs.
deinstitutionalization programs.
108. Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a part of:
a somatogenic approach to treatment.
the clinical practice of positive psychology.
an eccentric's level of creativity.
109. A positive psychologist would MOST likely focus on:
identifying the underlying biological cause of mental illness.
teaching coping skills that can be used to manage stress.
identifying the unconscious internal processes driving behavior.
using biofeedback to control physiological responses to stressors.
110. A psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, and interpersonal skills. This psychologist is MOST likely a:
psychoanalyst.
positive psychologist.
community mental health worker.
rehabilitation specialist.
111. If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to:
112. Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more:
hospital-focused.
multicultural.
positive.
dependent on the use of medications.
113. Which feature is NOT common in managed care programs?
preapproval for treatment by the insurance company
patient choice in number of therapy sessions
ongoing reviews and assessments
limited pool of practitioners for patients to choose from
114. "What is going on? The insurance company says I have to stop my anger management program now!" The client who says this is MOST likely voicing concern about a:
managed care program.
private psychotherapist.
community mental health agency.
sociocultural resource center.
115. Critics of managed care programs for mental health services state that these programs:
promote long-term dependence on therapists.
do not support drug therapy as a form of treatment.
focus too heavily on psychogenic causes of abnormalities.
favor treatments whose results are typically shorter lasting.
116. Compared with physical disorders, insurance reimbursement for treatment of mental disorders prior to enactment of the Affordable Care Act was generally:
nonexistent.
lower.
about the same.
higher.
117. Parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that:
coverage for mental and physical problems must be reimbursed equally.
physicians and psychologists must have the same level of education.
the number of sessions allowed for treatment of mental and physical treatment must be equal.
all patients must have the same length of time for sessions.
118. Which statement about the various viewpoints of clinical psychology is TRUE?
Various perspectives coexist, and they often conflict and compete with one another.
Since the late 1950s, the biological perspective is the primary perspective taught in medical schools.
Although many perspectives exist, the psychoanalytic perspective remains the dominant perspective in the field.
Among the various perspectives, those most highly regarded are those based on the influence of external factors.
119. A physician who offers psychotherapy is called a:
psychiatrist.
clinical psychologist.
psychodiagnostician.
120. After medical school, a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning; this training is called a(n):
residency.
internship.
practicum.
community mental health tour.
121. Which statement is TRUE about the participation of women in the mental health professions?
There are more female psychiatrists than female counselors.
Women, as a group, prefer working in clinical settings.
The profession with the highest percentage of women practitioners is social work.
Female psychologists earn more than male psychologists.
122. The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is:
psychiatry.
clinical social work.
psychology.
counseling.
123. A person who works in a mental hospital analyzing various treatment protocols to see how multicultural factors impact success rates is MOST likely to be a:
clinical researcher.
psychiatric social worker.
124. Which statement BEST describes the effect of technology on mental health?
There is widespread consensus that technology causes deviant and dysfunctional behavior.
Technology has eroded society's sense of community and people's desire to engage with others.
There is no research-based evidence to support any connect between technology and mental health.
Technology provides new triggers for abnormal behaviors.
125. Research suggests that one negative effect of adolescents using social media sites is that these sites may:
increase peer pressure and social anxiety.
encourage improper language skills.
expose children to negative news stories.
reward people for underperforming in school.
126. A therapist videoconferences a client to conduct a session. This is an example of what kind of care?
managed care
telemental health
self-help, or group help
community mental health
127. Some mental health professionals are concerned about the increased availability of mental health information online. Which is NOT a reason for their concern?
Not all of the information online is factual.
Some sites promote unhealthy behaviors.
These professionals are losing money as people turn to self-care.
Numerous sites actively guide people away from seeking medical help.
128. A general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior is called:
theoretical.
nomothetic.
idiographic.
correlational.
129. The goal of scientific research is BEST described as seeking to:
prove cause and effect.
advance the field of clinical medicine.
explain relationships between variables.
generate hypotheses that seek to answer global questions.
130. The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n):
variable.
experiment.
correlation.
hypothesis.
131. A psychologist does a study of an individual that involves history-taking, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is then constructed of this individual so that her behavior is better understood. This study is a(n):
longitudinal study.
case study.
experimental study.
correlational study.
132. Which is an example of a case study?
a study involving use of a control group
a long-term study of a clinical client
a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community
the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats
133. Case studies are useful for:
forming general laws of behavior.
studying unusual problems.
conducting scientific experiments.
eliminating observer bias.
134. Which statement describes a limitation of the case study?
It does not provide a basis for generalization.
It does not lead to an individualized approach.
It does not enable the therapist to understand the whole patient.
It does not allow the therapist to propose a course of treatment for a patient.
135. A therapist who has created a new psychotherapy approach initiates this treatment with a client. The therapist conducts a case study and publishes the results. Which factor is MOST likely to be present in this study?
observer bias
placebo effect
lack of informed consent
generalization
136. Which is NOT a feature of correlational and experimental research designs that contributes to nomothetic insights?
inclusion of many study participants
uniform application of research procedures
use of statistical tests to analyze the data collected
publication of both positive and negative findings
137. The degree to which events or characteristics vary with each other is described as:
matching.
multivariable.
clinical significance.
138. A researcher finds that individuals who report large numbers of "hassles" in their lives usually also report higher levels of stress. Those who report fewer hassles generally report lower levels of stress. The correlation between number of hassles and stress level is:
negative.
curvilinear.
139. If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, which of the following can the researcher conclude?
Stress causes people to have poor health.
As stress increases, health decreases.
Poor health causes people to experience stress.
Mental illness causes both stress and poor health.
140. A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression. The researcher may therefore be confident that:
life stress causes symptoms of depression.
symptoms of depression cause life stress.
something else causes stress and depression.
life stress and depression are related.
141. Which statement is NOT a reason that correlational studies and experiments are preferred over case studies?
Correlational studies and experiments offer rich details that make the results extremely interesting.
They typically observe many individuals.
They are more easily replicable.
They use statistical tests to analyze results.
142. Correlation coefficients indicate the:
magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables.
cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
internal and external validity between variables.
significance and variability between variables.
143. Which correlation coefficient is of the highest magnitude?
+.04
–.85
+.62
–.01
144. If the correlation between severity of depression and age is –.05, it means that:
older people have more severe depression.
older people have less severe depression.
younger people have almost no depression.
there is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression.
145. The major advantage of a correlational study over a case study is that it:
allows us to determine causation.
is more individualized.
has uniform procedures that can be easily replicated.
requires fewer participants.
146. Which is NOT a merit of the correlational method?
It can be replicated.
It can be analyzed statistically.
Its results can be generalized.
It provides rich detail.
147. Which question does the use of statistical analyses in research help answer?
Where does bias exist?
How likely is it that the study's findings occurred by chance?
How many people will be directly affected by the study results?
Which inclusion criteria should be applied when selecting participants?
148. How can therapists use correlational research findings in their practice?
Therapists can eliminate nonrelated conditions from the patient's assessment.
Therapists can determine which related conditions are likely and assess for early signs of their presence.
Therapists can statistically determine which patients will benefit from specific treatments.
Therapists can employ preemptive therapy to prevent related conditions from developing.
149. Which is an aspect of the experimental approach?
use of confounding variables
observation of people over a period of time
a detailed interpretive description of a subject
the manipulation of a variable by the researcher
150. In a scientific experiment, the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the:
confounding variable.
alternative variable.
dependent variable.
independent variable.
151. A psychologist was interested in the effect of hunger on psychological disturbances. The psychologist deprived half of a group of healthy volunteers of food for one day and fed the other half normally. The next day, all participants took the MMPI-2. What was the independent variable?
the level of food deprivation
the MMPI-2
the results on the MMPI-2
the length of time the psychologist controlled food intake
152. Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called:
irrelevant.
confounds.
masked variables.
random variables.
153. A research study on a group of children with autism will compare treatment delivered by parents at home to treatment delivered by teachers at school. If the study finds that the treatment delivered at school is more effective, which item is the BEST example of a confounding variable?
the treatment
the children
the diagnosis
differences between the parents and teachers
154. The group of participants that is NOT exposed to the independent variable under investigation (in an experiment) is called the:
control group.
confound group.
dependent group.
experimental group.
155. A researcher randomly assigned participants to two groups. Group A received the drug whenever they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter; group B received no drugs at any point. In this study, group A was the:
correlational group.
cross-sectional group.
156. In an experimental study evaluating the effectiveness of an antidepressant medication, one group of participants receives a sugar pill instead of the true medication. This is an example of a:
medication-withdrawal study.
symptom-exacerbation study.
multiple-baseline study.
placebo study.
157. Not all participants are the same. What do researchers use to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation?
a control group
random selection
random assignment
an experimental group
158. To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:
placing all the participants sharing an important characteristic in the same group.
making sure there is only one participant in each group.
flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
asking participants to choose the group they prefer.
159. One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group A received a new drug in pill form. Group B was given an identical-looking placebo pill. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. In this study, experimenter bias was reduced by:
having experienced psychiatrists evaluate agitation.
having researchers who didn't know who got which pill.
adding another placebo condition.
adding a therapy group.
160. Shaun wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professor is an environmentalist, so his answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position. This is an example of:
subject bias.
a placebo effect.
random variation.
experimenter bias.
161. A "fake" pill used as the control condition in a drug study is a:
placebo.
confound.
random variable.
162. A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n):
random-assignment design.
matched control group design.
masked design.
163. In preparation for a study of the effectiveness of an antipsychotic drug, an assistant puts all drugs into capsules of the same color and codes them. The assistant will have no part in administering the drug. Neither the subjects nor the experimenter will know who receives which drug. This is an example of a:
double-masked design.
triple-masked design.
quasi-experimental design.
164. A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when none exists. Which type of study design would prevent this problem?
longitudinal
double-masked
epidemiological
experimental
165. The function of the double-masked design is BEST described as guarding against:
participant and experimenter expectancies.
imitation therapies.
the Rosenthal effect.
166. Which statement distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a "pure experiment"?
The quasi-experiment does not use a control group.
The quasi-experiment uses multiple groups for comparison.
The quasi-experiment does not use any experimental control.
The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable.
167. What is one reason why psychologists may use quasi-experimental designs?
These designs have very small potential for experimenter bias.
These designs allow researchers to eliminate all confounds.
Psychologists have limited experience with other research designs.
It would be unethical to manipulate certain variables in human participants.
168. To study the effects of child-rearing styles in children, a researcher matches a group of 10 children raised using one parenting style a group of 10 similar children who have been raised using a different parenting style. All children chosen have similar characteristics, including age, sex, and race. This study design is an example of a(n):
quasi-experimental study.
169. Studies that are structured like experiments but that use groups that already exist instead of randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups are called:
matched designs.
analogue experiments.
correlational experiments.
longitudinal studies.
170. The form of experiment used MOST often to study the psychological effects of unusual or unpredictable events is:
a natural experiment.
a matched-design experiment.
an analogue experiment.
a single-subject experiment.
171. Natural experiments are considered quasi-experiments because:
there is no control group.
these studies have low external validity.
participants are not aware that they are under study.
participants are selected by accident rather than based on the researcher's design.
172. "Why do we do natural experiments?" asks a student. "After all, each disaster that causes a natural experiment is unique." A good answer would be:
They are an inexpensive ways to gather detailed individualized data on disaster survivors.
They provide the least amount of experimenter's bias when studying the effects of disasters.
The sheer volume has allowed researchers to identify patterns of reactions in those persons involved in disasters.
The findings to date have been instrumental in helping prevent casualties from natural disasters.
173. An example of an analogue experiment is:
following human participants who lost their homes in a tornado, starting the day after the loss and observing their stress levels over time.
having human participants live for a week in a simulated mental hospital to see how they respond.
following a group of individuals with schizophrenia over a long period of time.
following individuals within their natural environments and noting behavioral responses.
174. Seligman's study, in which he created learned helplessness in nonhuman animals and humans, is an example of a(n) _____ study.
analogue
case
single-subject
175. If a researcher is unable to find many eligible participants for a study, he or she would MOST likely consider using a(n):
natural experiment.
epidemiological study.
single-subject experiment.
176. Which is the BEST example of baseline data in a single-subject design?
how well the treated behavior generalizes to a nontreatment setting
the level of the treated behavior at the immediate end of treatment
how long the treatment is maintained
the level of behavior before treatment begins
177. In an ABAB design study, a researcher is measuring the level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the first A in the study?
healthy eating habits
no exercise
depression
178. In an ABAB design study, a researcher is measuring the level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the second B in the study?
179. If a participant's self-stimulation is observed, punished, observed again without punishment, and punished again, the design is a(n):
multiple baseline.
analogue.
ABAB reversal.
180. A student says, "The problem with single-subject experiments is that there is no control group, so you don't know if the treatment is effective." The BEST reply is:
You're absolutely right.
If you use a reversal design, then participants serve as their own controls.
Researchers routinely include control participants along with the actual participants.
You don't need controls; single-subject experiments are always double-masked.
181. Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells us that:
children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior.
children of people with schizophrenia inherit a criminal gene.
criminal behavior in children causes the parents to develop schizophrenia.
people with schizophrenia teach their children to become criminals.
182. Researchers using a longitudinal study design observe:
a single participant over the course of his or her lifetime.
the same group of individuals on many occasions over a long period of time.
two groups of demographically similar participants with the same condition over a long period of time.
multiple groups of participants with the same condition at a single point in time, with each group being from a different age range.
183. Which study findings were MOST likely generated from an epidemiological study?
The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than it is in the United States.
Autism is not caused by influenza vaccinations.
Child abuse is often found in the backgrounds of individuals with dissociative disorders.
Alcoholism runs in families.
184. The incidence of HIV-positive cases on campus tells you:
a person's risk of becoming HIV positive.
the number of new HIV-positive cases measured in a time period.
the total number of HIV-positive cases at a given point.
the on-campus HIV-positive rate compared to the national average.
185. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at a clinic tells you the:
total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinic.
risk of a man developing sexual dysfunction.
number of new cases of sexual dysfunction over a period of time.
rate of sexual dysfunction in the community.
186. Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called:
experimental studies.
analogue studies.
epidemiological studies.
187. The prevalence rate for a disorder will _____ the incidence rate.
always be the same as
always be higher than
always be the same as or higher than
always be lower than
188. A researcher is considering whether to gather online data from Facebook users without informing the users that their data are being used. In terms of research ethics, which question is the MOST relevant?
Are Facebook postings considered "public behavior"?
Are Facebook users a random sample of whatever population is being studied?
Will Facebook users be able to sue if they think their rights are being violated?
Will the potential benefits of the research outweigh the potential risks to Facebook users?
189. What is the major ethical concern with research on Facebook users?
There are not enough Facebook users to make the research worthwhile.
Facebook users don't always know they are being studied.
Research projects have not been approved by universities where they are conducted.
It is unethical to observe public behavior.
190. The MOST accurate summary of what has happened in the United States since the 1950s years to protect the rights of human research participants would be that:
there has been important progress, but concerns remain.
recent changes in legal and ethical regulation of human research have virtually eliminated potential problems.
the current situation is as bad as it has ever been.
colleges and universities, but not governmental agencies, have made important progress in protecting human rights.
191. For people to decide about participating in psychological research, they must be given full knowledge of the nature of the study and of their rights. This principle is called:
risk disclosure.
benefit analysis.
informed consent.
privacy.
192. The principle of informed consent assumes that:
there is compensation.
the benefits outweigh the risks.
the participant can understand the explanation.
there are no risks in the study under consideration.
193. A study of informed consent forms showed that:
most research participants don't receive them.
most research participants are insulted by them.
many research participants don't understand them.
most research participants already know their rights.
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