1. Brain abnormalities can be related to:
a.
500 disorders.
b.
1000 disorders.
c.
1500 disorders.
d.
more than 2000 disorders.
ANSWER:
d
2. All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord constitute the:
nervous system.
central nervous system.
peripheral nervous system.
external nervous system.
c
3. Which is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?
sensory receptors in the skin
connections to motor neurons
sensory and motor connections to internal organs (e.g., the stomach)
the spinal cord
4. The set of brain structures responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors is called the:
cerebral hemisphere.
brainstem.
cerebrum.
cerebellum.
b
5. The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by:
D. O. Hebb.
Edmond Jacobson.
Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
Fred Linge.
6. "Behavior consists of patterns in time" is a definition of behavior expounded by:
7. Patterns in time can be made up of:
movements.
thinking.
both movements and thinking.
neither movements nor thinking.
8. Animals with smaller brains and simpler nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors, whereas animals with larger brains and more complex nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors.
learned; inherited
inherited; learned
innate; inherited
learned; innate
9. Crossbill birds have a beak that is designed to eat pine cones. If we trim the beak, the bird is unable to eat pine cones. This example illustrates:
fixed behavior.
flexible behavior.
learned behavior.
adaptive behavior.
a
10. The sucking response observed in newborn human infants is an example of a(n):
learned response.
inherited response.
flexible response.
adaptive response
11. Which statement is the MOST accurate?
Nonhuman animals have mostly inherited behavior and are little influenced by learning.
Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning.
Unlike nonhuman animals, humans share very few inherited behaviors and are mostly influenced by learning.
Unlike nonhuman animals, humans' behavior is totally learned.
12. Neurons and glial cells are which of the following types of cells?
brain
skin
blood
muscular
13. In which condition is the patient the least aware and conscious?
minimally conscious state
persistent vegetative state
locked-in syndrome
deep brain state
14. Which of the following statements describes clinical trials?
Clinical trials are experiments done on animals.
Clinical trials do not directly treat patients' conditions.
Clinical trials are consensual experiments.
Clinical trials are undertaken without the patient's knowledge.
15. In a study with a patient in a minimally conscious state, Schiff and colleagues found that _____ led to dramatic improvements in the patient's behavior.
deep brain stimulation
reading to the patient
music therapy
gene therapy
16. A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors, such as smiling or blinking, but is otherwise not conscious is described as being:
in a coma.
in a persistent vegetative state.
in a minimally conscious state.
brain dead.
17. The hypothesis that the psyche is responsible for behavior was expounded by:
Charles Darwin.
René Descartes.
Aristotle.
Socrates.
18. Mentalism is:
the study of the mind.
mental imagery.
the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior.
another word for mindfulness.
19. The _____ is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness.
heart
mind
conscience
20. The notion that the mind resides in the pineal body comes from:
21. According to the philosophy of dualism, the:
body influences the mind.
pineal body is the mind.
pineal body influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.
pineal body is the mind and influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.
22. Research has indicated that the pineal body is responsible for _____ rather than controlling human behavior.
vision
problem solving
movement
biological rhythms
23. The difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind can influence a material body is called the:
mind problem.
mind–body problem.
brain problem.
psyche problem
24. Some of Descartes's followers argued that:
the mind and the body are separate at birth.
humans and very few other animals have minds.
young children do not have minds.
those who are mentally ill have minds.
25. The notion that all behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is commonly referred to as:
psychology.
experimentalism.
materialism.
dualism.
26. The notion that all living things are related was put forward by:
Alfred Russel Wallace.
neither Charles Darwin nor Alfred Russel Wallace.
both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.
27. The notion that differential success in the reproduction of characteristics results from interactions between organisms and their environment is known as:
natural selection.
genetic theory.
biological theory.
innate behavior.
28. Images of blood flow in the brain in monkeys have demonstrated that:
humans and monkeys use different brain areas for language.
humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language.
monkeys show no brain activation for language because they cannot understand language.
None of the answers is correct.
29. Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by:
Gregor Mendel.
neither Charles Darwin nor Gregor Mendel.
both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
30. The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as:
genotyping.
phenotyping.
epigenetics.
environmental genetics.
31. Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats, and monkeys because:
if all animals are related, then all nervous systems are related, and we can learn about the human brain by studying other animals.
all animals' nervous systems are different, which means we need to study each animal separately in order to understand how the specific nervous system of each animal works.
the mind and the body are separate, which means we need to study a variety of different animals to see how their minds work.
32. A _____ is a set of characteristics that can be seen or measured.
genotype
phenotype
species
genus
33. A group of organisms that can breed among themselves is called a:
genus.
species.
phylum.
genotype.
34. Which is the correct sequence of steps in an experimental procedure?
make a prediction, formulate a theory, confirm or modify the theory, test it
make a prediction, test it, formulate a theory, confirm or modify the theory
formulate a theory, make a prediction, test it, confirm or modify the theory
make a prediction, formulate a theory, test it, confirm or modify the theory
35. Inherited behavior:
is demonstrated only by animal instincts.
includes emotional expressions in humans.
cannot include emotional expressions in humans because the behavior is learned.
includes emotional expression in animals but not in humans.
36. The first humanlike brain evolved:
700 million years ago.
250 million years ago.
6 million years ago.
100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
37. The first brain evolved approximately:
3 million to 4 million years ago.
38. Humans are of the order _____ and the family _____.
mammals; primates
primates; mammals
primates; great apes
great apes; primates
39. Which sequences is correct?
phylum, order, class, family, genus, species
phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
phylum, class, family, order, genus, species
phylum, family, class, order, genus, species
40. The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is:
genetics.
embryology.
taxonomy.
evolutionary biology.
41. Humans, monkeys, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees all belong to the same:
family.
order.
42. Humans, tigers, dogs, and monkeys are all part of the same:
class.
43. Insects have:
only nerve nets.
only a few ganglia.
enough ganglia to be called a brain.
the same brain organization as a chordate.
44. The correct order of organisms from the least complex to the most complex nervous system is:
flatworm, frog, squid, sea anemone.
sea anemone, frog, flatworm, squid.
sea anemone, flatworm, squid, frog.
frog, sea anemone, squid, flatworm.
45. Animals with both a brain and a spinal cord are called:
mammals.
eukaryotic.
primates.
chordates.
46. Humans are unique in that they have the:
largest brain of any animal species.
most complex spinal cord of any animal species.
largest brain–body size ratio of any living animal.
most advanced nervous system of any living animal.
47. More advanced nervous systems often have similar structures on the left and right sides (e.g., the left and right hemispheres of the brain). This concept is known as:
mirroring.
bilateral symmetry.
bilateral structures.
mirror symmetry.
48. A notochord is a:
spinal cord and a brain.
longitudinal flexible rod in the back.
segmented spine.
segmented spine and spinal cord.
49. Chordates are any organisms that have a:
brain.
spinal cord.
brain and a spinal cord.
50. The correct order of the evolution of nervous systems from simple to complex is:
nerve net, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain.
spinal cord, nerve net, brain, ganglia, segmentation.
brain, spinal cord, nerve net, segmentation, ganglia.
ganglia, nerve net, segmentation, brain, spinal cord.
51. Other than mammals, which chordate has the largest forebrain?
reptiles
amphibians
birds
bony fish
52. Which of the following statements is true about nervous systems?
A nervous system is essential for life.
A nervous system is not essential for life.
Mammals are the only organisms with nervous systems.
Nervous systems do not vary much between organisms.
53. Why do the brains of animals such as primates fold?
to allow a small brain to fit in a large skull
to allow a large brain to fit into a small skull
because all mammals' brains fold
because they have a small brain–body size ratio
54. How are cladograms used to organize organisms?
A cladogram is a chart that shows the effect of fruit eating on diet.
A cladogram is a diagram that shows how parents transmit heritable factors to offspring.
A cladogram is a chart that displays groups of related organisms.
A cladogram is a graph that displays the relationship between brain size and body size.
55. Which sequence of events describes the evolution of brain cells and muscles?
Brain cells evolved long before the evolution of muscles.
Brain cells evolved first, and then muscles evolved shortly after.
Muscles evolved first, and then brain cells evolved shortly after.
Brain cells and muscles evolved together.
56. Based on the complexity of their nervous systems, which two organisms have a more recent common ancestor?
squids and frogs
squids and flatworms
sea anemones and flatworms
flatworms and frogs
57. What is the defining feature of hominids?
walking upright
large brains
eating fruit
solitary mating
58. Which statement applies to Neanderthals?
They had larger brains than modern humans.
They made music and wore jewelry and makeup.
They likely communicated using language.
All of the above statements apply to Neanderthals.
59. Why is the species of Homo floresiensis so intriguing?
It was the first member of the genus Homo to use sophisticated tools.
It was about 3 feet tall and lived up to around 13,000 years ago.
It was a subspecies of Neandertals and lived up to 70,000 years ago.
It had the largest brain of any member of genus Homo.
60. If other organisms have large brains in relationship to their body size, then why is human behavior in particular so complex?
Humans have different kinds of neurons compared to other organisms.
Other organisms do not have as many neurons as humans.
The large number of neurons in the human brain are densely packed.
The neurons of the human brain are loosely packed.
61. As the number of neurons increases in animals with larger brains:
new regions and new connections are made, with neurons controlling different functions located all over the brain.
new connections are made, but no new regions are made.
new regions are made, but no new connections are made.
neurons cluster into specific areas for neurons controlling specific functions.
62. Why is the SARGP2 gene significant in human evolution?
It contributes to the large number of densely packed neurons in the human brain and has mutated twice in the course of human evolution.
It controls brain size and has mutated each time a new Homo species has appeared in human evolution.
It is the only gene shared between archaic humans, apes, and modern humans.
It is active when the cerebrum is developing and has mutated three times over the course of human evolution.
63. The primate order contains approximately:
275 species.
375 species.
475 species.
575 species.
64. Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor approximately:
2–4 million years ago.
3–6 million years ago.
5–10 million years ago.
10–15 million years ago.
65. Humans are most closely related to:
gibbons.
orangutans.
chimpanzees.
gorillas.
66. The first primates to walk upright, like modern humans, were:
Homo erectus.
Homo habilis.
a Neanderthal species.
an Australopithecus species.
67. The correct order of these early hominids from smallest to largest brain size is:
Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalensis.
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis.
Homo neanderthalensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus.
Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo erectus.
68. The oldest fossils that have been identified as human are approximately:
5.1 million years old.
200,000 years old.
2.8 million years old.
1.3 million years old.
69. Which of our human ancestors had the largest brain size?
Australopithecus
Neanderthals
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
70. Tools are associated with:
Homo sapiens.
All of the answers are correct.
71. Modern humans appeared approximately:
50,000 years ago.
200,000 years ago.
100,000 years ago.
1 million years ago.
72. Homo sapiens coexisted with:
Neanderthals.
Australopithecus.
73. Which sequence is correct?
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens
Homo habilis, Homo sapiens, Homo erectus
Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis
74. Modern Europeans may have acquired genes that helped them adapt to the cold and absorb more vitamin D through interbreeding with:
75. The encephalization quotient is determined by:
measuring the size of an animal's brain.
measuring the weight of an animal's brain.
relating actual brain size to expected brain size.
comparing the brain sizes of different species with one another.
76. Which living animal has an encephalization quotient that is closest to that of modern humans?
chimpanzee
elephant
blue whale
dolphin
77. Which has the largest encephalization quotient?
monkey
78. The human cerebellum contains about _____ as many neurons as the cerebrum.
half
one-third
four times
twice
79. What is the difference between topographic maps and connectome maps as representations of neural activity?
Connectome maps represent information processing areas involving sensation, cognition, and motion, while topographic maps represent the connections between these regions.
Topographic maps represent functional areas, such as the sensory activity and movement, while connectome maps represent the connections between these regions.
Topographic maps represent areas related to motor activity, while connectome maps represent areas related to sensory activity.
Connectome maps represent CNS activity, while topographic maps represent ANS activity.
80. Although the elephant brain contains many more neurons than the human brain, most of these additional neurons are located in the elephant's:
brain stem.
81. Climate change may have placed pressure on apes to adapt to their environment. Specifically, apes that lived in _____ climates may have begun to walk upright.
drier
wetter
colder
coastal
82. Dunbar proposed that group sizes of _____ tend to be correlated with increased brain size in primates.
about 50
about 100
about 150
more than 200
83. Vegetation eaters have:
larger brains than fruit eaters.
smaller brains than fruit eaters.
greater social skills than fruit eaters.
larger brains and greater social skills than fruit eaters.
84. Eating fruit favors a larger brain because it requires good:
sensory skills.
motor skills.
memory skills.
85. Fruit-eating primates:
have a smaller brain than vegetation eaters.
eat more glucose and thus have a larger brain than vegetation eaters.
forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain.
86. Howler monkeys have smaller brains than equally sized spider monkeys. This is thought to stem from the fact that howler monkeys:
eat more fruit than spider monkeys.
eat less fruit than spider monkeys.
eat less meat than spider monkeys.
live in larger social groups than spider monkeys.
87. You have discovered a new breed of monkey in the jungles of South America. The diet of these monkeys appears to consist mainly of fruit. Based on what you know about evolution and other fruit-eating monkeys, which statement is likely to apply to this newly discovered breed of monkey?
They will have color vision.
They will have relatively larger brains (with respect to body size).
They will have larger social groups.
88. How much of the body's resources does the brain use?
20 percent
50 percent
10 percent
80 percent
89. Humans are classed as:
fruit eaters.
vegetation eaters.
both fruit and vegetation eaters.
a separate category from vegetation and fruit eaters.
90. _____ allowed humans to maximize caloric gain and spend less time foraging.
Living in larger social groups
Cooking food
Eating vegetation
91. The radiator hypothesis is a theory relating to cooling of the brain by:
blood flow.
cerebral spinal fluid.
blood flow and cerebral spinal fluid.
92. Compared with Australopithecus skulls, human skulls contain holes through which blood vessels could pass. This would have led to:
better brain cooling.
increased brain size.
changes in diet.
both better brain cooling and increased brain size.
93. Stedman and colleagues argue that size reductions in facial muscles and facial bones in early hominids may have led to:
changes in mating patterns.
changes in hunting strategies.
94. Our small face, vaulted cranium, upright mobility, and distribution of hair are features that link us with juvenile chimps. This illustrates:
neoteny.
selective dominant traits.
selective environmental influences.
95. One of the benefits of neoteny is that it allows:
time for more brain cells to be produced.
greater genetic diversity.
greater variety in diet.
96. Brain size is correlated with:
plasticity.
body size.
nutrition.
97. If one person has a brain weighing 1000 grams and another has a brain weighing 1500 grams, the difference most likely reflects:
a major difference in intelligence.
water content.
both water content and body size.
98. A behavior that is typical of all members of a species is called:
instinct.
habit.
member-typical behavior.
species-typical behavior.
99. Which of the following is NOT correlated with brain size?
health
gender
age
intelligence
100. You and your grandfather both take the same intelligence test, and you score almost 20 points higher! This is an example of the _____, and it is likely due to _____.
Flynn effect; differences in education and/or life experiences
Flynn effect; the increasing size of the human brain over generations
Spearman effect; increasing size of the human brain over generations
Spearman effect; differences in education and/or life experiences
101. Comparing intelligence between species is difficult because we are typically reduced to comparing:
differences in brain size.
differences in mating patterns.
differences in species-typical behaviors.
102. Studies of the brains of very intelligent people (e.g., Albert Einstein) have revealed that intelligent people's brains:
are usually larger than average.
are usually smaller than average.
have no size relationship to intelligence.
do not vary.
103. _____ is the complex learned behaviors passed on from one generation to another.
Neoteny
Evolution
Culture
Intelligence
104. The acquisition of culture by humans stems most directly from:
an evolved ability for high mental flexibility.
our larger brain.
improved diet.
the invention of smartphones.
105. The first artistic relics were made by modern humans approximately:
55,000 years ago.
30,000 years ago.
10,000 years ago.
106. Reading and writing were invented approximately:
25,000 years ago.
7000 years ago.
12,000 years ago.
3000 years ago.
107. _____ are ideas, behaviors, or styles that spread from person to person in a culture and can be influenced by brain structure.
Phenotypes
Trends
Memes
None of the answers are correct.
108. According to Mesoudi, language, music, mathematics, and art may have spread through cultures by way of:
learning.
religion.
memes.
109. Which of the following can cause reduction in brain size?
neurological diseases
brain injury near time of birth
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
all of the above
110. What does "plasticity" refer to?
a body's potential for change
a body's reaction to plastic
a body's muscular flexibility
a body's behavioral adaptability
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