1. ______ is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.
a. Corrections
b. Police
c. Courts
d. Justice
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: Defining Corrections: A Variety of Possibilities
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The criminal justice system generally consists of ______ segments.
a. three
b. eight
c. nine
d. five
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Unlike the ______, who are tasked with apprehending offenders and preventing crime, correctional personnel often work to change (or at least keep contained) the offender population.
a. police
b. pudge
c. prosecutor
d. jury
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Which justice system is unique due to the civil nature of the proceedings?
a. military
b. criminal
c. juvenile
d. domestic
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. Which service is the easiest to sympathize with due to assisting and aiding who were targeted by crime?
a. correctional
b. victim
c. offender
d. investigative
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Role of Corrections in the Criminal Justice System
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Which of the following are the three largest state prison systems?
a. California, Texas, and Louisiana
b. Texas, Georgia, and New York
c. Texas, California, and Florida
d. Maryland, Texas, and New York
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Application
Answer Location: The Emergence of the Top Three in Corrections
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. Prior to the Civil War, ______ Codes required White inmates to be separated from slaves. Frequently slaves were given harsher punishments for crimes.
a. White
b. Slave
c. Black
d. Southern
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application
Answer Location: The Southern System of Penology: Before and After the Civil War
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Who created the concept of the “hedonistic calculus,” which involves individuals maximizing pleasure and reducing pain?
a. Cesare Beccaria
b. William Penn
c. Jeremy Bentham
d. Samuel Wood
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America. | 6. Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Knowledge
Answer Location: Jeremy Bentham: Hedonistic Calculus
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Who was an advocate of religious freedom and instrumental in spreading the concept of humane treatment of prisoners, specifically in Pennsylvania?
a. William Howard
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. William Penn
d. James Regal
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Knowledge
Answer Location: William Penn, the Quakers, and the Great Law
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Who published an influential treatise in 1764 titled An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, which argued against the death penalty and for the certainty rather than the severity of punishment?
a. John Howard
b. Jeremy Bentham
c. William Penn
d. Cesare Beccaria
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: Charles Montesquieu, Francois Voltarie, and Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. In what year did the Eastern State Penitentiary open in Pennsylvania?
a. 1903
b. 1829
c. 1899
d. 1778
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history. | 6. Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Pennsylvania System
Difficulty Level: Hard
12. What are crimes against society or a social group, which historically tended to include sacrilege as well as other crimes against religion, treason, witchcraft, incest, sex offenses of any sort, and even violations of hunting rules?
a. public transcreations
b. public biases
c. public injustices
d. public wrongs
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Application
Answer Location: Public and Private Wrongs
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. During the American Revolution, British officials housed prisoners in broken-down or decommissioned vessels known as ______.
a. hulks
b. prison ships
c. floating prisons
d. bars on sea
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application
Answer Location: Hulks and Floating Prisons
Difficulty Level: Hard
14. The earliest written code of punishment was known as the ______.
a. Egyptian Code
b. Babylonian Code
c. Hammurabi’s Code
d. Caesar’s Code
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Which of the following was not an early form of punishment in correctional history?
a. trial by ordeal
b. branding
c. whipping
d. all of these
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections. | 4. Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 1.1: Types of Punishment in Early Correctional History
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Which early prison system kept inmates in solitary confinement during the evening but permitted inmates to work together during the day?
a. Pennsylvania
b. New York
c. Auburn
d. Alabama
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Auburn System
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. Besides the death penalty, ______ was another useful punishment between 1100 and 1700—at times this meant being exiled to another country.
a. whipping
b. banishment
c. branding
d. stocks
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections. | 1.4 Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Banishment
Difficulty Level: Hard
18. In 1790, the first American jail opened called the ______ in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
a. Walnut Street Jail
b. Coconut Grove Jail
c. Main Street Jail
d. Almond Court Jail
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Walnut Street Jail
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. Which of the following is an example of branding in early American society?
a. marked on their thumb with the letter “T” for thief
b. marked on their thumb with the letter “M” for murderer
c. none of these
d. all of these
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. The ______ followed a body of laws called the Great Law, which was more humane in approach than the typical English response to crime.
a. Buddhists
b. Catholics
c. Quakers
d. Mormons
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: William Penn, the Quakers, and the Great Law
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. What was the name of the first reformatory, which opened in 1876?
a. Elmira
b. Auburn
c. Pennsylvania
d. Attica
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. When examining early forms of punishment and corrections, it was clearly ______ compared with punishments today.
a. barbaric
b. simplistic
c. compassionate
d. humane
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1:Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system. | 1.4 Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conclusion
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. The rise of the ______ and the writings of a variety of scholars and philosophers helped shape the use of simple punishments from barbaric cruelty to corrective mechanisms indeed to reduce problematic behaviors.
a. Illumination
b. Enlightenment
c. Brilliance
d. Wisdom
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Conclusion
Difficulty Level: Hard
24. What was the name of the first official prison in the United States of America?
a. Walnut Street Jail
b. Old Newgate Prison
c. Old State Prison
d. Jackson Street Prison
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Punishment During Early American History: 1700s–1800s
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. ______ sentences include a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender. The offender is released at some point during the assigned years by the sentencing judge.
a. Determinate
b. Truth-in
c. Indeterminate
d. Representative
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America. | 6. Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Hard
26. Which type of sentencing consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no flexibility in terms of time served?
a. determinate
b. truth-in
c. indeterminate
d. representative
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America. | 6. Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Hard
27. Which type of prison was typically made of large stones with brick walls, guard towers, and checkpoints within the facility?
a. minimum security
b. Big House
c. intermediate
d. medium security
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Era of the “Big House”
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. Which model can be described as a correctional treatment that utilizes a mental health approach incorporating psychology, biology, and criminology to treat the offender?
a. reintegration
b. restorative
c. medical
d. scientific
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Medical Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. Which model evolved during the last few years to include identifying programs that examined external environment causes of crime?
a. medical
b. crime control
c. restorative
d. reintegration
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Reintegration Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. Which model emerged during the “get-tough movement” and incorporated longer sentences and an increased use of intensive supervised probation?
a. reintegration
b. crime control
c. medical
d. restorative
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Crime Control Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. Which prison era included a period of extraordinary urban and industrial growth and unprecedented social problems?
a. the Big House
b. progressive
c. conservative
d. substantial
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Progressive Era
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. Many southern states eventually abolished ______ system and created large prison farms reminiscent of old southern plantations.
a. loaning
b. contributing
c. lending
d. leasing
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America. | 6. Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: The Southern System of Penology: Before and After the Civil War
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. Who worked to alleviate some of the abuses and improve sanitary conditions in correctional facilities?
a. William Penn
b. Jeremy Bentham
c. John Howard
d. John Fitzgerald
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: John Howard: The Making of the Penitentiary
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. Who was the warden of Elmira Reformatory, who started his career in corrections as a prison guard in a state prison in Connecticut and contended imprisonment was designed to reform inmates.
a. John Howard
b. Zebulon Brockway
c. William Penn
d. Jeremy Bentham
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. Which prison system, considered the worst in the south and similar to the Mississippi prison system, placed inmates in charge of other inmates?
a. Maryland
b. California
c. Virginia
d. Arkansas
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America. | 6. Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: The Arkansas System: Worst of the Worst
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. Which case was the official turning point of the hands-off doctrine and eliminated prison farms?
a. Holt v. Sarver
b.Ruffin v. Smith
c.Mapp v. Ohio
d. Terry v. Ohio
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: Ruffin v. Commonwealth (1871)
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. The infliction of physical pain upon an offender is called ______.
a. capital punishment
b. redemption punishment
c. corporal punishment
d. secular punishment
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Corporal Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were ______ offenders.
a. domestic violence
b. sexual
c. drug
d. white-collar
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. When was the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) initially established by Congress?
a. 1980
b. 1943
c. 1820
d. 1930
Ans: D
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. Alexander Maconochie’s principles are often referred to as the ______ system.
a. check
b. mark
c. balance
d. squared
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system. | 2. Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. John Howard created the Elmira Reformatory in Auburn, New York, in 1820.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: John Howard: The Making of the Penitentiary
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Corrections is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.
Ans: T
Difficulty Level: Easy
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining Corrections: A Variety of Possibilities
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Determinate sentences consist of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The brutalization hypothesis believes that the use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and essentially teaches the offender to use violence rather than acting as a deterrent.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Notion of Punishment and Corrections Throughout History
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Lex talionis was the first written code of law by the King of Babylon.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. A trial by ordeal was a very dangerous and often impossible test to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Historical Role of Religion, Punishment, and Corrections
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. One early punishment was the hulk, which was a device that constrained an individual to receive constant scolding from others.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. The pillory was similar to the stock except the pillory consisted of a single large bored hole where the offender’s neck would rest.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. The most widely used form of corporal punishment was whipping, which dates back to the Romans, the Greeks, and even the Egyptians as a sanction for both judicial and educational discipline.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Corporal Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Indentured servants in the American colonies included only slaves as a form of punishment.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Indentured Servitude
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. The Quakers followed a body of laws called the Infamous Code, which was more humane in approach than the typical English response to crime.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: William Penn, the Quakers, and the Great Law
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Charles Montesquieu wrote an essay titled Persian Letters, which was instrumental in illustrating the abuses of the criminal law in both France and Europe.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Enlightenment and Correctional Reform
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Francois Voltaire was the founder of the classical school of criminology.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment and key persons on correctional reform.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Charles Montesquieu, Francois Voltaire, and Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. The Walnut Street Jail was established in 1790.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Walnut Street Jail
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. The term reintegration was used to identify programs that looked to the external environment for causes of crime and the means by which criminality could be reduced.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Reintegration Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. The reintegration model was officially implemented in 1969 when the U.S. Congress authorized the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to open correctional institutions that would use standardized processes of classification and treatment regimens within their programming.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Medical Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. The crime control model emerged during a “get-tough” era on crime focusing on harsher sentencing.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Crime Control Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) was initially established by Congress in 1930.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America. | 7. Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. Since the 1980s and the War on Drugs, the proportion of drug offenders has remained low, constituting more than half of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) population.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Roughly 42% of all federal inmates are citizens of other countries.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. Roughly 14% of federal inmates are classified as being either a low- or minimum-security risk.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were drug offenders.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Texas is the largest system state prison system followed by California and Florida.
Ans: T
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. The “electric telephone” was a torture device invented in Arkansas and regularly used at the Tucker State Prison Farm.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Tucker Telephone
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. A banishment chair was a form of punishment that used a chair suspended over a body of water to torture inmates.
Ans: F
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Discuss the development of punishment in early American history.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Retaliation Through Humiliation
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short Answer
1. According to the textbook, define corrections.
Ans: The process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: Defining Corrections: A Variety of Possibilities
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Name four different types of punishment in colonial America.
Ans: Hulks, stocks, gag, trial by ordeal, ducking stool, branding, pillory, whipping, banishment, capital punishment, and indentured servitude.
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: Early Secular History of Punishment and Corrections
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Describe the difference between determinate and indeterminate sentencing.
Ans:Indeterminate sentences include a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender. The offender is released during some point in the range of years that are assigned by the sentencing judge. Both the minimum and the maximum times can be modified by a number of factors, such as offender behavior and offender work ethic. The indeterminate sentence stands in contrast to the use of determinate sentences, which consist of fixed periods of incarceration imposed on the offender with no later flexibility in the term that is served.
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America. | 1.6 Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Application
Answer Location: The Age of the Reformatory in America
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Describe the Martinson Report and the impact the findings had on corrections.
Ans: The Martinson Report examined a number of programs that included educational and vocational assistance, mental health treatment, medical treatment, and early release. In his report, often referred to as the Martinson Report, he noted that “with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have had no appreciable effect on recidivism.” The report helped usher in the get-tough movement throughout America.
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Reintegration Model
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. Define the brutalization hypothesis.
Ans: The contention of brutalization hypothesis is that the use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and teaches them to use it.
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the changes to prison systems brought about by the Age of the Reformatory in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Early Codes of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. Define corporal punishment. Why was corporal punishment frequently used as a form of punishment in early America? Explain the several forms of corporal punishment. Why did the use of corporal punishment change in America?
Ans: Up until the 1700s, corporal punishment tended to be the most frequently used punishment. Corporal punishment was meant for retribution purposes, which was seen as proper punishment for violation of the law. Hulks, stocks, gag, trial by ordeal, ducking stool, branding, pillory, whipping, banishment, capital punishment, and indentured servitude were some of the forms of corporal punishment.
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify early historical developments and justifications in the use of punishment and corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension
Answer Location: Early Secular History of Punishment and Corrections
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Explain how federal and state prisoners differ. What are some common characteristics of federal prisons? Why are federal prisons different from most state institutions?
Ans: In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were drug offenders. It is also important to note that the majority of inmates are housed in state prison systems. However, unlike state prisoners, most federal offenders are not violent, and their drug crimes are also not usually associated with violence.
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Explain how state and federal prisons differ and identify the Top Three in American corrections.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Modern-Day Systems: Federal and State Inmate Characteristics
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Discuss the importance of the 1871 case of Ruffin v. Commonwealth. How did the court ruling influence corrections throughout America? How long did the ruling influence corrections?
Ans: The Virginia State Supreme Court noted that an inmate was the “slave of the state” while serving his or her sentence. The court established what has often been touted as the hands-off doctrine, whereby courts consistently left matters inside prisons to those persons tasked with their operation. Essentially, the courts (including the Supreme Court) stayed out of prison business during this period. Most judges refused to intervene on the grounds that their function was limited to freeing those inmates who had been illegally confined, which did not include meddling with the means by which prison administrators operated their facilities. The ruling influenced corrections for close to 100 years.
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.6: Identify the various prison systems, eras, and models that developed in the early and mid-1900s in America.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis
Answer Location: The Chain Gang and the South
Difficulty Level: Hard
