1. Sets of statements devised to explain a collection of facts are called:
a.
data.
b.
theories.
c.
associations.
d.
symbols.
ANSWER:
b
2. Harry attended a party and bumped into an ex-girlfriend he had not seen in years. Seeing the ex-girlfriend immediately triggered memories of things they had done together and how they broke up. Which idea about memory does this example demonstrate?
nativism
dualism
associationism
empiricism
c
3. If I say "left," it might make one think of the word "right." The connection in one's memory between these concepts is known as:
nativism.
dualism.
associationism.
empiricism.
4. According to Aristotle's principle of frequency, the ideas of "chair" and "table" are linked because people see chairs and tables together:
at the same time.
in the same place.
very often.
in kitchens.
5. Emma believes that one learns about the mind mainly by using logic and intuition; Liam believes it would be better to measure the activity of the brain. Emma is following the philosophy of _____, while Liam is following the philosophy of _____.
Aristotle; Locke
Plato; Aristotle
Descartes; Plato
James; Locke
6. The process by which changes in behavior arise as a result of experience and interaction in the world is known as:
natural selection.
survival of the fittest.
learning.
sampling.
7. _____ is a record of one's past experiences.
Memory
Learning
Experience
Motivation
a
8. The view that all ideas are the result of experience is called:
9. James was in a bicycle accident in which he was not wearing a helmet. He was not injured, and now, based on this experience, he believes that helmets are unnecessary. James exhibits the views of:
10. Which statement is TRUE?
Philosophers gain insight through scientific experiments.
The study of learning and memory has always been a scientific pursuit.
Insights gained through philosophy are more important than those gained through science.
The study of learning and memory today is done by scientists.
d
11. Who was a proponent of associationism?
Gottfried Leibniz
René Descartes
William James
Plato
12. William James created the idea of _____, which is when a memory of an event is connected to other events, creating associations between those events.
a memory model
classical conditioning
a learning curve
a reflex arc
13. According to the memory model of _____, attending a soccer game might activate a memory of having attended a hockey game the previous day because there would be an association between some of the components the two events have in common.
Charles Darwin
Francis Galton
14. Which method is NOT a good way to remember something?
create a poem that includes the information
try to relax and not try so hard to remember
focus on just one sense, such as vision or hearing
create associations between the new information and something you already know
15. Which factor plays a role in helping an individual concentrate, allowing the brain to encode information in order to organize and store memories?
learning
sleeping
diet
exercise
16. Classical conditioning involves:
learning that one stimulus predicts an important event.
studying lists of short nonsense words.
learning to make responses in order to obtain rewards or avoid punishment.
studying how to build computers to perform behaviors requiring human intelligence.
17. The person who developed the form of learning known as classical conditioning is:
Francis Galton.
Ivan Pavlov.
Hermann Ebbinghaus.
John B. Watson.
18. Cancer patients can develop an aversion to foods they eat right before undergoing chemotherapy. Although the foods themselves do not initially cause feelings of illness, pairing them with chemotherapy, which does cause patients to feel sick, leads to the foods becoming associated with these same feelings. This is an example of:
classical conditioning.
instrumental conditioning.
the law of effect.
extinction.
19. If dogs are presented with a bell followed by food, they quickly learn to salivate in response to the bell. If the bell is then presented without any food, what happens to the salivation response?
It becomes gradually stronger.
It becomes gradually weaker.
It stops immediately.
It continues at the same strength.
20. Pavlov paired a bell with food until a dog learned to salivate in response to the bell. To produce extinction, Pavlov:
rang the bell more quietly.
paired the bell with a different kind of food.
stopped ringing the bell.
paired the bell with the absence of food.
21. After a dog salivates to the sound of a specific bell tone, the dog also salivates at the sound of a slightly different bell tone. This is an example of:
the learning curve.
generalization.
22. Who proposed the law of effect?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
Edward Thorndike
B. F. Skinner
23. The law of effect predicts which statement?
If a tone is played while the dog is provided food, the dog will eventually salivate in response to the tone.
If a child is scratched by a black cat, the child will fear all cats, not just black ones.
If one remembers a couple of phone numbers a few hours after being told, one is less likely to forget them later.
If a teenager is grounded for taking the car without permission, he will ask for permission next time.
24. In which type of learning do organisms learn to respond in order to obtain or avoid important consequences?
instrumental (operant) conditioning
latent learning
connectionist learning
25. Jacob wants to encourage his son to practice his violin more. He has decided to reward him with money for practicing for a set time each day and punish him by adding extra chores for not practicing for the set time. Jacob's approach is MOST similar to the ideas of:
Edward Thorndike.
Herbert Simon.
David Rumelhart.
26. If a rat receives a food reward whenever it presses a lever, the likelihood of the rat pressing the lever will increase. This is an example of:
27. Who was considered a nativist?
Aristotle
John Locke
28. The principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics and governed by its own laws, is called:
contiguity.
29. René Descartes:
was an empiricist.
introduced the idea of associationism.
claimed that a newborn's mind was a blank slate.
believed in dualism.
30. René Descartes believed all EXCEPT the:
mind controls the body.
mind and body are governed by their own laws.
body works through a system of reflex arcs.
mind and body exist as the same entity.
31. Which description is an example of a stimulus in René Descartes's reflex arc?
a person being tapped on the shoulder
spirits flowing from the shoulder to the brain
spirits being reflected back from the brain to the muscles
a person turning around to see who has tapped him on the shoulder
32. Who believed that children are born a "blank slate"?
33. Who would argue that the complex idea of "dog" is comprised of a combination of simpler ideas such as "furry," "bark," and "friendly"?
34. Who believed that human ability is due to a combination of both nature and nurture?
35. Kim has two children. She believes that as long as she treats them exactly the same, they will both grow up to have the same personality and intelligence level. Kim's idea resembles that of which philosopher?
John Watson
36. Behaviorism focuses on the study of:
brain processes.
internal thoughts.
intentions.
observable behaviors.
37. Who was the founder of behaviorism?
38. William's dog always sits by the front door whenever William grabs the leash from its hook beside the door. How would a behaviorist describe the dog's behavior?
The dog thinks that if he sits, he will get to go outside.
The dog is hungry, so his instincts tell him to sit.
The dog expects to get a treat when William puts on the leash.
The dog sits when William grabs the leash.
39. In Watson's studies, what was found to impair rats' ability to navigate through mazes they had previously learned?
blinding the rats
removing the rats' whiskers
eliminating all odors in the maze
rotating the maze
40. John Watson's studies of rats running through mazes demonstrated that rats had learned to use their _____ to navigate.
vision and hearing
automatic set of motor habits
sense of smell
whiskers
41. B. F. Skinner discovered that when animals are given intermittent reinforcements, they:
respond less than when they are rewarded on every trial.
do not respond at all.
respond for the first few trials but then stop responding.
respond at least as well as when they are rewarded on every trial.
42. Yvonne believes that babies learn words by being rewarded for sounds that sound like those words in response to something they hear. This idea resembles the ideas of:
Charles Darwin.
B. F. Skinner.
Aristotle.
43. Whose book described a Utopian society in which socially desirable behaviors would be maintained through behaviorist training techniques?
Edward Tolman
Clark Hull
44. Who proposed the extreme form of behaviorism known as radical behaviorism?
45. Which idea suggests that humans function by blindly producing preprogrammed learned responses to environmental stimuli?
information theory
learning by insight
neo-behaviorism
radical behaviorism
46. Someone who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different from each other would agree with the views of:
Plato.
47. Charles Darwin observed that finches on different islands had different types of beaks that were most suited to coping with the environment of their particular island. From this insight, he concluded that:
life on Earth is immutably fixed.
life on Earth is evolving.
animals were created in their present form by God.
animals migrate to locations that are most suitable.
48. Charles Darwin proposed three criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection. Which statement is relevant to survival?
The shape of the finch beak ranges from thick to thin.
The neck of the giraffe ranges in length across the species.
The eagle's eyes allow it to see prey from very far distances.
The moth's colors allow it to camouflage in with the tree bark.
49. Which statement is NOT one of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection?
The trait must be inheritable.
The trait must be able to be learned.
The trait must vary naturally.
The trait must make the individual more fit to survive.
50. While most bacteria are eliminated by antibiotics, some can possess mutations that are resistant to antibiotics, leading to more drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Such a mutation is an example of which of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection?
The trait must vary.
51. Suppose two moths are colored such that they blend in with the trees in the forest where they live. If one moth's coloring blends in much better than the other, that moth will have less chance of being eaten by predators, and will therefore be more likely to reproduce, thus passing its beneficial coloring on to its offspring. This is an example of:
a reflex arc.
eugenics.
52. Why was Charles Darwin's view of natural selection controversial?
It suggested that there was not a major distinction between humans and other species.
Darwin had no data to back up his claims.
Nobody believed that traits could be inherited.
Darwin thought only physical traits could evolve, not behavioral traits.
53. The theory of evolution is relevant to the study of learning and memory because:
learned information is passed on to offspring.
the type of information people learn varies across individuals.
people are born as "blank slates."
learning is useful in allowing organisms to adapt to the environment.
54. Which theorist was inspired by William James to pursue a graduate degree in psychology?
55. "Behavior reeks of purpose" was the maxim of:
Edward Tolman.
56. Who believed that rats were forming a "cognitive map" when they learned to navigate through a maze?
57. Suppose one encounters construction while driving home. One cannot take the regular route but has no trouble in determining an alternate route to reach home. This ability is MOST like the behavior of animals in which researcher's studies?
John. B. Watson
58. The idea that rats have a cognitive map of a maze is supported by the finding that rats:
only learn to navigate the maze if a food reward is given at the end.
cannot navigate the maze if their usual route is blocked.
can navigate the maze, even if they start from a novel position.
require only one trial to learn the layout of a maze.
59. If rats are allowed to freely explore a maze without being given a food reward and later are put in the maze again with a food reward in the goal box, the rats:
learn the maze as quickly as rats that have never been exposed to the maze.
learn the maze more quickly than rats that have never been exposed to the maze.
learn the maze more slowly than rats that have never been exposed to the maze.
are unable to learn the maze regardless of being rewarded.
60. If one is driven to work by a friend each day, one will probably learn the route and be able to use it later on, even though there is no reward for using it. This is an example of:
latent learning.
61. Charlotte has never been interested in sports, yet everyone in her house plays basketball and football. After dinner one night, everyone goes outside to play basketball. Since there are only five players, Charlotte is asked to join. As the game goes on, she manages to make almost every shot when the ball is passed to her. This is an example of:
a placebo effect.
62. Who conducted the FIRST rigorous experimental studies of human memory?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
63. In studying memory, Ebbinghaus was concerned that his data would be affected by the fact that he was more familiar with some words than others. He avoided this problem by using:
real words that were familiar but very short.
real words that were unfamiliar to him.
three-letter nonsense words.
strings of digits.
64. Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by:
measuring how long it took him to relearn a previously learned list.
measuring how long it took him to learn a list perfectly.
seeing how long a list he could remember after hearing the list just once.
counting the number of times he needed to hear a list before he could recall it perfectly.
65. Suppose one is trying to learn a list of words. It takes 10 minutes to learn the list the first time. One studies the list again the next day and finds that it takes only 4 minutes. How much of a time savings has occurred?
25%
40%
60%
100%
66. In Ebbinghaus's retention curve:
the greatest savings occurred with short delays between learning and relearning.
most forgetting occurred when relearning took place after about 150 hours.
forgetting occurred very gradually over several days.
the greatest savings occurred when relearning took place after about 100 hours.
67. In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, the length of delay between learning and relearning was the _____ variable.
independent
dependent
confounding
extraneous
68. In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, what was the dependent variable?
delay between learning and relearning
pretesting practice time
list length
memory retention
69. That Ebbinghaus served as his own participant was problematic because:
his expectations might have influenced the results.
he could not manipulate an independent variable.
his studies were double-blind.
he didn't have any experimenter bias.
70. Which statement is TRUE about subject bias?
It is possible to gain insight through scientific experiments.
The subject is asked to verify the results.
The insights gained are more accurate and specific.
The participants' prior knowledge can influence the current experiment.
71. Subjects are given two drinks but not told what they are drinking in order to get accurate results on which is the better tasting one. Yet the experimenter knows which drink they are getting. This is an example of what type of experimental design?
blind
double-blind
unethical
subjective
72. Ava has been studying the effects that different genres of music have on an individual's depression levels for 5 years now. According to her research, pop music seems to not elicit any type of depression. As she conducts her screening for participants, she makes sure that there are no individuals who like pop music in her group. This is an example of:
experimenter bias.
experimental design.
subject bias.
blind design.
73. A pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication to treat anxiety. In order to check how well the medication responds, neither the experimenter nor the subjects know who received the medication. By doing this, the pharmaceutical company attempts to eliminate the chance of the subject's or experimenter's preconceived notions affecting the results. This is called:
double-blind design.
74. In a double-blind experimental design:
the participant knows the hypothesis being tested.
the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested.
both the participant and the experimenter know the hypothesis being tested.
neither the participant nor the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested.
75. In order to compile and accurately measure its effectiveness, the subject pool for a new memory drug was about 100 subjects. The pharmaceutical company prescribes 50 subjects the new medication X and a sugar pill for the remaining 50 individuals. To ensure effectiveness, the subjects are unaware of who has taken medication X and who has taken the sugar pill. This practice is known as:
pharmaceutical design.
76. The example of Clive Wearing's memory loss demonstrates the power of _____ memories to survive when losing other memories, such as those of the past and present.
short-term
situational
emotional
long-term
77. The difficult thing about memory, which is illustrated by Clive Wearing's case, is that:
we can never recover our memory skills after a traumatic brain injury.
we typically lose all of one type of memory but none of another type of memory.
we don't know whether learning has been remembered as fact, habit, skill, or emotion.
life is a series of related moments that only exist in the present.
78. In the story of Clive Wearing, his memory was described as a(n):
blank slate.
imperfectly erased blackboard.
overfilled bulletin board.
collage of images.
79. The person who FIRST attempted to develop a comprehensive mathematical model of animal learning was:
Clark Hull.
80. Who is considered a behaviorist?
Gordon Bower
George Miller
David Rumelhart
81. The specifics of Clark Hull's equations for learning:
have never been very influential.
were rejected early on but are highly relevant today.
were important early on and continue to be influential today.
are not considered relevant today.
82. Mathematical psychology was established by:
William James.
W. K. Estes.
83. How did Estes differ from Hull and other learning theorists at that time?
Estes's methods were not precise enough.
Estes believed random variation is essential for learning.
Estes viewed learning as the development of associations between a stimulus and a response.
Estes's ideas marked the ending of mathematical models in psychology.
84. Humans and animals do not always make the same response to the same stimuli. Which theory provides an explanation for this apparent randomness in learning?
Hull's mathematical model
stimulus sampling theory
85. Suppose a student is trained to press the "A" key when a high-pitched tone is played and the "B" key when a low-pitched tone is played. Even after hundreds of trials of training, the student will probably still occasionally press the wrong button. How can this be explained by stimulus sampling theory?
The student is tired and more prone to mistakes after so many trials.
The student may temporarily forget which key is the correct one after a while.
The connection between the tone and the key deteriorates after repeated presentation.
The tone activates a subset of elements that are not yet linked to the correct key.
86. Who adapted information theory to psychology?
W. K. Estes
87. George Miller discovered that the average digit span is:
exactly 3.
about 7.
about 15.
more than 20.
88. Which of these scientists is responsible for the number of digits in a standard phone number without the area code?
89. Who proposed connectionist models of the mind?
90. Connectionist models propose that learning and memory involve:
the storage and manipulation of symbols and labeled links.
networks of connections between simple processing units called nodes.
random sampling of possible elements connected with a stimulus.
a one-step process of going from ignorance to knowledge in a single trial.
91. In a distributed representation, information is stored in the:
pattern of activation across many nodes.
activity of a single node.
comparison of the activity between two nodes.
timing of the activation of two nodes.
92. If a person looks at a golden retriever and a cocker spaniel and realizes the similarity that both of them are dogs, what process is the person using?
connectionist model
distributed representation
even distribution
93. Which subfield of psychology focuses on human abilities such as thinking, language, and reasoning?
cognitive approach
behaviorism
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