Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
Select the correct answer.
1. The concept of justice…
a. never changes
b. is less important today than in the past
c. is relatively straightforward
d. is clear cut
Answer: c - is relatively straightforward
Objective: The idea of justice
Page number: 2
Level: Intermediate
2. Nations and their components such as states and territories …
a. can exist without established systems of justice
b. cannot exist without established systems of justice
c. only find benefits from “real justice”
d. always view justice the same way
Answer: b - cannot exist without established systems of justice
Objective: The idea of justice
Page number: 2
Level: Intermediate
3. Human Rights
a. have not been a concern of the United Nations
b. exclude adequate food, shelter, and medical care
c. have been related to the U.S. prison at Guantanamo, Cuba
d. have only been the concern of the U.S.
Answer: c - have been related to the U.S. prison at Guantanamo, Cuba
Objective: The idea of justice
Page number: 2
Level: Intermediate
4. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights
a. is limited to the basic survival necessities
b. incorporates equal rights, freedom of speech and protection from government abuse
c. has been adopted totally by all nations
d. only applies to Western Democracies
Answer: b – incorporates equal rights, freedom of speech and protection from government abuse
Objective: Definition of Justice
Page number: 3
Level: Intermediate
5. Justice
a. is defined the same way by all individuals
b. is not determined by the perspective of the viewer
c. involves fair, moral, and impartial treatment
d. has little value because of changing value systems
Answer: c - involves fair, moral, and impartial treatment
Objective: Definition of Justice
Page number: 4
Level: Intermediate
6. What amendment is related to the idea of due process of law?
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourteenth
Answer: d - Fourteenth
Objective: Definition of Justice
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
7. Restorative Justice
a. has no relationship to criminal prosecution
b. requires punishment based on criminal sanctions
c. is also known as “peacemaking”
d. may be used only in criminal cases
Answer: c - is also known as “peacemaking”
Objective: Types of Justice
Page number: 6
Level: Basic
8. Which of the following cases extended the exclusionary rule to state and local officers?
a. Weeks v. United States
b. Mapp v. Ohio
c. Gideon v. Wainwright
d. Argersinger v. Hamlin
Answer: b - Mapp v. Ohio
Objective: Types of Justice
Page number: 7
Level: Basic
9. The Rule of Law
a. only applies to civil cases
b. exists to protect society from crime
c. only protects the criminal
d. means the same to all individuals
Answer: b – exists to protect society from crime
Objective: Mission of a Criminal Justice System
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
10. The fundamental premise of the classical system of justice is that
a. the imposition of punishment prevents further crime from occurring
b. punishment should be related to the severity of the crime
c. women and men should receive equal treatment
d. all criminals who received punishment should not be subjected to any later form of punishment
Answer: a - the imposition of punishment prevents further crime from occurring
Objective: Mission of a Criminal Justice System
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
11. The ultimate incapacitation is
a. life without parole as a sentence
b. the securing of all financial assets of a criminal
c. capital punishment
d. being banned from one’s country
Answer: c – capital punishment
Objective: Mission of a Criminal Justice System
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
12. The concept of the common law tradition developed from
a. France
b. the United Kingdom
c. foreign immigrants from eastern Europe
d. recent United States Supreme Court cases
Answer: b - the United Kingdom
Objective: Challenges of Administering Justice
Page number: 10
Level: Basic
13. The Civil Rights Act of 1871
a. ignored African-Americans
b. was passed to protect southern blacks from the Ku Klux Klan
c. has had a great deal of force most of the time since its inception
d. only applied to citizens born in a foreign country
Answer: b - was passed to protect southern blacks from the Ku Klux Klan
Objective: Challenges of Administering Justice
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
14. What type of a government has resulted from the U.S. Constitution?
a. Unitary
b. Socialist
c. Imperial
d. Federalist
Answer: d - Federalist
Objective: The Components of the U.S. Justice System
Page number: 11
Level: Basic
15. What amendment reserves police powers to the states?
a. Third
b. Fifth
c. Seventh
d. Tenth
Answer: d - Tenth
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in America
Page number: 13
Level: Basic
16. How many different federal police agencies are there?
a. 25
b. 40
c. 75
d. 100
Answer: d - 100
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in America
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
17. The Department of Homeland Security
a. has been present since the creation of the United States Constitution
b. excludes the Secret Service
c. has had a number of federal agencies transferred to it
d. will be disbanded by Congress in the year 2020
Answer: d – has had a number of federal agencies transferred to it
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in America
Page number: 15
Level: Basic
18. The only large federal agency remaining within the Treasury Department is the
a. Bureau of Indian Affairs
b. Central Intelligence Agency
c. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
d. Internal Revenue Service
Answer: d - Internal Revenue Service
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in America
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
19. Identify the oldest federal law enforcement agency.
a. the Federal Bureau of Investigation
b. the Department of Homeland Security
c. the Drug Enforcement Administration
d. the United States Marshall Service
Answer: d – the United States Marshall Service
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in America
Page number: 18
Level: Basic
Chapter 1 True or False
Select the appropriate answer, based on whether the statement is true or false.
1. Nations and states can exist without established systems of justice.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False – Nations and states cannot exist without established systems of justice.
Objective: The Need for Justice
Page number: 2
Level: Intermediate
2. Two key components in evaluating the world’s justice systems are the provisions for basic human rights and the extent of civil rights granted to citizens.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Need for Justice
Page number: 2
Level: Intermediate
3. The U.N. Declaration incorporates equal rights, freedom of speech, and protection from government abuse.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Idea of Justice
Page number: 2
Level: Intermediate
4. Roelofse (2013) suggested that the observance of human rights can be set aside in the face of terrorism.
a. true
b. false
Answer: False – it has to be observed even by totalitarian societies
Objective: Human Rights
Page number: 3
Level: Intermediate
5. It was not until the First World War that full enforcement of civil rights began within the United States.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False – It was not until the 1960s
Objective: The Idea of Justice
Page number: 3
Level: Intermediate
6. Freedoms from government oppression or intrusive practices are also known as civil liberties.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Idea of Justice
Page number: 3
Level: Basic
7. The Bill of Rights refers to the First Ten Amendments.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Idea of Justice
Page number: 3
Level: Basic
8 The First Amendment refers to the right to bear arms.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False –The First Amendment refers to speech, association, and religion
Objective: The Idea of Justice
Page number: 3
Level: Basic
9. Social justice is rendering to everyone that which is his or her due as a human being.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: Justice Defined
Page number: 5
Level: Intermediate
10. Restorative justice avoids arbitration to resolve conflicts.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False – Restorative justice uses arbitration to solve conflicts.
Objective: Types of Justice
Page number: 6
Level: Basic
11. The “Fruits of the Poisoned Tree Doctrine” is related to the Seventh Amendment.
A. True
B. False
Answer: False – It is related to the Fourth Amendment
Objective: Types of Justice
Page number: 7
Level: Basic
12. Weeks v. United States concerned evidence secured by federal officers.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: Types of Justice
Page number: 7
Level: Basic
13. There are no exceptions to the exclusionary rule.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False - There are exceptions to the exclusionary rule.
Objective: Types of Justice
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
14. In a nutshell the U.S. criminal justice system exists to apply the rule of law as a means of providing social stability.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Mission of a Criminal Justice System
Page number: 7
Level: Basic
15. The counterpart to the crime control model is the due process model.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Mission of a Criminal Justice System
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
16. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 is no longer used by federal courts.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False -- The Civil Rights Act of 1871 is still used by the federal courts.
Objective: Challenges of Administering Justice
Page number: 10
Level: Basic
16. At the national level, the U.S. District Attorneys are responsible for the prosecution of federal cases.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: Components of the U.S. Justice System
Page number: 11
Level: Basic
17. Only ten district courts try federal cases within the 50 states and territories.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False – Ninety-four district courts try federal cases.
Objective: Components of the U.S. Justice System
Page number: 13
Level: Basic
18. The largest federal police agencies are located within the Justice and Treasury Departments.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in the U.S.
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
19. The FBI’s duties include investigating public corruption.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in the U.S.
Page number: 18
Level: Basic
20. The passing of the Patriot Act in 2001 increased the Secret Service’s role in investigating fraud.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in the U.S.
Page number: 20
Level: Basic
Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank
Fill in the appropriate answer.
1. The two key criteria in evaluating the world’s justice systems are the states provisions for __________ and the extent of civil rights granted to its citizens.
Answer: Human Rights
Objective: The need for justice (Obj. 1.1)
Page number: 2
Level: Intermediate
2. ___________________ may be defined as a person’s right to the basic necessities for survival.
Answer: Human Rights
Objective: Human Rights (Obj. 1.2)
Page number: 2
Level: Basic
3. On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the ___________________________.
Answer: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Objective: The Idea of Justice
Page number: 2
Level: Basic
4. Freedom from government oppression or intrusive practices is known as __________________.
Answer: civil liberties
Objective: The Idea of Justice
Page number: 3
Level: Basic
5. As noted in the Fourteenth Amendment, citizens can be deprived of life, liberty, or property only by _______________________.
Answer: due process of law
Objective: Justice Defined
Page number: 5
Level: Basic
6. _____________________ is rendering to everyone that which is his or her due as a human being.
Answer: Social Justice
Objective: Justice Defined
Page number: 5
Level: Intermediate
7. The criminal justice system is concerned not only with the enforcement of laws but with the protection of ________________as well.
Answer: legal rights
Objective: Justice Defined
Page number: 6
Level: Difficult
8. The famous ______________________ is one mechanism by which American courts ensure that a defendant’s due process rights are protected.
Answer: exclusionary rule
Objective: Justice Defined
Page number: 7
Level: Basic
9. In 1914, the United States Supreme Court ruled in __________________________ that evidence illegally obtained by federal officers must be excluded from admission at trial.
Answer: Weeks v. United States
Objective: Justice Defined
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
10. The fundamental premise of the classical system of justice is that the imposition of punishment prevents ____________ from occurring.
Answer: crime
Objective: The Mission of a Criminal Justice System
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
11. _____________________ may be defined as government’s establishment and imposition of legal processes to protect society from crime
Answer: Rule of law
Objective: The Mission of a Criminal Justice System
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
12. ____________________ is defined as the maintenance of order and the continuation of equitable social control by government.
Answer: Social stability
Objective: The Mission of a Criminal Justice Systems
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
13. At the national level, the ____________________________ are responsible for prosecution of federal cases within their jurisdiction.
Answer: U.S. District Attorneys
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in America
Page number: 11
Level: Basic
14. The ___________________ was created in 1870 and is responsible for enforcing laws passed by the U.S. Congress.
Answer: Justice Department
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in America
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
15. The Department of ____________________ was created in 2002, in an effort to better coordinate efforts to protect the U.S. from terrorism.
Answer: Homeland Security
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in America
Page number: 18
Level: Basic
Chapter 1 Essay
Answer the following questions.
1. Discuss the need for justice.
Answer: The authors note that nations cannot exist without systems of justice. In addition, these systems must be acceptable to those who are governed. There must also be a belief among those who are governed that obeying the government and its rules is preferable to disobedience because disorder in society will result in negative consequences. Disobeying a government and avoiding compliance with rules and regulations could result in a very dangerous situation such as a rebellion or a situation in which the strong take advantage of the weak. In evaluating a system of government in terms of justice at least two factors should be taken into consideration. For example, do the citizens have basic human rights as needed to survive in a society? These include food, shelter, and medical care which are critical to function in any society. In addition, how extensive are the civil rights afforded the citizens of a society. These civil rights should include the right to be treated equally, the right to speak freely and express oneself, and a basic protection against government abuse. It is obvious that without a just society or a feeling of fair treatment among its citizens, a society will be replete with complex problems endangering its existence.
Objective: The Need for Justice
Page number: 2
Level: Intermediate
2. Discuss various types of justice.
Answer: There are different types of justice found in a society. For example, social justice is rendering to everyone that which is due. Social justice may be either distributive or commutative. Distributive justice seeks to distribute items of value fairly in a society. Commutative justice seeks to ensure equality among citizens. Civil justice refers to the system that regulates the relationships between individuals and focuses on the regulation of noncriminal behaviors within society. Interestingly, it is in the area of civil law that the poor and the middle class are more likely to experience inequitable treatment. Restorative justice seeks to mitigate adverse relationships between individuals. It seeks to avoid formal adjudication by using arbitration to resolve conflicts. Restorative justice may take place in lieu of civil litigation, and it may also be used as an alternative to criminal prosecutions. Criminal justice is the system that the readers of this text are interested in and it interacts with other systems of justice. The criminal justice system is a system that relies on procedural laws as well as substantive laws. Procedural law relates to how substantive law may be applied while substantive law refers to particular forms of behavior. No matter what type of justice is present, the fact remains that the concept of justice is one that is valuable to the maintenance of an orderly society.
Objective: Types of Justice
Page number: 5-6
Level: Intermediate
3. Discuss the structure of the police system in America.
Answer: One of the major principles of the American Constitution is that of federalism which means that citizens of the United States are affected by two main types of government, one being the national or federal government and the other being the state government. Federalism has resulted in the United States having a large number of different police agencies. For example, there are 100 different federal police agencies. The largest of the federal police agencies are formally located within the Justice Department and the Treasury Departments. Examples of federal agencies which relate to law enforcement are the Drug Enforcement Administration, the U.S. Marshals Service, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation which is primarily an investigative agency. The Department of Homeland Security is rather recent in coming on the scene being created in 2002, in an effort to better counter terrorism. In addition to federal agencies the states, counties, and cities have their own police forces. This is a result of the Tenth Amendment which reserves the police power to the states. Every state with the exception of Hawaii has a state police force of some type. Most counties in the United States have a sheriff’s department. Sheriffs are usually elected to their position. However, the majority of law enforcement officers are employed by a city or municipality. Most of the municipal police departments are small having ten or fewer officers. Yet such departments are very important because citizens are more likely to have contact with them than any other type of law enforcement agency.
Objective: The Structure of the Police System in the United States
Page number: 13-23
Level: Intermediate
