Test Bank Psychology in Everyday Life 5th Edition by David G. Myers

1. The Greek naturalist and philosopher Aristotle suggested the source of our personality is the

2. Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions best illustrates

3. Critical thinking most clearly involves

4. A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates

5. Jennifer was worried that the wording of the questions in a diet and exercise survey may have encouraged respondents to express unusually positive levels of health. Jennifer's concern best illustrates

6. Shane is discussing climate change with Brandon. Shane does not believe that climate change is real and is persistent with his belief, trying to convince Brandon that climate change is not real. Brandon does believe that climate change is real but is open to the possibility that he could be wrong. Who would be most likely to engage in critical thinking?

7. When you question the claim that hypnosis helps people to recall memories more accurately, you are most clearly demonstrating

8. Three key elements of the scientific attitude are

9. In conducting research, Douglas demonstrates a scientific attitude. Which of the following characteristics are part of that attitude?

10. Stacey insists that Dr. Hendricks' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of

11. The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to

12. One of psychology's early mottos was "The rat is always right." Which aspect of the scientific attitude did this represent?

13. Wilhelm Wundt performed experiments to study

14. The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes by

15. The English naturalist whose thinking about species variation led to evolutionary psychology was

16. The personality theorist Sigmund Freud was an Austrian

17. One of the last century's most influential observers of children was the Swiss biologist

18. Who was the American philosopher who shared his love of psychology in his 1890 textbook?

19. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

20. Which woman psychologist was the first to officially earn a doctorate degree?

21. Between 1997 and 2017, ________ percent of the elected presidents of the Association for Psychological Science were women.

22. Which of the following people is most likely to earn a doctorate degree in psychology today?

23. In its earliest years psychology focused on the study of

24. Who promoted the school of thought in psychology known as structuralism?

25. Which school of thought in psychology focused on the organization of the human mind?

26. Which early school of thought in psychology was influenced by Darwin?

27. Who promoted the early school of thought in psychology referred to as functionalism?

28. Which early school of thought in psychology focused on how the mind works?

29. Melinda is talking to a friend and is explaining how psychology has changed over the years. She outlines some of the mental processes that early psychologists studied. Which of the following is NOT one of those mental processes?

30. Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of

31. The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as

32. Observing and recording people's behavior as they are being conditioned is a central interest of

33. Beverly is observing how children react to being pushed by other children while playing in the school yard. Which psychological perspective is she likely applying to her research?

34. Which of the following is a conditioned behavior that can be observed?

35. Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the study of conscious self-awareness to be

36. Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious sexual conflicts?

37. Amanda spends most of her time working with community groups established to help those in need. Her friend suggests that by devoting her time to helping others Amanda avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Her friend's suggestion illustrates the type of explanation that is most typical of

38. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as

39. Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's

40. Dr. Anderson is a therapist who tends to focus on his client's growth potential and their need for love and acceptance. Dr. Anderson's area of specialization is

41. In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology led the field back to its early interest in the scientific study of

42. The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to

43. Professor Duncan studies how people learn new information and how additional stimuli affect coding and memory. Professor Duncan's area of specialization is

44. Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

45. Investigating patterns of brain activity that accompany people's recollections of a stressful experience would be of most direct interest to the specialty area known as

46. Psychology is currently best defined as the science of

47. Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.

48. Mark is defining psychology for a classmate who is thinking about taking a course. Which definition of psychology is most accurate?

49. Which of the following is true regarding the field of psychology?

50. The fact that the International Union of Psychological Science now has 82 member nations illustrates that psychology is

51. The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by

52. Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

53. Professor Dominges believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Dominges favors a ________ perspective on depression.

54. Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?

55. Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

56. Professor Jones believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

57. Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment to our individual differences?

58. Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and environmental experience to differing levels of human intelligence?

59. Professor Thornton is studying experiences that influence genetic expression. He is most likely studying

60. Professor Mateev attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective.

61. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on

62. Mr. Alexander believes that his wife's angry outbursts against him result from her unconscious hatred of her own father. Mr. Alexander is looking at his wife's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.

63. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

64. Professor James is studying how mice navigate a new maze. His research study is most consistent with a ________ perspective.

65. Bettina believes that her son has become a good student because he is frequently praised for his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.

66. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

67. Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

68. Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?

69. Professor Warburton is interested in memory processes and how retrieval of information is influenced by current schema activation. Which field of psychology does he study?

70. Dr. McAllister is studying anger as it relates to violent criminal offenders. He is particularly interested in how environmental circumstances relate to feelings of anger among these offenders, as well as how feelings of anger affect thought processes. He is working from a(n) ________ perspective.

71. Professor Alvarez is studying divided attention and its impact on memory. This research topic is consistent with

72. Memory processes are to a ________ perspective as cultures are to a ________ perspective.

73. Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

74. Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic groups?

75. Dr. Wayne believes that one reason for teenagers' delinquent behavior is the pressure of belonging to a street gang. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

76. ________ psychologists study the connection between the brain and the mind.

77. Dr. Ey conducts research on the relationship between brain functions and reasoning power. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ey's research best represent?

78. Dr. Stembridge conducts research on how children's moral reasoning changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Stembridge is a(n) ________ psychologist.

79. Dr. McDowell conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. McDowell is most likely a _________ psychologist.

80. Which subfield in psychology investigates persistent traits?

81. Dr. Smith studies how best to assess individual differences in traits such as agreeableness and sociability. Which specialty area does her research best represent?

82. Dr. Stott conducts research on why individuals obey orders from an authoritative person. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

83. Professor Craske conducts basic research on the psychological, biological, and behavioral factors that contribute to heart disease. She is most likely a

84. Which subfield of psychology investigates workplace-related behaviors?

85. Dr. Bertrand focuses on ways to improve worker morale and productivity. Dr. Bertrand is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

86. Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples of

87. Which psychologists are most likely to be involved in applied research?

88. Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different

89. We live in a family that resides in a community that is part of a larger society. This demonstrates that we are

90. The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences within the larger framework of

91. Igene has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the full complexity of Igene's difficulties most clearly requires

92. Which term refers to the behavioral characteristics that people associate with girls, boys, men, or women?

93. Which of the following best compares gender and sex?

94. The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors shared by a large group of people form their

95. Parents handing down to their children the custom of respecting people of different ethnicities best illustrates the importance of

96. Mandi's grandmother has taught Mandi how to cook and sew and has explained to Mandi that these are important skills for women. This illustrates how

97. Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for

98. Differences between the genders

99. Which of the following is NOT a documented gender difference?

100. How are Jennifer and Daniel likely to differ?

101. The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.

102. Inherited ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________.

103. Efforts to discover whether children's personalities are more heavily influenced by their biology or their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

104. Lissette wonders whether intelligence differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from environmental influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of

105. Zack has advanced in competitive gymnastics rather quickly because he is genetically predisposed to enjoy competition and is quite flexible. This best illustrates that

106. By suggesting that nurture works on what nature provides, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically graced with a capacity for

107. Processing information at the same time on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is called

108. Our visual perception track enables us to recognize objects while our visual action track enables us to manipulate objects. This best illustrates

109. Accurately hitting a baseball a split second before we consciously recognize that the ball has reached our bat best illustrates our capacity for

110. Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive men and women. This best illustrates

111. Dr. Vazquez helps teens with relationship problems by assisting them in identifying their interests and social needs. Dr. Vazquez is most likely a

112. For no apparent reason, Adam has been so depressed that he frequently stays home from school. It would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist.

113. The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a

114. Rather than seeking to change people to fit their environments, ________ work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all.

115. Research on human flourishing is the major focus of

116. Martin Seligman calls for a positive psychology that focuses on such topics as

117. Dr. Salvia is studying how happiness in late adulthood relates to a person's social network and social connectedness. Her approach is called

118. Professor Kurtines is researching the psychological benefit of friendships during adolescence. His research is best aligned with which approach to psychology?

119. Positive psychology uniquely focuses on the promotion of positive

120. An unconscious gut feeling, or ________, provides a sharp contrast to explicit, conscious reasoning.

121. Norman meets briefly with recent college graduates from the school of education and relies on his automatic first impressions in deciding whether to offer them a teaching position. Norman's hiring decisions are most clearly guided by

122. The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

123. The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly encouraged by

124. A researcher gives half the members of a group a true psychological finding and the other half an opposite result. Both groups believe the given finding is common sense. This is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of

125. Professor Ramesh told one class that eating wheat germ has been found to prevent heart attacks. He informed another class that researchers have found that there is no heart benefit to eating wheat germ. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of

126. A few weeks after a TV award show, viewers are likely to exaggerate their ability to have predicted the Emmy winners. This best illustrates

127. Bob MacElroy's stockbroker informed him that he suffered substantial investment losses. When Bob told his wife, she angrily responded, "I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!" Her comment best illustrates

128. A sense of humility regarding the accuracy of our commonsense thinking is most likely to be undermined by

129. Developing testable predictions before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as

130. Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates

131. Shelly was certain that she would never attend a college near her home town. However, when she was accepted by the local community college, she readily agreed to enroll. Shelly's experience best illustrates

132. Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?

133. Research has shown that about two percent of people are able to accurately predict their own social behavior. Psychologist Philip Tetlock and science writer Dan Gardner have referred to these successful predictors as

134. The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to overestimating the value of

135. Six of the people in Mr. Martin's office were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as amazing and unlikely. In this instance, he should be reminded that

136. The idea that "people's emotions and personal beliefs tend to override their acceptance of objective facts" is expressed in the dictionary definition of

137. What was the Oxford English Dictionary's word of the year in 2017?

138. Which of the following can reduce people's acceptance of objective facts?

139. Shannon believes that social programs drain the economy even after being shown specific information regarding the overall economy and budget. Her persistent beliefs and refusal to accept the facts she has been shown may be related to

140. Who is most likely to hold biased views?

141. Misinformation that is given intentionally can be called

142. Why might so many people believe the commonly accepted idea that roaches could survive a nuclear bomb?

143. Norman is especially prone to ulcers and has been told by friends and parents that spicy foods can lead to or aggravate ulcers. When dining with friends at a Mexican restaurant, he opted for a light salad. When asked why he was not indulging, he replied that he cannot eat spicy foods because he is prone to ulcers. Why might Norman believe this myth?

144. Gabriella is telling her grandmother about a concert she plans to attend. Her grandmother replies that she should not go because a mass shooting could occur. When Gabriella asked why her grandmother would make such a statement, her grandmother replied that mass shootings are always in the news. This demonstrates how ________ can lead to the acceptance of misinformation.

145. Vishal believes that the Earth is flat and has befriended several people on social media who also hold this view. This is an example of how ________ can feed the acceptance of misinformation.

146. Dr. Tate is an excellent professor. She is curious, humble, and skeptical. These are all characteristics of

147. The self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answers is known as

148. A theory is an explanation using principles that ________ observations and ________ behaviors or events.

149. Professor Shalet believes that identical twins have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)

150. The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable

151. A hypothesis is a(n)

152. Testing hypotheses and refining theories in light of those tests is central to

153. Professor Martinez believes that attractive people are more sensitive, more successful, more socially skilled, and handsome men will be more successful in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of

154. A carefully worded statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)

155. In a published report of a research study on personal control, Drs. Jamison and Phillips included a 30-item questionnaire, which they had used to assess levels of personal control. The psychologists have thus provided their readers with a(n)

156. Replication of a research study is most likely to be made easier by

157. Repeating the essence of an earlier research study to confirm that its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called

158. Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of research on the benefits of running a mile every day. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of the findings?

159. What does preregistration mean when used in relation to scientific research?

160. When researchers publicly communicate planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses, they are engaged in

161. The case study is a research method in which

162. To understand the anxiety experienced by his 30-year-old client, Dr. Vince, a clinical psychologist, carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?

163. Dr. Blake is examining a patient, named Bethany, in depth. Bethany suffers from schizophrenia, and Dr. Blake hopes to be able to learn more about schizophrenia by studying Bethany so closely. This is an example of a(n)

164. By revealing what can happen through an in-depth examination of an atypical individual, ________ often suggests directions for future research.

165. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

166. A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called

167. Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of lion societies in the jungle are using a research method known as

168. James, a graduate student, is observing parents as they interact with their children on a playground. He is not trying to change or manipulate the situation. Rather, he is recording their interactions without interruption or influence. This is referred to as

169. Professor Sampson carefully observes and records the behaviors of young adults as they meet at the local night club to track the development of their social skills. Professor Sampson is most clearly engaged in

170. New technologies such as smart-phone apps and body-worn sensors have enabled the collection of "big data" by means of

171. Dr. Packwood is examining Twitter messages among men and women as part of her research project. This is an example of how modern technology has improved research using

172. One research team studied the ups and downs of human moods by counting positive and negative words in 504 million Twitter messages from 84 countries. The researchers' method best illustrates the use of

173. Which of the following enables more exact descriptions of ongoing behaviors without explaining them?

174. In one study, introductory psychology students were fitted with electronically activated recording devices so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers used a scientific method known as

175. Studying one individual or group in depth is to ________ as observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations is to ________.

176. A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known as