Test Bank Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition Frederick J Gravetter A+

Description

1. A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the study habits of American college students. The entire group of American college students is an example of a .
2. sample
3. statistic
4. population
5. parameter

ANSWER: c

1. A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the study habits of American college students. Based on the set of 56 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these students spend an average of 4.1 hours each week working on course material outside of class. For this study, the set of 56 students who returned surveys is an example of a .
2. parameter
3. statistic
4. population
5. sample

ANSWER: d

1. A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the study habits of American college students. Based on the set of 56 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these students spend an average of 4.1 hours each week working on course material outside of class. For this study, the average of 4.1 hours is an example of a ____.
2. parameter
3. statistic
4. population
5. sample

ANSWER: b

1. A researcher is interested in the eating behavior of rats and selects a group of 25 rats to be tested in a research study. The group of 25 rats is an example of a.
2. sample
3. statistic
4. population
5. parameter

ANSWER: a

1. A researcher is curious about the average monthly cell phone bill for all high school students in the state of Florida. If this average could be obtained, it would be an example of a .
2. sample
3. statistic
4. population
5. parameter

ANSWER: d

1. Although a research study is typically conducted with a relatively small group of participants known as a , most researchers hope to generalize their results to a much larger group known as a .
2. sample; population
3. statistic; sample
4. population; sample
5. parameter; population

ANSWER: a

1. The relationship between a statistic and a parameter is the same as the relationship between .
2. a sample and a population
3. a statistic and a sample
4. a parameter and a population
5. descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

ANSWER: a

1. Statistical methods that organize, summarize, or streamline data are called .
2. parameters
3. statistics
4. descriptive statistics
5. inferential statistics

ANSWER: c

1. A characteristic that describes a sample, usually a numerical value, is called a .
2. parameter
3. statistic
4. variable
5. constant

ANSWER: b

10.A researcher records the change in weight (gain or lost) during the first semester of college for each individual in a group of 25 freshmen, and calculates the average change in weight. The average is an example of a .

1. parameter
2. statistic
3. variable
4. constant

ANSWER: b

11.The average verbal SAT score for the entire class of entering freshmen is 530. However, if you select a sample of 20 freshmen and compute their average verbal SAT score you probably will not get exactly 530. What statistical concept is used to explain the natural difference that exists between a sample mean and the corresponding population mean?

1. statistical error
2. inferential error
3. sampling error
4. parametric error

ANSWER: c

12.A researcher conducts an experiment to determine whether moderate doses of St. John’s wort have any effect on memory for college students. For this study, what is the independent variable?

1. The amount of St. John’s wort given to each participant
2. The memory score for each participant
3. The group of college students
4. Whether or not they are full-time students

ANSWER: a

13.A recent study reports that elementary school students who were given a nutritious breakfast each morning had higher test scores than students who did not receive the breakfast. For this study, what is the independent variable?

1. The students who were given the nutritious breakfast
2. The students who were not given the nutritious breakfast
3. Whether or not a breakfast was given to the students
4. The test scores for the students

ANSWER: c

14.In a correlational study, .

1. one variable is measured and two groups are compared
2. two variables are measured and two groups are compared
3. one variable is measured and there is only one group of participants
4. two variables are measured and there is only one group of participants

ANSWER: d

15.In the simplest experimental study, .

1. one variable is measured and two groups are compared
2. two variables are measured and two groups are compared
3. one variable is measured and there is only one group of participants
4. two variables are measured and there is only one group of participants

ANSWER: a

16.In a research study comparing attitude scores for males and females, participant gender is an example of what kind of variable?

1. an independent variable
2. an dependent variable
3. a quasi-independent variable
4. a quasi-dependent variable

ANSWER: c

17.In an experiment comparing two methods for teaching social skill training to children with autism, the independent variable is and the dependent variable is.

1. teaching methods; the autistic children
2. the autistic children; the social skills that are learned
3. the social skills that are learned; the autistic children
4. teaching methods; the social skills that are learned

ANSWER: d

18.Which description provides an example of a discrete variable?

1. The time each student arrives in a psychology class
2. The gender of each student in a psychology class
3. The amount of time to solve a problem
4. The amount of weight gained for each freshman at a local college

ANSWER: b

19.Which description provides an example of a continuous variable?

1. The gender of each student in a psychology class
2. The number of males in each class offered by the college
3. The amount of time to solve a problem
4. The number of children in a family

ANSWER: c

20.If a variable can be divided into an infinite number of fractional parts, then it is a(n) variable.

1. independent
2. dependent
3. discrete
4. continuous

ANSWER: d

21.Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and E) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a(n) scale of measurement.

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. ratio

ANSWER: b

22.Determining the class standing (1st, 2nd, and so on) for the graduating seniors at a high school would involve measurement on a(n) scale of measurement.

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. ratio

ANSWER: b

23.What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?

1. Whether the measurements are the same or different
2. The direction of the difference
3. The size of the difference
4. Whether the measurement is numerical

ANSWER: c

24.Determining a person's reaction time (in milliseconds) would involve measurement on a(n) scale of measurement.

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. ratio

ANSWER: d

25.After measuring two individuals, a researcher can say that Tom’s score is four points higher than Bill’s. The measurements must come from a(n)scale.

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. interval or ratio

ANSWER: d

26.What is the first step to be performed in the following mathematical expression? (ΣX)2

1. Square each score.
2. Add the scores.
3. Add the squared scores.
4. Square the sum of the scores.

ANSWER: b

27.What is the final step to be performed in the following mathematical expression? (ΣX)2

1. Square each score.
2. Add the scores.
3. Add the squared scores.
4. Square the sum of the scores.

ANSWER: d

28.What is the final step to be performed when computing Σ(X – 2)2?

1. Square each value.
2. Subtract 2 points from each score.
3. Sum the squared values.
4. Subtract 22 from each X2 value.

ANSWER: c

29.What is the value of (ΣX)2 for the following scores? Scores: 1, 5, 2

1. 10
2. 16
3. 30
4. 64

ANSWER: d

30.What is the value of ΣX2 for the following scores? Scores: 1, 0, 2, 4

1. 14
2. 21
3. 28
4. 49

ANSWER: b

31.What is the value of ΣX + 1 for the following scores? Scores 1, 0, 2, 4

1. 8
2. 10
3. 11
   1. 14

ANSWER: a

32.What is the value of Σ(X + 1) for the following scores? Scores: 1, 0, 1, 4

1. 4
2. 6
3. 9
4. 10

ANSWER: d

33.What is the value of Σ(X – 1)2 for the following scores? Scores: 1, 2, 1, 4

1. 10
2. 16
3. 36
4. 49

ANSWER: a

34.What is the value of (ΣX)2 for the following scores? Scores: 1, 0, 2, 4

1. 14
2. 21
3. 28
4. 49

ANSWER: d

35.What is the value of ΣX + 1 for the following scores? Scores: 1, 6, 3

1. 10

b.11

1. 13
2. 16

ANSWER: b

36.What is the value of Σ(X + 1) for the following scores? Scores: 2, 4, 7

1. 10

b.11

1. 13
2. 16

ANSWER: a

37.What is the value of Σ(X – 2) for the following scores? Scores: 2, 3, 5

1. 4
2. 6
3. 8
4. 10

ANSWER: a

38.What is the value of Σ(X – 2 )2 for the following scores? Scores: 2, 3, 5

1. 8
2. 10
3. 16
4. 36

ANSWER: b

39.You are instructed to subtract four points from each score and find the sum of the resulting values. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation?

1. ΣX – 4
2. Σ (X – 4)
3. 4 – ΣX
4. Σ(4 – X)

ANSWER: b

40.You are instructed to subtract four points from each score, square the resulting value, and find the sum of the squared numbers. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation?

a. ΣX – 42

b. (ΣX – 4)2

c. Σ(X – 4)2

d. ΣX2 – 4

ANSWER: c

41.Using the average score to describe a sample is an example of inferential statistics.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

42.A researcher is interested in the average income for registered voters in the United States. The entire group of registered voters is an example of a population.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

43.The average score for a population is an example of a statistic.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

44.A researcher interested in vocabulary development obtains a sample of three-year-old children to participate in a research study. The average score for the group of 20 is an example of a parameter.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

45.The goal for an experiment is to demonstrate that changes in one variable are responsible for causing changes in a second variable.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

46.In an experimental study, individuals in a control condition receive the experimental treatment.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

47.A correlational study typically uses only one group of participants but measures two different variables (two scores) for each individual.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

48.A correlational study is used to examine the relationship between two variables but cannot determine whether it is a cause-and-effect relationship.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

49.A recent report concluded that children with siblings have better social skills than children who grow up as an only child. This is an example of an experimental study.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

50.A recent report concluded that college graduates have higher life-satisfaction scores than individuals who do not receive college degrees. For this study, graduating versus not graduating is an example of a quasi-independent variable.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

51.The participants in a research study are classified as high, medium, or low in self-esteem. This classification involves measurement on a nominal scale.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

52.Constructs are external attributes or characteristics that can be directly observed to describe and explain behavior.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

53.Classifying people into two groups on the basis of gender is an example of measurement on an ordinal scale.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

54.Students in an introductory art class are classified as art majors and non-art majors. This is an example of measurement on a nominal scale.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

55.To determine how much difference there is between two individuals, you must use either an interval or a ratio scale of measurement.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

56.If a researcher measures two individuals on a nominal scale, it is impossible to determine which individual has the larger score.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

57.If a researcher measures two individuals on an ordinal scale, then it is impossible to determine how much difference exists between the two people.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

58.For statistical purposes, there usually is not much difference between scores from an interval scale and scores from a ratio scale.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

59.Recording the number of students who are absent each day at a high school would be an example of measuring a discrete variable.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

60.A high school gym teacher records how much time each student requires to complete a one-mile run. This is an example of measuring a continuous variable.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

61.In an introductory theater class, the professor records from the number of movies students watched the previous year. The teacher is measuring a discrete variable.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

62.The real limit separating two adjacent scores is located at the upper boundary, or at the higher score.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

63.An operational definition identifies a set of operations for measuring an external behavior and then uses the resulting measurement as a definition of a hypothetical construct.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

64.To compute (ΣX)2, you first add the scores, then square the total.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

65.The first step in computing Σ(X + 1) is to sum the scores.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

66.For the following scores, Σ(X + 1) = 9. Scores: 1, 3, 0, 1

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

67.For the following scores, Σ(X + 1)2 = 81. Scores: 1, 3, 0, 1

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

68.For the following scores, Σ(X – 1) = 10. Scores: 1, 3, 7

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

69.For the following scores, ΣX2 = 35. Scores: 1, 3, 5

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

70.For the following scores, ΣX2 = 49. Scores: 1, 4, 2, 0

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

71.Statistical techniques are classified into two major categories: descriptive and inferential. Describe the general purpose of each category.

ANSWER: The purpose of descriptive statistics is to simplify the organization and presentation of data. The purpose of inferential statistics is to use the limited data from a sample as the basis for making general conclusions about the population.

72.Define the concept of "sampling error." Note: Your definition should include the concepts of sample, population, statistic, and parameter.

ANSWER: A parameter is a value that is obtained from a population of scores and is used to describe the population. A statistic is a value obtained from a sample and used to describe the sample. Typically it is impossible to obtain measurements for an entire population, so researchers must rely on information from samples; that is, researchers use statistics to obtain information about unknown parameters. However, samples provide only limited information about their populations. Thus, sample statistics are usually not identical to their corresponding population parameters. The error or discrepancy between a statistic and the corresponding parameter is called sampling error.

73.Describe the sequence of mathematical operations that would be used to evaluate each of the following expressions.

1. ΣX2
   1. (ΣX)2
   2. ΣX – 2
      1. Σ(X – 2)

e. Σ(X – 2)2

ANSWER: a. To compute ΣX2, you first square each score, then sum the squared values.

b.To compute (ΣX)2, you first sum the scores, then square the sum.

1. To compute ΣX – 2, you first sum the scores, then subtract 2 from the sum.
   1. To compute Σ(X – 2) you first subtract 2 from each score, then sum the resulting values.
   2. To compute Σ(X – 2)2, you first subtract 2 from each score, then square the resulting values, then sum the squared numbers.

74.Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores. Scores: 1, 2, 0, 4

1. ΣX
   1. ΣX2
   2. (ΣX)2

ANSWER: a. 7

b. 21

c. (7)2 = 49

75.Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores. Scores: 5, 2, 4, 2

1. ΣX – 2
   1. Σ(X – 2)

c. Σ(X – 2)2

ANSWER: a. 11

1. 5
2. 13

76.Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores: X Y

1. ΣX
   1. ΣY
   2. ΣXΣY
      1. ΣXY

ANSWER: a. 6

b. 0 c.

d. 0

1 5

3 1

0 -2

2 -4