Test Bank The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry, 4th Edition by Bernard Liebgott A+

Description

1. “Anatomy” comes from Greek root words that mean .”
2. “study of the body
3. “to classify
4. “to cut up
5. “study of movement
6. “replica of the gods

ANS: C

To cut up. Anatomy is derived from two Greek root words that mean “to cut up.”

1. The term applied to the study of human form and structure as seen with the naked eye is .
2. gross anatomy
3. neuroanatomy
4. imaging anatomy
5. cellular analysis
6. physical examination

ANS: A

Gross anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of human form and structure as seen with the naked eye.

1. The study of details of anatomical structure to the level of basic tissue and cell architecture is .
2. neurology
3. regional anatomy
4. microbiology
5. immunology
6. histology

ANS: E

Histology. Histology is the study of details of human tissue as seen through a microscope, ranging from basic tissue and cell architecture to ultrastructural elements of tissues and cells.

1. Noninvasive study of living subjects as revealed by radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography is

.

1. surface anatomy
2. imaging anatomy
3. neuroanatomy
4. gross anatomy
5. X-ray studies

ANS: B

Imaging anatomy. Imaging anatomy is the noninvasive study of living or dead subjects by conventional radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography.

1. Which connective tissue contains chondroblasts and has no neurovascular elements?
2. Blood vessels
3. Bone
4. Ligaments
5. Cartilage
6. Muscle

ANS: D

Cartilage. Cartilage is the supporting connective tissue consisting of cells (chondroblasts, which give rise to chondrocytes). There are no neurovascular elements within cartilage.

1. In its early stages, the fetal skeleton consists primarily of .
2. sesamoid bone
3. cartilage
4. short bone
5. condyle
6. epicondyle

ANS: B

Cartilage. During early development, most of the fetal skeleton is present as cartilage.

1. Calcification is a characteristic of .
2. cartilage
3. muscle
4. vessels
5. nerves
6. bone

ANS: E

Bone. The intercellular matrix of bone becomes calcified for rigidity and strength.

1. Which of the following statements is true about bone?
2. Interstitial growth is not possible, and appositional growth takes place only below the covering periosteal layer.
3. Periosteum consists of an outer layer of osteoblasts and a fibrous inner layer.
4. Blood cells are formed in the fibrous outer layer.
5. White blood cells and phosphorus are stored in bone.
6. All of the above

ANS: A

Because of bone’s rigid structure, interstitial growth is not possible. Appositional growth takes place only below the covering layer of bone. Periosteum consists of a fibrous outer layer and an inner layer of osteoblasts. Blood cells are formed in bone marrow.

1. Diploë is found in .
2. long bones
3. short bone
4. condyles
5. epicondyles
6. flat bones

ANS: E

Flat bones. Flat bones consist of a sandwich: two layers of compact bone encasing a cancellous layer called the diploë.

1. The rounded end of a bone with a smooth articular surface covered by cartilage is .
2. epicondyle
3. sesamoid
4. condyle
5. trochanter
6. crest

ANS: C

Condyle. The condyle is the rounded or widened end of a bone with a smooth articular surface covered by cartilage. The epicondyle is a ridge of bone above the condyle that provides muscle attachment.

1. The malleolus is found on bones of the .
2. upper arm
3. leg
4. thigh
5. shoulder
6. skull

ANS: B

Leg. The malleoli are two bony prominences found on bones of the leg that serve to bind the lower leg to the ankle. Malleoli are not found on any other bones.

1. A gently rounded depression in bone that may provide space for muscles or a concave area for joint surfaces is a

.

1. foramen
2. fissure
3. fossa
4. sesamoid
5. tubercle

ANS: C

Fossa. Fossa is a gently rounded depression that in some cases provides space for muscles and in other cases denotes the smooth concave area for joint surfaces.

1. Foramen ovale and foramen magnum both describe which feature of bone?
2. A notch in the end of a bone.
3. An elongated space between two bones.
4. A rounded depression that provides space for muscle.
5. A raised process or ridge.
6. A hole for nerves and vessels to pass through.

ANS: E

A hole for nerves and vessels to pass through. Foramen is a hole in the bone that allows structures such as nerves and vessels to pass through.

1. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
2. A joint is an articulation between two or more bones.
3. Amphiarthrodial joints allow partial movement.
4. Joints may be composed of fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or a combination of both.
5. All joints allow some movement.
6. A syndesmosis is a type of fibrous joint.

ANS: D

All of the statements are true, except D. Synarthrodial joints allow no movement between the bones they unite.

1. The peg-and-socket articulation between the roots of teeth and the maxillary or mandibular alveolar process is what type of joint?
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphosis
4. Suture
5. Diarthrodial
6. None of the above

ANS: B

Gomphosis. A gomphosis joint is in the form of a peg-and-socket articulation between the roots of teeth and the maxillary or mandibular alveolar process.

1. The temporomandibular joint is an example of a .
2. fibrous joint containing a disc
3. fibrous joint without a disc
4. cartilaginous joint
5. synovial joint containing a disc
6. symphysis joint

ANS: D

Synovial joint. A synovial joint is freely movable. Some synovial joints contain discs interposed between articular surfaces. The temporomandibular joint is an example of a synovial joint containing a disc.

1. A freely moveable shoulder is an example of a .
2. ball-and-socket multiaxial joint
3. hinge joint
4. uniaxial joint
5. plane joint
6. condyloid joint

ANS: A

Ball-and-socket multiaxial joint. A ball-and-socket multiaxial joint has one bony surface that is ball-shaped and a second surface that is a reciprocal socket, which allows movement in all planes. The shoulder is an example of a ball-and-socket multiaxial joint.

1. The three types of muscle tissue in the body are .
2. temporalis, cardiac, and striated
3. skeletal, striated, and cardiac
4. cardiac, smooth, and fibrous
5. smooth, fibrous, and temporalis
6. skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

ANS: E

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The three types of muscle tissue in the body are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is also known as striated because it appears striped in a histological section.

1. Muscles that encircle openings, such as the eye and mouth, and can open or close the opening are called

muscles.

1. pennate
2. sphincter
3. parallel
4. fusiform
5. converging

ANS: B

Sphincter. Sphincter muscles encircle openings, such as the eye and mouth, and may contract to close the opening. Pennate muscle is structured for power. In fusiform muscle, the fibers converge at both origin and insertion.

1. A contraction of skeletal muscle that contracts or tenses the muscle but produces no movement is characterized as

.

1. antagonistic
2. isotonic
3. prime
4. isometric
5. synergistic

ANS: D

Isometric. Isometric contractions of skeletal muscle contract or tense the muscle but produce no movement. An example is tensing the stomach muscles. Isotonic contractions produce actual movement around a joint.

1. Which of the following is TRUE about smooth muscle?
2. Smooth muscle lacks the striations of skeletal muscle.
3. Smooth muscle cells are long and tapered.
4. Generally smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow viscera and tubes.
5. Hollow organs, such as the gallbladder, contain smooth muscle.
6. All of the above

ANS: E

All of the statements are true about smooth muscle.

1. An anatomical system consisting of fluid, a pump, and a system to transport fluid is best described as the system.
2. nervous
3. musculoskeletal
4. cardiovascular
5. genitourinary
6. pulmonary

ANS: C

Cardiovascular. The cardiovascular system consists of a quantity of fluid, a pump (the heart), and a series of tubes (veins, arteries, and capillaries) that contain the fluid.

1. Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia are terms used to describe which structure?
2. Blood vessels
3. Brain
4. Lung
5. Smooth muscle
6. Cartilage

ANS: A

Blood vessels. Most blood vessels consist of three coats, or tunics. Tunica intima is the innermost coat, tunica media is the middle coat, and tunica adventitia is the outer layer.

1. The exchange of gases and metabolites takes place between blood and other tissues via .
2. arteries
3. veins
4. arterioles
5. ventricles
6. capillaries

ANS: E

Capillaries. Capillaries form large networks that accommodate large volumes of blood. The exchange of gases and metabolites takes place through the endothelial barrier of capillaries, not through veins and arteries.

1. Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular system is FALSE?
2. Each vein has a companion artery.
3. Venules drain capillary beds and coalesce with one another to form veins.
4. Generally, arteries have thicker walls than veins.
5. Blood leaves the heart via arteries and returns via veins.
6. All of the above statements are false.

ANS: A

Veins generally accompany arteries, but in some instances veins are found without companion arteries. All of the other statements are true.

1. During fetal development, CO₂/O₂ exchange takes place at the .
2. heart
3. lungs
4. brain
5. liver
6. placenta

ANS: E

Placenta. During fetal development, the lungs are not functioning. CO₂/O₂ exchange takes place at the placenta.

1. Which of the following statements best describes changes in the newborn circulation system at birth?
2. Few substantive changes take place at birth. The circulation system is nearly complete in the 8th month of the mother’s pregnancy.
   1. Various fetal veins and arteries close spontaneously and eventually undergo fibrosis, thus closing off fetal shunts between arterial and venous circuits.
   2. The major fetal shunts remain open for few days after birth until the newborn’s lungs are fully functioning.
   3. The umbilical vein and umbilical artery continue to function for some days after birth and then eventually become thrombosed.
   4. None of the above is true.

ANS: B

Various fetal veins and arteries close spontaneously. The lungs expand and begin to function at birth. Spontaneously the ductus arteriosus closes and eventually undergoes fibrosis. Similarly the ductus venosus is obliterated, thus closing off the three major fetal shunts between the arterial and venous circuits. The umbilical vein and arteries become thrombosed when the umbilical cord is cut. Pressure in the left atrium increases and closes the flaplike foramen ovale, which becomes fused after time.

1. Two types of lymphocytes present in the lymph are .
2. B cells and erythrocytes
3. T cells and leukocytes
4. erythrocytes and leukocytes
5. B cells and T cells
6. T cells and erythrocytes

ANS: D

B cells and T cells. Lymph contains two types of lymphocytes—B cells and T cells. B cells mature in bone marrow and are carried by the blood to the lymph nodes. T cells mature in the thymus gland and are carried by the blood to the lymph nodes.

1. Large groupings of lymph nodes are located in the .
2. leg and forearm
3. axilla and groin
4. intestines and stomach
5. mandible
6. esophagus

ANS: B

Axilla and groin. Lymph nodes are found in groups throughout the body, but two particularly large groupings are in the axilla and groin.

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
2. Drainage of tissue fluid and protein back to the blood venous system
3. Conduction of fat from the intestines to the blood venous system
4. Manufacture of erythrocytes
5. Manufacture of antibodies
6. Proliferation and circulation of lymphocytes

ANS: C

Manufacture of erythrocytes. All of the aforementioned are functions of the lymphatic system, except for C. Erythrocytes are produced in the marrow of long bones.

1. Which of the following is the best general description of the purpose of the nervous system?
2. To regulate body temperature
3. To produce fundamental body components, such as blood cells
4. To combat invasive foreign tissues
   1. To integrate and interpret stimuli and direct the body to respond in the appropriate manner
   2. To facilitate healing after an organ has been damaged

ANS: D

Integrate and interpret stimuli and direct the body to respond in the appropriate manner. The human nervous system is a complex and specialized system that reacts to the external and internal environment by integrating and interpreting incoming stimuli and directing the body to respond in the appropriate manner.

1. The two types of cells that populate the nervous system are .
2. neurons and neuroglia
3. micron and neuron
4. leukocyte and micron
5. neuroglia and dermis
6. leukocyte and erythrocyte

ANS: A

Neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia and neurons are the primary cells of the nervous system. Leukocytes and erythrocytes are blood cells.

1. The nervous system components that occur at the intercellular junctions of nerve processes or between nerve processes and cells of effector organs are .
2. proteins
3. neuroglia
4. axons
5. synapses
6. dendrites

ANS: D

Synapses. Synapses occur at the intercellular junctions of nerve processes or between nerve processes and cells of effector organs. Neuroglia are nonreactive nerve cells.

1. Which of the following is true statements about neuroglia?
2. Neuroglia are nonreactive cells that fulfill a supportive role.
3. Neuroglia maintains homeostasis in the extracellular environment.
4. Neuroglia are a primary component of the nervous system.
5. Neuroglia electrically insulate nerve processes from each other.
6. All of the above are true.

ANS: E

Statements A through D are true about neuroglia.

1. Neuronal bodies that are grouped and found in the central part of the spinal cord, on the surfaces of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, and scattered throughout the central nervous system are called .
2. myelin
3. gray matter
4. ganglions
5. neurons
6. axons

ANS: B

Gray matter. Gray matter is the term for neuronal bodies that are grouped and found in the central part of the spinal cord, on the surfaces of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, and scattered throughout the central nervous system. Neurons are nerve cells. Ganglia are collections of neuronal cell bodies that are outside of the central nervous system.

1. The component of the nervous system that contains the brain and the spinal cord is the nervous system.
2. peripheral
3. somatic
4. efferent
5. afferent
6. central

ANS: E

Central. The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is composed of nerves outside of the central nervous system.

1. The somatic nervous system controls which activities?
2. Involuntary smooth muscle or glandular tissue activities
3. Minute-to-minute vegetative functional activities of glands
4. Voluntary and reflex skeletal muscle activities
5. Reactions to emergency situations
6. All of the above

ANS: C

Voluntary and reflex activities. The somatic nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and reflex activities. The visceral (autonomic) nervous system controls involuntary smooth muscle, minute-to-minute functions of glands, and reactions to emergency situations.

1. Axons that carry impulses TOWARD the CNS or higher centers are .
2. neurotransmitters
3. afferent fibers
4. ganglia
5. efferent fibers
6. neurilemma

ANS: B

Afferent fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS or toward higher centers. They also are referred to as

sensory or ascending fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands.

1. Axons that carry impulses AWAY from the CNS to muscles and glands are .
2. neurotransmitters
3. afferent fibers
4. ganglia
5. efferent fibers
6. neurilemma

ANS: D

Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as

motor or descending fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS.

1. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feature primary, secondary, and tertiary .
2. axons
3. neurons
4. efferent fibers
5. viscera
6. neurilemma

ANS: B

Neurons. General sensory pathways feature three sets of neurons—primary, secondary, and tertiary. The tertiary neurons synapse with neurons in the sensory cortex of the brain.

1. The sympathetic division of the visceral (autonomic) nervous system is .
2. necessary to sustain life
3. concerned with minute-to-minute control of activities of glands
4. responsible for controlling the heart and opening gut sphincters
5. expendable and may be cut with no loss of life
6. none of the above

ANS: D

The sympathetic division of the visceral nervous system is expendable and may be cut with no loss of life. The parasympathetic division is necessary to sustain life and is concerned with minute-to-minute control of the viscera and glands.

1. How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
2. 2
3. 4
4. 5
5. 12
6. 31

ANS: D

12. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which originate in the brain.

1. How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
2. 2
3. 4
4. 5
5. 12
6. 31

ANS: E

31. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

1. The trigeminal nerve, which innervates the face and scalp, is a .
2. cranial nerve
3. spinal nerve
4. splanchnic nerve
5. ganglion
6. glossopharyngeal nerve

ANS: A

Cranial nerve. The face and anterior scalp are innervated largely by the trigeminal nerve, which is cranial nerve V.

1. The moist internal lining of the gut, the respiratory tract, and the genitourinary tract is .
2. skin
3. mucous membrane
4. epidermis
5. dermis
6. all of the above

ANS: B

Mucous membrane. The linings of the gut, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract are mucous membrane, which is kept moist by mucous glands. Skin is external, not internal, lining. Epidermis and dermis are layers within skin.

1. Skin color is controlled by the amount of in the skin.
2. epidermis
3. dermis
4. hair
5. mucous
6. melanin

ANS: E

Melanin. Skin color varies from pale to dark, depending on the amount of melanin present.

1. The underlying connective tissue layer of skin is the .
2. epidermis
3. membrane
4. dermis
5. thick skin
6. thin skin

ANS: C

Dermis. Dermis is the underlying connective tissue layer of skin. Epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of skin.

1. Skin that covers the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet and is devoid of hair is .
2. thick skin
3. thin skin
4. mucous membrane
5. dermis
6. transitional skin

ANS: A

Thick skin. Thick skin covers the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. It is devoid of hair, and its surface is ridged for protection against wear. Thin skin covers the remainder of the body.

1. Skin produces when exposed to sunlight.
2. vitamin C
3. adipose tissue
4. vitamin D
5. subcutaneous tissue
6. hair

ANS: C

Vitamin D. Vitamin D production takes place in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.

1. Which of the following statements is true about fascia?
2. Two basic layers are superficial and deep fascia.
3. There is no clear demarcation between fascia and dermis.
4. It contains collagenous and elastic fibers.
5. It may contain deposits of water and fat.
6. All of the above are true.

ANS: E

All of the above statements are true.