Test Bank The Basics of Social Research 7th Edition Earl R. Babbie A+

Description

1. Methodologydiffersfromepistemologyinthatmethodologyis
2. the science ofknowing.
3. the science offinding out.
4. thediscoveryofrealitythroughagreement.
5. only found throughtradition.
6. the logical aspect ofscience.

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Modified

1. Epistemology is best described as
2. the science ofknowing.
3. thediscoveryofrealitythroughexperimentation.
4. thediscoveryofrealitythroughagreement.
5. tradition.
6. authority.

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Modified

1. Professor Rodgers found that the average level of happiness reported by people under 65 years of age declined from1957to1970.However,forthissamegroup,theaveragelevelofhappinessincreasedslightlyfrom1970to 1978. Rodgers also found that the average level of happiness reported by people age 65 and older increased from1957to1978.A(The)independentvariable(s)inthisstudyis(are)
2. people.
3. level ofhappiness.
4. age.
5. gender.
6. maritalstatus.

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Modified

1. Assume that Professor Rodgers from the previous question had studied only three people aged 65 or older. Suppose he concluded that the average level of happiness increased for people aged 65 and older. Rodgers would becommitting
2. error ofovergeneralization.
3. error of inaccurateobservation.
4. error of illogicalreasoning.
5. error of selectiveobservation.
6. no error.

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Pickup

1. Attemptstolearnabouttheworldpeopleliveincomefrom
2. directexperience.
3. tradition.
4. direct, personalinquiry.
5. authority.
6. directexperience;tradition,direct,;personalinquiry;andauthority.

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Modified

1. Social science theoryaddresses
2. what shouldbe.
3. whatis.
4. what isnot.
5. beliefs.
6. philosophy.

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Modified

1. Whichofthefollowingwoulda sociologist be LEAST likely to study?
2. Crime rates increasing inrural areas
3. Theincidenceofchildabuseinmiddle–incomefamilies
4. Mr.Smithquittinghisjob
5. Theincidenceofunemploymentamongwhitecollarworkers
6. DifferenceinunemploymentratesbetweenBlackteensandWhiteteens

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Pickup

1. Asstudentswelearnthatstudyinghardcausesgoodgrades.Suchcauseandeffectare innature.
2. Theoretical
3. Idiographic
4. Probabilistic
5. Independent
6. Qualitative

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: New

1. Oneofyourfriendsscoredinthe90sonherlasttenexams.Althoughshehasbeenstudyingforthisexamand feels prepared, she told you, "I know I'm going to flunk this exam. I've been doing too well on exams." Your friendiscommittingtheerrorof
2. illogicalreasoning.
3. theory.
4. inaccurateobservation.
5. selectiveobservation.
6. overgeneralization.

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Pickup

10.A form of human interference in which what we learn about society can change reality so what we learned is not true is known as being

1. trivial.
2. exceptional.
3. recursive.
4. dismissive.
5. evolutionary.

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

11.Researchersanalyzedtheeffectsofraceonsexualactivityamongadolescentwomen.""Thedependentvariableis

1. race.
2. sexualactivity.
3. adolescence.
4. women.
5. age.

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Modified

12.Whichofthefollowingisanaimofsocialscience?

1. Find patterns insocial life
2. Predicting socialphenomena
3. Understanding socialregularities
4. Explaining socialregularities
5. Replicatingstudies

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Modified

13.Whatkindofresearchisinvolvedwhenanexceptionallytalentedandnoteworthyathleteisinterviewedabouthis physical trainingregimen?

1. Aggregate
2. Deceptive
3. Nomothetic
4. Idiographic
5. Longitudinal

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Modified

14.After examiningdivorcecourtrecords,Jennyconcludesthatmothersaremorelikelythanfatherstoobtain custodyoftheirchildren.Thistypeofstatementis

1. nomothetic.
2. idiographic.
3. probabilistic.
4. nomothetic andprobabilistic.
5. idiographic andprobabilistic.

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Modified

15.Incomparisontononscientificinquiry,scientificinquiry

1. takes special precaution to avoiderror.
2. is a semiconscious activity.
3. isanactivitywherewearelessconcernedaboutmakingmistakes.
4. guards against allerrors.
5. createsbias.

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

16.An independent variable isa

1. theoreticalconcept.
2. variable influencing othervariables.
3. variable influenced by othervariables.
4. set ofattributes.
5. eithera variable influencing other variables or a variable influenced by others.

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

17.Whichofthefollowingis(are)a probabilistic statement(s)?

1. Whenservingasjurors,womenalwaysvoteforacquittal.
2. Whenservingasjurors,womennevervoteforacquittal.
3. Whenservingasjurors,womentendtovoteforacquittal.
4. Whenservingasjurors,womendonotvoteforacquittal.
5. Whenservingasjurors,womenalwaysgenerallyvoteforacquittal.

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Pickup

18.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobea list of variables?

1. Female, Jewish, educationallevel
2. Plumber, professor,dentist
3. Occupation, political party preference,birthrate
4. 21, violent, socialclass
5. Dishonest, conservative,farmer

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Pickup

19.Quantification

1. often makes our observations moreexplicit.
2. can make it more difficult to aggregatedata.
3. canmakeitmoredifficulttosummarizedata.
4. limitsthepossibilityofstatisticalanalyses.
5. can increasebias.

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Modified

20.Theabilitytohavetwodifferent,conflictingideasinone'smindsimultaneouslywithoutdenyingordismissingeither of them is knownas

1. nomotheticthinking.
2. tolerance forambiguity.
3. idiographicthinking.
4. probabilisticthinking.
5. freewill.

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

21.Pregnant at age 15, Tammy decided to have her baby. Her parents were upset with her decision and threatened to"cutheroff"ifshedidnotcompletehighschool.A difficult pregnancy and embarrassment resulted in Tammy's dropping out of school. After the baby was born her parents said that they would raise the baby but that she would have to leave the house. At age 16, Tammy was on her own and without any money or job market skills.

She began to work as a prostitute. This explanation of Tammy's prostitution is

1. idiographic.
2. nomothetic.
3. probabilistic.
4. quantitative.
5. based onagreements.

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Pickup

22.Stevehada hunch that female students were more punctual than males in the classes that he taught. So, he began to keep track for a week in each class of how many male and female students came in after the class was scheduled to begin. His results supported his hypothesis. Steve is using

1. inductivereasoning.
2. qualitativeanalysis.
3. deductivereasoning.
4. ordinary humaninquiry.
5. statisticalanalysis.

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Pickup

23.Qualitative explanations tendtobe and quantitative explanations tendtobe .

1. idiographic;idiographic
2. nomothetic; nomothetic
3. idiographic;nomothetic
4. nomothetic;idiographic
5. deductive;inductive

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Modified

24.Thedevelopmentandimplementationofsimpleandcomplexmeasurementdevicesisa safeguard against

1. overgeneralization.
2. abuse ofauthority.
3. inaccurate observation.
4. illogicalreasoning.
5. tradition.

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

25.WhichofthefollowingisFALSEconcerningtheuseoftraditionininquiry?

1. Ithelpsavoidthetaskofstartingfromscratchinoursearchforregularities.
2. Itdemonstratesthatknowledgeiscumulative.
3. Thejumping-offpartforthedevelopmentofknowledgeisoftentheinheritedbodyofinformation.
4. Itenablesustoseeka different understanding of what we all know to be true.
5. It increases ourbias.

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

26.Fred's biology teacher told him about the "birds and the bees." By relying on his biology teacher's explanation, Fred relieson as a way of knowing.

1. experience
2. tradition
3. authority
4. the misuse ofauthority
5. theory

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Pickup

27.Theanalysisofdeviantcases—casesthatdonotfitthegeneralpattern—helpsguardagainst

1. illogical reasoning.
2. inaccurate observation.
3. the misuse ofauthority.
4. selectiveobservation.
5. theory.

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Modified

28.Female,ages18–25,brownhair,andteacherareexamplesof

1. variables.
2. socialregularities.
3. aggregates.
4. attributes.
5. nomotheticanalyses.

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Modified

29.The contradictionofscientificresearchinwhichweexertourfreewilloraretheproductofourenvironmentis

1. idiographic versus nomotheticthinking.
2. determinism versusagency.
3. induction versusdeduction.
4. epistemology versusmethodology.
5. qualitative versusquantitative.

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Pickup

30.Ifanexceptionisfoundtoa sociological pattern, the pattern is invalid.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Pickup

31.Theorythatislogicallyinconsistentisacceptableaslongasitisempiricallyaccurate.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

32.Patternsofcauseandeffectareprobabilisticinnature.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 5

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

33.Idiographicexplanationsareinductiveandnomotheticexplanationsaredeductive.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

34.Thevariable age hastheattributeof18to24.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Modified

35.A misuse of authority occurs when experts publicly discuss their area of expertise.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Looking for Reality TOPICS: Applied

NOTES: Pickup

36.Social science theories try to explain why aggregated patterns of behavior are so regular, even when the individuals participating in them may change over time.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Modified

37.We can predict withoutunderstanding.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Pickup

38.Thereisnevera time that we should generalize.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Looking for Reality TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Pickup

39.Everyobservationisquantitativeattheoutset.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

40.Socialscienceresearchisusefulineverydaylife.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

41.Thebasisofknowledgeisagreement.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

42.Theconceptoffreewillisalsoknownasdeterminism.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

43.Social regularities are probabilisticpatterns.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

TOPICS: Factual

NOTES: Pickup

44.Nomotheticreasoningismoreusefulthanidiographicreasoning.

1. True
2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

TOPICS: Conceptual

NOTES: Pickup

45.Discusshowscientificinquirytriestoavoidthecommonpitfallsthatproduceerrorinnonscientificinquiry.

ANSWER: A typical answer might include the following:

Inquiry is a natural human activity and much of what we know, we know via agreement.

In our every-day inquiries we often fall prey to the errors of overgeneralization, illogical reasoning, inaccurate observations, and selective observation.

Scientific inquiry seeks to avoid these common pitfalls by making observation a careful and deliberate activity.

Seeking to avoid inaccurate observation we make our observations more deliberate and use both simple and complex measurement devices.

To help guard against overgeneralization we seek a large sample of observations and if possible, we replicate the study.

To help guard against selective observation we use research designs that specify, in advance, the number and kinds of observations that we will make. In addition, we might analyze cases that do not fit the pattern—deviant case analysis.

To help guard against illogical reasoning we attempt to use systems of logic consciously and explicitly.

REFERENCES: Looking for Reality

NOTES: Pickup

46.Namefivesociologicalvariablesandtheirattributes.

ANSWER:

Answers to this question will vary. Typical answers might include: The variable is gender and the attributes are male and female.

The variable is political party preference and the attributes are Democrat, Republican, Independent, Other.

Note: Be sure that students develop schemes that are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

REFERENCES: The Foundations of Social Science

NOTES: Pickup

47.Defineandgiveanexampleofinductivereasoningversusdeductivereasoning

ANSWER: A typical answer might include:

Inductive reasoning moves from the specific to the general, in which a series of observations are combined to generate a theory.

Deductive reasoning moves from the general to the specific, starting from a single explanation and then justifying it through observations.

REFERENCES: Some Dialectics of Social Research

NOTES: New