. The science of human development seeks to understand _____.
a.
the meaning of life
b.
the accuracy of new theories
c.
the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson
d.
how and why people change over time
ANSWER:
d
2. Dr. Christoff wonders if children who have experienced stunting will increase in height if given large doses of vitamin D. Dr. Christoff has just demonstrated the _____ step in the scientific method.
first
second
third
fourth
a
3. Dr. Margo predicts that early parent-child attachments will impact future parent-child relationships, particularly during adolescence. Her prediction is called _____
a "conclusion."
"empirical evidence."
a "hypothesis."
an "observation."
c
4. Dr. Thomas designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether a playing violent video games caused increased aggression in children. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher was able to _____.
establish a positive correlation
demonstrate proof
test the hypothesis
confirm the results
5. Dr. Wayne is curious to know more about how children's relationships with their parents develop and change over time. To gain an understanding of this subject that is not based on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Wayne should _____.
use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts
have the children undergo psychoanalysis
interview parents and children
read Dr. Spock's book Baby and Child Care
6. What is the first step of the scientific method?
posing a question
conducting research
analyzing evidence
developing a hypothesis
7. What is the second step of the scientific method?
sharing the results
8. The third step in the scientific method involves _____.
b
9. The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____.
supporting or refuting a hypothesis
10. What is empirical evidence based on?
theories and speculation
observation, experience, or experiment
inferences based on personal biases
opinions generated by focus groups
11. After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method _____.
draws conclusions
runs an experiment
selects a group of participants
develops a hypothesis
12. Which of the following is the last step in the scientific method?
testing a hypothesis
reporting the results
13. Dr. Feigl is interested in designing a study on children's language acquisition. What is the first step that Dr. Feigl should take, according to the scientific method?
Recruit children and their parents as participants in the study.
Develop a hypothesis regarding language acquisition.
Pose a research question about language acquisition.
Draw conclusions on the way children acquire language.
14. A hypothesis is a(n) _____.
experiment
prediction that can be tested
conclusion drawn from research
replication of a scientific study
15. Replication involves _____.
the repetition of a study using different participants
the repetition of a study using the same participants
designing a new study based on information from a previous study
designing a new study using new ideas and information
16. Dr. Kong conducts a study in which he finds that smoking is related to an increased risk of high blood pressure. He publishes his results. Then Dr. Meco conducts the same study using different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of _____.
scientific controversy
replication
ethics
data analyses
17. An effort to replicate 100 published studies in psychology found that many of them did not replicate and that others were less conclusive, causing what has been called a(n) _____.
replication crisis
empirical evidence issue
research design crisis
false results claim
18. Which of the following is NOT an improvement with psychological research based on the replication crisis?
more outliers are included in the data
studies include more participants
details of the data are available to other researchers
hypotheses are stated in advance
19. _____ occurs when participants are induced to think in a certain way and then assessed to determine if those thoughts affected later cognition or behavior.
Priming
Evidence
Replication
Experimentation
20. Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of _____ as it relates to development.
nurture
nature
classical conditioning
21. All environmental influences that impact development after the moment of conception can be considered aspects of _____ on development.
differential susceptibility
22. In the science of human development, nature refers to _____.
the influence of the genes that people inherit
environmental influences
patterns of development
developmental differences
23. In the science of human development, nurture refers to _____ traits.
hereditary
genetic
environmental
unique
24. Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the _____ debate.
nature–nurture
intelligent design–evolution
genes–development
traits–conditioning
25. Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of _____.
nature and nurture acting separately
genetic traits
nature and nurture acting together
26. Which of the following illustrates the influence of nature in development?
having a mother who smoked during pregnancy
having the gene for epilepsy
eating a healthy diet
living in a loud neighborhood
27. Trent and Marcus are close friends who grew up in the same neighborhood. Both were exposed to chronic stressors during childhood, such as poverty and family dysfunction. By the time they were in high school, Trent was flunking most of his classes, had a child, and had already been arrested several times. Marcus, on the other hand, was a good student, played football, and had aspirations to attend college. These different developmental trajectories, despite similar environmental influences, illustrate the concept of _____
"nature versus nurture."
a "critical period."
a "sensitive period."
"differential susceptibility."
28. In one study that looked at the effects of maternal depression during pregnancy and child outcomes, researchers found that children who had a particular type of the serotonin transporter gene were likely to be emotionally immature if their mothers were depressed. However, children with this gene were more mature than average if their mothers were not depressed. These findings illustrate the concept of _____
29. Differential sensitivity means that certain people have genes that _____.
make them more vulnerable to particular experiences
interact and coordinate to influence developmental outcomes
determine their social interactions and intellectual outcomes
have an unknown impact on their long-term development
30. The life-span perspective takes into account development from _____.
birth to death
childhood to middle age
birth to adolescence
conception to death
31. Late adulthood begins at age _____.
45
55
65
75
32. A developmental perspective requires consideration of _____.
time
one's birthday
observer bias
scientific conclusions
33. With respect to the concept of multidirectional development, when change is rapid and dramatic, such as when a larva becomes a mosquito, it is an example of _____.
continuity
discontinuity
genetics
34. The concept of multidirectional development suggests that when change is gradual, as when a tortoise grows larger over its 150-year lifespan, it is an example of _____.
35. Which example best illustrates a critical period?
a child learning to walk
a child learning a second language before age 4
a human fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero
a child learning to ride a bike between 5 and 6 years of age
36. Which example best illustrates a sensitive period?
a child who is born blind
an egg being fertilized
a fetus developing fingers and toes
a child learning to speak a second language
37. Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.
sensitive
critical
early
late
38. A woman in Honduras worked in a field treated with pesticides during her pregnancy. Her son was subsequently born with no arms or legs. Her pesticide exposure likely occurred during a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.
39. Bobby did not learn to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read, it was much harder for him than it was for his peers. If Bobby had learned to read during the early and middle childhood years, he would have acquired literacy skills much more efficiently. Bobby's difficulty learning to read as an adolescent demonstrates the concept of a(n) "_____ period."
40. The effects of climate, noise, population density, family size, and multiethnic communities illustrate that development is _____.
linear
multidirectional
multicontextual
multicultural
41. The ecological-systems approach was proposed by _____.
Maslow
Freud
Bronfenbrenner
Skinner
42. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems.
macrosystem
exosystem
microsystem
mesosystem
43. Which term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development?
chronosystem
44. Juanita was born during World War II. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, Juanita's experience of growing up during this time period falls within the _____.
45. Amanda grew up in a reconstituted family in Minnesota. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, Amanda's experience in this social context is an example of the _____.
46. Dr. Kolbe is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of the following would Dr. Kolbe be MOST interested in examining?
cultural values and economic processes
family and peer groups
medical centers and religious institutions
the development of the skeletal structure in children
47. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, a hospital in the community is an example of the _____.
ecosystem
48. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, family and peers are part of one's _____.
social system
49. A person's macrosystem includes _____.
political processes
the peer group
school and church
the historical setting
50. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the historical context that affects other systems is called the "_____."
51. Bettie grew up in the Great Depression, while her granddaughter is part of the millennial generation. Bettie and her granddaughter belong to different _____.
socioeconomic groups
microsystems
cohorts
cultural groups
52. Bree and Stacey are both currently in high school. They are part of the same _____.
social construction
network
socioeconomic status
cohort
53. Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's _____.
culture
ethnicity
social class
race
54. An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.
education level
political beliefs
religion
55. An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.
neighborhood
56. Zachary is a part-time construction worker. Noah is an attorney. These occupations reflect Zachary and Noah's _____.
SES
political values
family values
57. Jameel has a college degree, lives in a nice neighborhood, and earns more than $50,000 a year. This information defines his _____.
economic potential
58. A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations is the definition of _____.
a cohort
59. The general term for a concept that is created by society is _____.
a social construction
60. Li, age 11, is a recent Chinese immigrant. Li's new teachers have noticed that he rarely talks, does not make eye contact, and seems very shy. When they speak to Li's parents, they are surprised, as these characteristics are valued in Li's culture. The perception of Li's behavior reflects the concept of a(n) "_____."
social phobia
61. One historical example of the "different-equals-deficit" error is _____.
men perceiving women as intellectually inferior
European immigrants crossing the ocean to settle in America
how people's IQ scores have been steadily rising for more than 100 years
women taking factory jobs during World War II
62. An example of the "difference-equals-deficit" error is _____.
assuming that children who are hearing impaired cannot communicate as well as children who can hear
failing to compare typical and atypical behavior
ignoring inconsistencies in a child's language development
identifying flaws within the scientific method
63. A careful multicultural approach is needed based on the _____.
social construction of equality
multicontextual aspect of human development
difference-equals-deficit error
64. The idea that the various identities need to be combined is referred to as _____.
intersectionality
the microsystem
a sensitive period
65. Our different identities can be used to discriminate by dividing people. This idea is recognized by _____.
66. _____ focuses attention on power differences that exist between groups and highlights discrimination that occurs in many institutions.
Intersectionality
Social construction
The microsystem
A sensitive period
67. Marcus is a young African American man who has been arrested for shop lifting. He is likely to receive a harsher sentence for this crime, in comparison to a White older man, due to the intersectionality of all of the following EXCEPT:
race.
age.
gender.
religion.
68. The effects of marijuana on the brain are influenced by the _____.
age of the user
genetics of the user
specific aspects of marijuana
All of these can influence the effect of marijuana on the brain of the user.
69. People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a(n) "_____."
racial group
ethnic group
SES group
70. According to the text, race is _____.
part of the microsystem
defined by heritage
71. Some social scientists believe that _____ terms exaggerate minor differences between people.
color
diversity
genetic analysis
72. The fact that race is a social construction _____.
reflects inconsistencies in ethnic categories
does not make the term meaningless
means that it should be replaced with the term "culture"
shows how powerful genetic influences are on development
73. The three domains of development are _____.
genetic, environmental, and cultural
nature, nurture, and SES
biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial
physical, social, and emotional
74. Genes alone do not determine development; environmental forces also shape development. This information has led to the understanding that many human characteristics are _____.
plastic
epigenetic
static
diverse
75. Plasticity refers to the _____.
fact that many academic fields contribute data to the science of development
universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings
vast array of contexts in which development occurs
potential for human traits to be modeled during development but also to remain durable
76. The term plasticity reminds us that _____.
human development is linear
critical and sensitive periods predict developmental outcomes
developmental change is possible
human traits are mostly inborn
77. The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment reflects the _____.
dynamic-systems approach
theory of evolution
concept of universality
domino effect
78. Which of these is the BEST example of plasticity?
a child who experiences a traumatic brain injury and relearns how to walk and talk
a teenager who spends a summer in Chile as part of his church youth group
a woman who leaves her job to stay home with her newborn
a man who is in a serious car wreck and remains in a coma five years later
79. In the case study of David, he was exposed to _____ during his mother's pregnancy.
HIV
cancer-causing pesticides
rubella
pneumonia
80. In the case study of David, his IQ changed from about 40 to about 130, and his physical disabilities improved with age. These changes reflect which characteristic of development?
multidisciplinary
plasticity
81. Scientific observation allows for the _____.
study of individuals' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner
determination of cause-and-effect relationships
observation of participants without their knowledge
systematic manipulation of variables
82. Which statement about scientific observation is true?
It requires a large number of participants.
It requires specialized equipment, such as video recorders.
It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively.
It must take place in a lab setting.
83. Experiments allow researchers to _____.
study the natural environment
study the complexity of an individual
use the scientific method in a cost-effective way
determine a cause-and-effect relationship
84. When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a(n) _____.
case study
meta-analysis
survey
85. A dependent variable is _____.
the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an independent variable
any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment
the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher
an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher
86. An independent variable is _____.
the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of a dependent variable.
any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment.
the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.
87. An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be _____.
gender
blood type
eye color
level of depression
88. In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the "_____ group."
independent
dependent
experimental
comparison
89. The purpose of an experiment is to find out whether _____.
an independent variable affects the dependent variable
a positive correlation can be established
the dependent variable can be manipulated
the hypothesis is flawed or influenced by researcher bias
90. "_____ research" is a quick way to study the development of a large group of people.
Experimental
Survey
Cohort-sequential
Longitudinal
91. Which of the following is a limitation of survey research?
Participants often drop out of the research.
It is expensive and time-consuming.
It requires experimental control.
Participants may be dishonest in their answers.
92. Combining the results of many studies to reach a general conclusion is called a(n) _____.
correlational study
experimental design
longitudinal study
93. The quickest and least expensive way to study development over time is with _____ research.
cross-sectional
longitudinal
94. Dr. Stanley wanted to learn how peer relationships change at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to describe their current peer relationships. Dr. Stanley conducted a _____ study.
case
cross-sequential
95. _____ research involves studying the same individuals over time, as their development is repeatedly assessed.
Cross-sectional
Observational
96. Which is NOT a limitation associated with longitudinal research?
the aging of the participants
losing participants over time
changing historical context
participants becoming aware of the goals of the study and changing their behaviors or answers
97. Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design?
meta-sequential
quasi-experimental
98. A correlation indicates that there is _____ between two variables.
a causal link
validity
reliability
a relationship
99. A correlation is considered to be negative if _____.
both variables decrease
both variables increase
one variable increases while the other variable decreases
change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable
100. A correlation is considered to be zero if _____.
one variable increases while the other decreases
there is no relationship between the variables
101. The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between Hank's food intake and his hunger is _____.
positive
negative
zero
causal
102. The more parents read to their children, the higher their children score on achievement tests. This relationship between parents reading to their children and child achievement represents a(n) _____.
causal relationship
inverse correlational
positive correlation
negative correlation
103. If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he knows for SURE that _____.
secondhand smoke causes children's asthma
secondhand smoke does not cause children's asthma
prenatal exposure to smoking leads to asthma
asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection
104. _____ research can be categorized, ranked, or numbered.
Quantitative
Qualitative
Correlational
105. _____ research involves asking open-ended questions and reporting answers in narrative, not numerical, form.
106. _____ research reflects cultural and contextual diversity but is also more vulnerable to bias and harder to replicate.
107. IRB stands for _____.
Institutional Review Board
International Research Board
Internal Review Board
Intelligence Research Board
108. The most important caution for all scientists, particularly those studying human development, is to _____.
have an advanced degree
only conduct experimental research
uphold ethical standards
avoid using vulnerable populations
109. _____ are essential ethical safeguards.
Promotion, social awareness, and publication
Independence, privacy, and funding
Political correctness, scientific advancement, and medical treatment
Collaboration, replication, and transparency
110. From an ethical stance, researchers should choose topics of study that _____.
may be researched quickly
may be researched inexpensively
can help all people live better lives
are politically correct
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